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3001 Heinrich Albert Julius Stürenburg (born July 23, 1847 in Hildburghausen , † September 28, 1934 in Dresden - Loschwitz ) was a German classical philologist , turn functionary , Wehr expert and educator , most recently as rector of the Kreuzschule in Dresden.

contents
1 life
2 awards
3 works
4 literature
5 web links
6 individual proofs
Life
He was the son of the Altphilologen and high school director Diedrich Rudolf Stürenburg (1811-1856) and his wife Amalie Stürenburg, born Hohnbaum. She was the daughter of the physician to the Duke Friedrich of Saxe-Hildburghausen . [1] The grandfather Cyriaksburg Stürenburg was Royal Hanoverian Justizcommissarius and with lawyer Rudolf von Jhering related. [2] Henry's older brother Karl Stürenburg (1842-1865) was also classical philologist.

Stürenburg visited from 1857 the Gymnasium Georgianum in Hildburghausen. From 1866 to 1869, he studied classical philology and linguistics [3] at Otto Jahn and Jacob Bernays at the University of Bonn and Friedrich Ritschl , Georg Curtius and Reinhold Klotz at the University of Leipzig . [2] He was a member of the Philological Association in Leipzig and perverse with Friedrich Nietzsche . From 1869 he was one-year volunteer [3] and fought in 1870-71German-French War , where he was wounded. Stürenburg was last Lieutenant [4] of the fourth Magdeburg Landwehr -Regiments no. 67. [5] He continued his studies in 1871/72 Moritz Haupt , Hermann Bonitz and Theodor Mommsen at the Friedrich-Wilhelms University in Berlin continued. In 1872 he was at Ritschl to Dr. Ing. phil. graduated with a thesis on the Roman poet Lucretius . In 1873 he passed his state examination in Leipzig. Already in 1872 he passed the gymnastics exam at the Berlin Central Gymnasium [3]and became a gym teacher (as Privy Councilor and Professor ) at the Thomas School in Leipzig and in 1883 his Vice President . [2] he was Additionally 1874-1875 adjunct of the Department of Russian Philology at the University of Leipzig. [3] From 1879 to 1880 he went on study trips to France, Greece, Italy, the Ottoman Empire and Egypt. [3]

From 1889 to 1910 he was rector of the Dresden Kreuzschule. [2] He taught Greek and Latin as well as history and literature. From 1910 to 1920 he was chairman of the National Committee for Youth Care in the Kingdom of Saxony. Stürenburg published on topographical and linguistic topics and was particularly committed to the promotion of gymnastics. He rejected the praised by Emperor Wilhelm I pre-military education and put on athletic education ("ABC of the Leibeszucht"), which he regarded as more consistent defensiveness. [6] Stürenburg was a student turn warden of the gymnastics club in Bonn, Vorturner the Berlin Turnerschaft and chairman of Vorturnerschaft of general gymnastics club in Leipzig, For his services he was appointed honorary member of the German Gymnastics Association. [7]

Most recently, he lived with his wife, Clara (1861-1928), daughter of the sculptor Bernhard Afinger , who had been married in 1882 in a winegrower's house on the Körnerplatz in Loschwitz , a residential district of Dresden. [8] The painter Walther Witting portrayed him. After his death, the Stürenburgstraße was named after him . 		Stürenburg, Heinrich (I29752)
 
3002 Heinrich Holzschuher H004 – in Nuremberg
Father: Holz-19/a Leupold Holzschuher H003

(* about ?1190), † 1258

1228 Heinrich Holzschuh in Nuremberg.

∞ with Anna von Mayenthal H125

(* about ?1200)

her father: Heinrich v.Mayenthal H126, (* about ?1165)
See Wood-19/Ma

Children:
1. Arnold Holzschuher H005, (* about ?1215), † 1269
documented in 1259. 1263 lay judges.

2. Heinrich, (* around ?1215) - lay judge in Nuremberg, see Holz-21/a

3. Seifried Holzschuher H007, (* about ?1225), † 1275
1273 Senator in Nuremberg. Buried in Ebrach.

Regesture:
• Heinrich Holzschuh, 1228 witness in Nuremberg.
[Internet: Nuremberg Yearbooks Vol.1-2 p.9]

• Heinrich Holzschuher, adult 1228, is the oldest Holzschuher certificate. He is presumably the father of Heinrich H., mentioned in 1242/79.
[G.Wunder, Pfinzing die Alten. MVGN 49 (1959) p.61]
[see. Scharr: Citizens of Nuremberg in the 13th century, Gen.Jb.Bd.3 1963]

• Heinrich Holzschuher "civis Norimbergensis" documented in 1228, 1242, 1246, 1258, lay judge and court assessor in Nuremberg, † 1258.

• ∞ with Anna von Mayenthal, daughter of a knight (no further information).
[B.Aign: AL Zinn, Gen. Jahrbuch Bd.45/46 2008] Here page 81 erroneously † 1298 instead of correct 1258.

• Heinrich Holtzschuher received a house with a pond in the village of Hausen in fief from Bishop Berthold zu Bamberg in 1253; was 1263 lay judges at the Schultheissen court. Wife Anna v.Mayenthal, daughter of Mr. Heinrichs v.Mayenthal. [Biedermann Plate 166]

→ Are the dates partially confused with the son of the same name?

→ The other ancestor generations that are not documented, according to Biedermann.

→ Biedermann states another son: Herdegen, 1307 caretaker of the sick women's pen near St. Johannis. - At best, he could be a grandson. (HDL)

Comments on Arnold Holzschuher:
• November 6, 1259: Arnold v.Wendelsteyn and Arnold Holzschuher lease the office of the Fürth provost from the Bamberg cathedral chapter. "Fidejussores" of the canons are among others: Ulricus de Novo Foro, H.Holtzschuhorius.
[Hirschmann, Muffle, MVGN 41 p.264]
[W.Schultheiss: money and financial transactions... p.63]
[S.Federhofer: Formation of power Neumarkt, 1999, p.49]

• Arnold Holtzschuher (son of Leopold) was 1263 lay judge at the Nuremberg mayoral court, † 1269 [Biedermann Tafel 166]

• 1263 under the Nuremberg judges: Cunrad Forchtlin, Heinrich called Holtschuch, Arnold Holtschuher, and others.
[Nuremberg Yearbooks Vol.1-2 p.35]

• Arnold Holzschuher, probably Heinrich's son, adult 1259-(1272)
[Scharr: Citizens of Nuremberg in the 13th century, Gen.Jb.Bd.3 1963]

→ Arnold also sees Wunder as Heinrich's son.

Comments on Seifried Holzschuher:
• 1275: According to the Todtenschild, who used to be in St.Sebald and then in the Preacher Church, Sifrid Holzschuher dies in this year.
[Nuremberg Yearbooks Vol.1-2 p.52]

• Seitz or Seifried Holtzschuher, 1273 Senator Nuremberg, † 1275, buried Ebrach, grave monument there.

• Sons: Herdegen, Leupold, Friederich.
[Biedermann Plate 167]

→ According to Wunder, the sons mentioned (his brother) must be attributed to Heinrich H. 		Holzschuher, Heinrich (I35697)
 
3003 Heinrich Holzschuher H006 – Alderman in Nuremberg
Parents: Holz-20/a Heinrich Holzschuher H004, Anna v.Mayenthal H125

(* about ?1215), † probably 1278

In Nuremberg. 1242-1279, partly together with his four sons. Several times the only civil witness in documents of the von Gründlach family.

∞ (about ?1240/45) with (Elisabeth?) v.Gründlach N589

(* about ?1220)

her father: Lupold v.Gründlach H089, (* about ?1180)
1226/1246 documented. Reich Ministerials. See Grdl-20/a

Children:
1. Heinrich, (* about ?1245) - in Nuremberg, see Holz-22/a

2. Geuda clogs H011, (* about ?1250)

∞ (about ?1270) with Berthold Pfinczing N586

(* around ?1245), † after 1322 in Nuremberg

In Nuremberg, mentioned 1281-1322, 1281-1288 mayor. 1304/07 mentioned in the action book of the clogs. Most recently in 1322 by King Ludwig Arbitrator about the Jews. See Pfin-22/a

his parents: Merklin Pfinzing N588, (* around ?1215), † around 1278 in Nuremberg
1263-1274 mentioned (Nuremberg Urk'buch). 1274 mayor. In 1274 he agreed mutual duty-free travel between Nuremberg and Mainz. See Pfin-21/a; ∞ (about ?1245) with Els Isolt N683, (* about ?1220).

3. Friedrich, (* about ?1250) - alderman in Nuremberg, see Holz-22/b

4. Herdegen, (* about ?1250/1255) - cloth merchant in Nuremberg, see Holz-22/c

5. Leupold, (* about ?1255/1260) - in Nuremberg, see Holz-22/e

6. Mechthild Holzschuher H016, (* about ?1255)

∞ with Hermann Ebner N725

(* around ?1250), † March 17, 1312 in Nuremberg

Mentioned in Nuremberg in 1270/1296. See Ebnr-22/e

his father: Hermann Ebner Ng29, (* about ?1210)
1251 witness in a document of the Bishop of Würzburg. See Ebnr-21/a

7. Alheit Holzschuher Ha27, (* about ?1245/1260), † before 1315
to blessed porten

8. Heidwig Holzschuher Ha28, (* about ?1245/1260), † before 1315
to blessed porten

Regesture:
• Heinrich Holzschuher, citizen of Nuremberg, 1242-1279 often mentioned. His sons Friedrich, Herdegen, Lupold and Heinrich are repeatedly attested as brothers. These two first names came into the Holzschuher family through his brothers-in-law, Herdegen and Lupold v.Gründlach.

• 1242: Heinrich Holzschuher is a witness after the Würzburg canons F. and A. von Gründlach and the secular Lupold von Gründlach.

• 1246: Herdegen von Gründlach donated an estate to the Teutonic Order; the noble witnesses are followed by the citizens of Herdegen Schieg, Meinwart and H.Holzschuech.

• 1271: Herdegen von Gründlach is the main founder of the Frauenaurach monastery. He and his son Herdegen head the Witnesses, followed by Heinrich Holtschuher as the last and only citizen.

• Around 1279: Knight Herdegen von Gründlach donated income to the Heilsbronn monastery for his and his deceased wife Irmentrud Seelenheil. Witnesses: Liupold von Gründlach, Bamberg canon, and as the last and only citizen H. Holtscuher.

→ The wife of Heinrich Holzschuher and mother of the 4 sons is a daughter of Lupold von Gründlach, mentioned in 1226/1246.
[Miracle p.61]

→ The brothers Herdegen, Lupold and Friedrich are given by Biedermann and Gatterer as sons of Seifried Holzschuher, which according to Wunder is not correct.

• Two daughters: Alheit and Heidwig zu Seligenporten, † before 1315. Mentioned in 1315 as sisters of Herdegen.
[StadtA Nbg online]

• Heinrich II Holzschuher 1242-1278 (son of Heinrich I), ∞ ... von Gründlach.
[Scharr: Citizens of Nuremberg in the 13th century, Gen.Jb.Bd.3 1963]

• Heinrich Holzschuher, garment tailor and citizen of Nuremberg, mentioned 1242-1279, ∞ around 1242 in Nuremberg with Elisabeth(?) von Gründlach. Son: Herdegen.
[AL Pusch DFA 27 1964]

• 1256, 1263, 1278 Heinricus Holzschuher, citizen of Nuremberg, witness, 1263 together with Arnold Holzschuher.
[Regesta Boicarum Autographa ad annum usque MCCC, Vol.2 1823 S,177; Vol.3 1825 p.91, 190; Vol.4 1828 p.61. - According to Gerhard Lemmel 1984.]

• 1263 under the Nuremberg judges: Cunrad Forchtlin, Heinrich called Holtschuch, Arnold Holtschuher, and others.
[Nuremberg Yearbooks Vol.1-2 p.35]

• March 24, 1269: The brothers Conradus et Wigelinus de Novo Foro, cives in Mürnberg, as feudal bearers of imperial ministeriales. Witnesses include: Heinrich and Arnolt Holzschuher.
[Hirschmann, Muffle, MVGN 41 p.264]

• In 1258 he received a house with a pond in the village of Hausen as a fief from Bishop Berthold von Bamberg.

• 1263 judges and court assessor of the citizens in Nuremberg.
[Biedermann, plate 166, but there attributed to the father of the same name]
[1258 also: Nuremberg yearbooks vol.1-2 p.34]

• Heinrich Holzschuher, documented 1231-1279 in Nuremberg, garment tailor, cloth merchant, judge.
[B.Aign: AL Zinn, Gen.Yearbook Vol.45/46 2008]

→ G.Wunder concludes from several documents in which Heinrich Holzschuher is related to the Reichsministerialen family von Gründlach (1242, 1246, 1271, around 1279) that his wife (and mother of the four sons) mentioned a daughter of 1226-1246 must have been Lupold von Gründlach.
[Miracle, MVGN 49 p.61f]

• Frotscher states another daughter: Mechtild ∞ with Hermann Ebner.

→ This Heinrich is missing from Biedermann. It must obviously be inserted between the two Heinrichs that Biedermann states: Heinrich I ∞ Mayenthal, and Heinrich II ∞1) Ebner ∞2) Ortlieb. - Biedermann states a daughter Kunigunde for Heinrich II, who married Werner Junior Grundherr in 1289.

Comments on Geuda Holzschuher:
→ See the note under Perthold Pfinczing! If she is the mother of Perthold Pfinczing's children (and not a younger second wife), then she cannot be Herdegen Holzschuher's daughter, as variously stated, but at most his sister. (HDL)

→ Your first name is not documented. According to Biedermann [G.Wunder p.35] the first name is: Geuda.

Gestures to Mechthild Holzschuher:
• Mechtild Holzschuher, wife of Hermann Ebner, T.v. Leupold Holzschuher ∞ Mechtild Grundherr.
[Biedermann Plate 167 Holzschuher and Plate 22 Ebner]
→ In terms of time, Leupold Holzschuher cannot be Mechtild's father but at most sister. (HDL) 		Holzschuher, Heinrich (I35694)
 
3004 HEINRICH METZNER married ANNA MARGARETHA OBERENDER in Sonnefeld on 13 October 1754.  Anna Margaretha was the oldest daughter of Georg Oberender, the Zwölfer [ councilor ] of Hofstädten.  At that time, Heinrich was a widower and also the herrschaftlicher Zehntbereiter of Hofstädten as well as the Kornmeßer of Sonnefeld.  He died on 15 May 1802, also in Sonnefeld, but the date and place of his birth are not known.  However, the date and place of the marriage of his parents are known —

The parents of Heinrich Metzner, MATTHÄUS METZNER, the Inwohner [ inhabitant ] of Trübenbach, and MARGARETHE HÄUBLEIN were married in Sonnefeld on 31 January 1713.  Margarethe was the oldest surviving and legitimate daughter of the deceased Nicolaus Häublein. 		Metzner, Heinrich (I26879)
 
3005 HEINRICH METZNER married ANNA MARGARETHA OBERENDER in Sonnefeld on 13 October 1754.  Anna Margaretha was the oldest daughter of Georg Oberender, the Zwölfer [ councilor ] of Hofstädten.  At that time, Heinrich was a widower and also the herrschaftlicher Zehntbereiter of Hofstädten as well as the Kornmeßer of Sonnefeld.  He died on 15 May 1802, also in Sonnefeld, but the date and place of his birth are not known.  However, the date and place of the marriage of his parents are known — Oberender, Anna Margaretha (I26880)
 
3006 Heinrich Schlüsselfelder Hb04 -
Father: Slf-26 / e Conrad key fields No20

(* about? 1400)

from first marriage no children.

∞2) with Barbara Stromer Hb03

(* about? 1408)

her parents: Martin Stromer H558 , (* about? 1360), † 1406
See Stro-25 / cd ; ∞ with Catharina Behaim H559 , * 1376.

Children:
1. Heinrich, (* about? 1425) -, see Slf-28 / e

2. Caspar, (* about? 1430) -, see Slf-28 / g

3. Hans Schlüsselfelder Hb07 , (* about? 1432)

∞1) with Clara Geyer Hb13

(* about? 1435)

from Bamberg

∞2) with Dorothea Paumgärtner Hb14

(* about? 1435)

her parents: Sebald Paumgärtner Hb15 , (* about? 1405), † 1449
See Paum-25 / s ; ∞ 1432 with Veronika Groland Hb16 , (* about? 1415), † 1486.

4. Heinrich key fields H449 , (* about? 1440), † 1490

∞ 1469 with Anna Ebner H448

(* about? 1448), † 1475

her parents: Matthäus Ebner H410 , (* about? 1395), † 1449 in Nuremberg St. Seebald
1434 Councilor Nuremberg. Chamberlain in Kremnitz; Goldkronach; See Ebnr-27 / j ( Er ∞1) with Cunegunda Tentzel H426 , (* about? 1395), † 1429
from Hungary, had been "great fortune" ) ; ∞ after 1429 with Anna Oesterreicher H427 , (* about? 1405)
8 children, of which one daughter was still born 1446 ..

Regesten:
[Biedermann panel 618B]

→ Biedermann indicates two sons living at the same time named Heinrich.

Regesten zu Heinrich Schlüsselfelder:
• Heinrich Schlüsselfelder , † 1490, ∞ 1469 with Anna, she † 1475, Tv Senator Matthew Ebner ∞ Anna Oesterreicher . Children: Gregory † 1495 unmarried: Ursula, nun.
[Biedermann panel 619A, panel 26 Ebner]

Regesta to Anna Oesterreicher:
• Daughter of Mr. Seifried Oesterreicher ∞ Anna Schuler .
[Biedermann panel 26 Ebner] 		Schlüsselfelder, Heinrich (I30246)
 
3007 Heinrich Stromer N613 - in Nuremberg on the Salzmarkt
Parents: Stro-22 / a Conrad Stromer N578 , (Sofie?) Esler N612

(* about? 1270), † 30.4.1347 in Nuremberg

1313: Mr. Hainrich, Mr. Conrat Stromeir's son. 1323 at the salt market.

∞1) (about? 1291) with (Kunigunde) Gnatznapf N775

(* about? 1272)

8 children Stromer.

her father: Konrad Glatznapf Ni17 , (* about? 1255), † 1329
1316 councilman in Nuremberg. ∞ with Adelheid....

∞2) (about? 1324) with Margarete Geusmid N663

(* about? 1295), † 24.11.1350

her parents: Heinrich Geusmid N664 , (* about? 1265)
1298-1336 documentary, ∞ Margret ... 1306 mayor. See Gsm-22 / h ; ∞ with Margarete Gross Nn81 , (* about? 1274).

Children:
from 1st marriage:
1. Peter, * 1292 - politician, inventor of softwood seeds , see Stro-24 / a

2. Conrad Stromeir, (* about? 1300) - at the Milchmarkt in Nuremberg, see Stro-24 / b

3. Margarete Stromer N871 , (* about? 1310/1315), † 1350

∞ (about? 1330/1335) with Albrecht Behaim Nj00

* 1288, † 1359

Councilman in Nuremberg. See Beh-23 / o

his parents: Albrecht Behaim N731 , * 6.2.1250, † 6.10.1342 in Nuremberg, 92 years old
merchant in Nuremberg, the spices from Venice moved. Since 1288 in the council, mayor of several times. See Beh-22 / a ; ∞ 1.10.1280 with Ursula Kingfisher N732 , (* about? 1262), † 25.5.1328 in Nuremberg St. Cath ..

he ∞1) (about? 1315) with Agnes Ebner Hb84

(* about? 1291)

he ∞3) after 1350 with Cunegunda Weigel Nj02

(* about? 1320)

4th Heinrich Stromeir N866 , (* about? 1315/1320), † between 1350/1355
childless.

∞ with Gerhaus Koler N867

(* about? 1325)

Died without children.

her parents: Erkenbrecht Koler N671 , (* about? 1280), † probably 1340
1311 Schultheiß, from 1315 Schöffe in Nuremberg. See Colr-23 / e ; ∞2) (about? 1325) with Gerhaus Pfinzing No70 , (* ca.? 1304)
erw. 1335/1360, wife, then widow of Erkenbrecht Koler; her son Erkenbrecht. See Pfin-24 / ef ( Sie ∞2) (about? 1341) with Otto Coler gen.Forstmeister H895 , (* about? 1305), † 11.4.1351
see Colr-23 / o ) .

from 2nd marriage:
5th Cunrat Stromer N820 , (* about? 1325), † 1398 in Milan

6. Franz, (* about? 1327) - in Nuremberg, see Stro-24 / c

7. Ulman / Ulrich, * 6.1.1329 - wholesale merchant in Nuremberg, see Stro-24 / d

8. Andreas, (* about? 1330) - alderman in Nuremberg., See Stro-24 / e

Regesten:
• Has 18 children out of 2 marriages.
[G.Wunder: "Pfintzing" MVGN 52 p.20,37]

Councilor Nuremberg, † 1346, ∞1) Tv Conrad Glaßnapf ; ∞2) 1298 Margaret Geuschmidt , † 1350, Tv Heinrich Geuschmidt , imperial mayor.

• From his first marriage: Peter * 1292; Heinrich; Marg. ∞ Behaim ; the nuns Agnes, Clara, Gerhauss; Conrad.

• Second marriage: Albrecht unmarried; Erhard ∞ Volkamer ; Nuns Margarete, Catharina and two daughters without giving their first name; Andreas; Franz; Ulmann; Conrad † 1358 in Mayland.
[Biedermann panel 462 B]

[Scharr: Waldstromer, MVGN 52 p.20, 37]

• Children: [Stromer: Hochfinanz]

→ Birthdays and order of children estimated by me. Further details and children see [Biedermann panel 462B]. Marg. Geuschmidt states here: "married in the year 1298". This year can not be correct. 1298 is at most the marriage of Marg. Geuschmidt's parents. The first wife had 8 children, with Peter born in 1292 arguably as the oldest. Since the second marriage may have been impossible in 1298. (HDL)

Regesten zu (Kunigunde) Gnatznapf:
• (Kunigunde), Tv Conrad Glatznapf ∞ Adelheid.
[Scharr: Forest Streamers p.38]

Regesta to Konrad Glatznapf:
• Konrad Glatznapf ∞ Adelheid.
[Scratching]

• Conrad glass bowl , 1316 council man in Nuremberg, † 1329.
[B.Aign: AL tin, Gen.Jahrbuch Bd.45 / 46 2008]

• 1303/1313: Albert " Kruter " of Nuremberg and Konrad "Gnasnapf" , his father, have to fief the village Hennenbach (district Ansbach) ...
[Internet database 2013 Hochstift Würzburg Lehenbuch 1303-1313]

Regesta to Margarete Geusmid:
[Scharr: Forest Streamers p.38]

Regesta to Margarete Gross:
• Bullemer suspects that Margret, the wife of Heinrich Geusmid , is the daughter of Heinz Groß .
[Bullemer, Great]

• Age-appropriate, she can only come from the first marriage of Heinz Gross (HDL).

Regesta to Heinrich Stromeir:
[Scharr: Waldstromer p.39]

Regests to Gerhaus Koler:
• Gerhaus, Erkenbrecht Kolers daughter, has Heinrich Stromer . In 1374 she buys Leibding to Franz, Franz Stromer's son, and to Uhlein, Erkenbrecht Koler's son.
[Miracle: Col. p.148]

• Gerhauß Colerin called Forstmeisterin , died without children, ∞ Herr Heinrich Stromer , † 1348.
[Biedermann Tafel 599]

Regesten to Cunrat Stromer:
Conrad junior Stromer von Reichenbach died in Milan around the year 13x8 and was buried there in the choir by the barefoot.
[Biedermann Plate 462 B] No further information. The badly printed year could be called 1398. (HDL)
 		Geusmid, Margarete (I30309)
 
3008 Heinrich von Mayenthal H126 –
parents unknown

(* about ?1165)

Children:
1. Heinrich v.Mayenthal H634, (* about ?1200)

2. Anna v.Mayenthal H125, (* about ?1200)

∞ with Heinrich Holzschuher H004

(* about ?1190), † 1258

1228 Heinrich Holzschuh in Nuremberg. See Holz-20/a

his father: Leupold Holzschuher H003, (* around ?1160), † 1231 in Nuremberg, buried in the Sebalduskirche
In Nuremberg. See Holz-19/a

Regesture:
[Biedermann Plate 166]

Regestures to Heinrich v.Mayenthal:
• 1255 in a series of Nuremberg witnesses, including: Heinrich von Mayenthal, Coler his brother, Sibot Pfinzing, Berthold Forchtelin, Conrad his son, Heinrich Togler, Hermann Graf.
[Nuremberg Yearbooks Vol.1-2 p.31] 		von Mayenthal, Heinrich (I35699)
 
3009 heir - Stinton & Heydon,Norfolk
Ludborough,Lincolnshire
Akenham & Hasketon, & Stradbrook & Whittinghamin Fressingfield,Suffolk
Bromley,Surrey 		de Rus, Lady Alice (I25961)
 
3010 Helen B. Schoenthal, 93, of Jamestown, MO passed away on Monday, July 2, 2012, at California Care Center. She was born on January 13, 1919 in Jamestown, MO the daughter of Nick and Frances (Sperber) Baer, both of whom preceded her in death. She was married on November 1, 1942, in Moniteau Evangelical Advent Church, Jamestown, MO to the late Herbert Schoenthalwho preceded her in death on January 4, 1981. She graduated from South Carolina School, near Jamestown, MO then attended business school in Kansas City, MO. Helen was a member of St. Paul's Evangelical Church, Jamestown, MO where she was the pianist for many years and was instrumental in starting the church choir. She was also a member of the Hickory Flat W.P.F.A, the China Painters Guild and Women's Guild. She enjoyed china and oil painting, where she was involved in many craft shows displaying her artwork. Also enjoyed playing cards and games with her grandchildren and will always be remembered for her quick humorous wit. She is survived by: one son: Charles Schoenthal and wife Dorothy, of Jamestown, MO; one daughter, Marianne "Ann" Muntzel and husband David, of Boonville, MO; five grandchildren: Chris Schoenthal and wife Jennifer, Bryan Schoental, and Nicholas Schoenthal and wife Teresa, all of Jamestown, MO; Heather Gibbs and husband Eric, Lee's Summitt, MO and Pete Muntzel, of Kansas City, MO; nine great-grandchildren, Evan, Bradley, Ethan, Brayden, Tristan and Audrina Schoenthal; Connor, Mason and Adalyn Gibbs. She is preceded in death by one sister, Florence Kiesling and infant twin brothers. Funeral Services will be held on Friday, July 6, 2012, at 10:00 A.M., at St. Paul's Evangelical Church, Jamestown, MO. Burial will be in St. Paul's Evangelical Cemetery. Officiating will be Rev. Brian Bish. Visitation will be on Thursday, July 5, 2012 from 6:00 – 8:00 P.M., at St. Paul's Evangelical Church, Jamestown, MO. Memorials are suggested to St. Paul's Evangelical Church, Jamestown, MO c/o Bowlin-CantrielFuneral Services, 100 S. Oak, California, MO 65018. Arrangements are under the direction of Bowlin-Cantriel Funeral Services, California, MO.
Published in Boonville Daily News from July 3 to July 10, 2012 		Baer, Helen Louise (I27432)
 
3011 Helen Kopecky's Home Kouba, Frank (I343)
 
3012 Helen Marie Sloan Hoff, age 90, of Rural Marshall, died on Saturday, July 21, 2018.

Mass of Christian Burial will be held at 10 a.m. on Thursday, July 26, at St. Peter Catholic Church in Marshall. A Prayer service will be held at 6 p.m. on Wednesday, July 25, at the church with visitation following from 6:30-8 p.m.

Burial will be in Sunset Gardens Cemetery in Marshall. Memorials may be made to St Peter Catholic Church or American Heart Association in care of Campbell-Lewis Funeral Home in Marshall.

She is survived by five children: Steve Hoff and wife Elaine of Pilot Grove, Ed Hoff and wife Connie of St. Louis, Barbara Churchill and husband Bob of Columbia, Mary Lammers with Jerry Lang of Columbia, and Tom Hoff of rural Marshall; 11 grandchildren; 17 great-grandchildren; two sisters, Kate Cauthon of Boonville, and Betty Nauman of Bunceton; and numerous nieces, nephews, great nieces and nephews and cousins.

In addition to her husband, Henry L. Hoff, Helen was preceded in death by one daughter, Patricia Marie Shay; two sons, Michael David and John Richard Hoff; one brother, Marshall W. Sloan and one sister, Margaret Lang.

++++++++++++

Helen Marie Sloan Hoff, 90, of rural Marshall passed away on Saturday, July 21, 2018, at her home.

Mass of Christian Burial will be held at 10:00 am on Thursday, July 26, 2018, at St. Peter Catholic Church in Marshall with Fr. Mark Smith officiating. Prayer service will be held at 6:00 pm on Wednesday, July 25, 2018 at the church with visitation following from 6:30-8:00 pm. Burial will be in Sunset Gardens Cemetery in Marshall. Memorials may be made to St Peter Catholic Church or American Heart Association in care of Campbell-Lewis Funeral Home in Marshall. Friends may sign the online register at www.campbell-lewis.com

Born February 9, 1928, in Boonville, Helen was the daughter of the late Marshall I. and Stella Dumolt Sloan. She married the late Henry L. Hoff of Pilot Grove on April 6, 1948. Helen was a devoted wife, mother, grandmother, great-grandmother, sister, and aunt. She unconditionally loved and supported her husband and family. Helen loved to bake and cook. She was often teased by her daughters of attending the “Helen Hoff School of Cooking” when exact measurements were really estimates. Her cinnamon rolls were coveted at family gatherings and her son Tom knew someone was coming to visit when they were made. “I am the woman and mother I am today because of her” said her daughter Mary. All of her family shared that love and respect. She was an active member of St. Peter Catholic Church and a member of Daughters of Isabella and Altar & Rosary Society. She played Bridge and bowled weekly for a number of years. Helen and Henry, along with four other local couples, loved yearly fishing trips.

She is survived by five children: Steve Hoff and wife Elaine of Pilot Grove, Ed Hoff and wife Connie of St. Louis, Barbara Churchill and husband Bob of Columbia, Mary Lammers with Jerry Lang of Columbia, and Tom Hoff of rural Marshall; 11 grandchildren; 17 great-grandchildren; two sisters, Kate Cauthon of Boonville, MO and Betty Nauman of Bunceton, MO; and numerous nieces, nephews, great nieces and nephews and cousins.

In addition to her husband, Helen was preceded in death by one daughter, Patricia Marie Shay; two sons, Michael David and John Richard Hoff; one brother, Marshall W. Sloan and one sister, Margaret Lang. 		Sloan, Helen Marie (I6747)
 
3013 Helen Stone Woodruff has month of birth as December Back, Rosalie Regina (I3370)
 
3014 Helen worked after high school graduation for a number of firms: John Deere, Hartzfeld Jewelers and Lerner's Vogue. Then she worked 10 years for JR Lobaugh, Realtor. During this time she also attended junior college classes in Kansas City, Missouri. She wrote a ltter every day for a year to her future husband while he was overseas in Korea.

Helen Grace Margaret Unger Kouba was born in Kansas City, Kansas on May 24, 1927, and passed away on May 6, 2023 in Bridgeton. She was preceded in death by her parents, Agnes and Albert Unger, older brother, Bill, and husband, Emil R. Kouba.

Helen was baptized as a small child, and faithfully attended First Baptist of KCK. She wrote that she “learned to love the Lord Jesus and to accept Him as my Savior.”

After high school graduation in 1945, she went to work full-time to support her parents. She sent herself to community college at night. She worked for almost a decade at JR Lobaugh’s insurance agency, earning her broker’s license and managing the office. At church, she was involved in teaching Sunday School and singing in the choir, where a certain Air Force Airman had been invited to meet the girl next to her in the choir loft! Helen told her mom that she met a man who had the funniest name she’d ever heard; Emil Kouba! When he left for Korea, they wrote each other daily. They married on August 14, 1955, and moved to Manhattan, Kansas where they welcomed their first son, Kevin, days before graduation! They moved to St. Louis with Emerson Electric. In 1958 they settled into their new home in Florissant, and joined Florissant Presbyterian. They welcomed a second son, Douglas. Later they joined Ferguson Presbyterian, where Helen was ordained as a Deaconess, serving the sick and elderly.

Friends often came to visit Helen & Emil, and she worked tirelessly to welcome overnight company and frequent dinner guests. They welcomed a daughter, Carol.

The family joined Hazelwood Baptist in 1972, where Helen taught youth in Sunday School and helped at Vacation Bible School. She helped sick neighbors, delivered Meals on Wheels, and transported kids so often she said she needed a “chauffeur’s hat.”

After joining First Baptist Ferguson in 1978, Helen made housecalls for each child enrolled in their preschool Sunday School classes. Helen & Emil taught for over 25 years, including their five grandkids.
They took family vacations each summer, seeing almost every continental state. Helen & Emil went to Hawaii in 1980 to celebrate their 25th wedding anniversary, and were in Alaska during 9/11. Emil counted their wedding anniversary each month on the 14th and they celebrated with hamburgers. They reached 771 months before Emil’s death in 2019.

She and Emil loved supporting their grandkids, Philip, Andrew, Katherine, Emily and Laura with popcorn parties, rides to lessons and AWANA, attending their concerts, plays, and sporting events.

Helen survived breast cancer in 1994, a broken neck in 2016, and three strokes in 2018. She was an avid reader until Macular Degeneration dimmed most of her vision. Even into her 90’s, she loved keeping up with friends and family through Facebook. 		Unger, Helen Grace Margaret (I17696)
 
3015 Helgaud († 926 ) was a count of Montreuil in the 9th and 10th centuries. Helgaud had three sons:
. Herluin († July 13, 945), Count of Montreuil
. Erard, lord of Ham
. Lambert († fallen against the Normans after 945)

He was probably identical to the abbot of Saint-Riquier of the same name , who succeeded the Welf Rudolf, brother of Empress Judith , who died in 866 in this office. In 925 Helgaud was involved in the fighting against the Normans under Rollo near Eu . In the following year he fought alongside King Rudolf against the Normans of Ragenold in front of Arras and was killed in the process.

- wikipedia
____________________________________________

HELGAUD, son of --- (-[866]). Abbé de Saint-Riquier. The Chronique de Saint Riquier records that "le comte Helgaud" succeeded "Rodolphe…du sang imperial" as lay abbot of Saint-Riquier and that he was succeeded by "Guelfon…du sang royal"[552]. "Rodolphe" is identified with Rudolf Comte de Sens, brother of Empress Judith, who died in 866, and "Guelfon" as Rudolf's son. This casts doubt on the chronology of this passage as, if the relationship between Rudolf and Welf is correctly identified, it is likely that the son succeeded the father as lay abbot as such a post was often hereditary. same person as…? HELGAUD (-after 879). Flodoard records "terra filiorum Balduini, Rodulfi quoque de Gangeio atque Hilgaudi" in 925[553]. Comte de Montreuil 877-879. It is probable that Helgaud, abbé de Saint-Riquier, and his son Herluin are in fact the same people as Helgaud Comte de Montreuil 877-79 and his son Herluin who died in 945, and that the Chronique de Saint-Riquier is inaccurate in its chronology relating to the supposedly earlier father and son of these names. m ---. The name of Helgaud's wife is not known. Helgaud & his wife had one child:
a) HERLUIN (-killed in battle 13 Jul 945)
b) ERARD . Flodoard names "Ebrardum fratrem Erluini" when recording that his castle of Ham was captured in 932 by "Heribertus comes"[564]. Seigneur du château de Ham (Picardie).
c) LAMBERT (-killed in battle after 945). Guillaume de Jumièges records that “Lambertus frater eius” was killed trying to avenge the death of “Herluini”[565].

https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/nfraamp.htm
____________________________________________ 		de Ponthieu, Herlouin III (I33948)
 
3016 Hellingen (evgl.-Lutheran) / church district Hildburghausen - Eisfeld (Thuringia) / year 1680 / page 101
Married in Hellingen On Jan. 27, St. Michael Buchenröd (er), pastor here, and the maid Margaretha Dorothea Spüler, St. Johan Spüler's school master and guest host's middle daughter, were copulated in Heldburg

Was pastor to Biberschlag, Hildburghausen, Thuringia, Germany and Schwarzach, Greiz, Thuringia, Germany. The Die Matrikel des Gymansium Casimiranum Academicum zu Coburg has his birth as Heldberg but states that is should be Friesau. While in Rappershausen, he was also pastor to Bahra.

The following from:
From Johann Heinrich Zedler, Grosses völlständiges Universal Lexicon aller Wissenschafften und Künste . . . , Dritter Band, B – Bi [ Great Complete Universal Dictionary of All Knowledge and Arts . . . , Third Volume, B – Bi ] ( Halle an der Saale and Leipzig :  Author, 1733 ), columns 1764 – 1765 :

Buchenröder ( Michael ) ein Evangelischer Jubel-Priester und Sohn des vorherstehenden, war zu Frieße den 14 Dec. A. 1642 gebohren.  Er legte den Gründ zu seinen Studiren in Schleusingen und Coburg, bezog darauf A. 1662 die Universitæt Leipzig, und das folgende Jahr die zu Jena, that hernach A. 1664 eine Reise nach Holland, unterrichtete junge Leute A. 1665 zu Franckfurth am Mayn, ward A. 1666 zu Guttenberg Adelicher Informator, und reisete A. 1668. zu seinem Vetter in Dünckelspiel, welcher Ober=Pfarrer allda war.  Alhier bekam er noch in erst gedachten Jahre, die Vocation von dem gottseligen Hertzog Ernsten von Gotha, zur Pfarrer Lindenau im Heldburgischen, ward aber A. 1679. nach Hellingen, und A. 1690. nach Rappenshausen befördert, biß er endlich A. 1700. Eisfeldischer Pfarrer zu Biberschlag und Schwartzbach worden.  Er hat noch A. 1721 gelebet, da er bereits 35 Jahr im Predig=Amte gestanden.  Sein Sohn, Johann Christoph ist ihm A. 1717 substituiret worden.  Diezel in der Eisfeld=Pred=Historie.  Grossens Jubel=Priester.

Buchenröder ( Michael ), an Evangelical Jubilee-Pastor and son of the preceding, was born in Friesau on 14 Dec. AD 1642.  He laid the foundation of his studies in Schleusingen and Coburg, and in AD 1662 he attended the University at Leipzig, and the following year, at Jena, afterwards made a journey to Holland in AD 1664, taught young people in AD 1666 in Frankfort am Main, became in Guttenberg Informator [ private tutor ] of the Nobility, and in AD 1668 traveled to Dünckelspiel [ Dinkelsbühl, Bavaria ], of which his cousin was Senior Pastor.  From this place he sent in the Vocation by the pious Duke Ernst of Gotha, to the Parish of Lindenau bei Heldburg, but was transferred AD 1679 to Hellingen, and AD 1690 to Rappenshausen, and, finally, AD 1700, Pastor of Biberschlag and Schwartzbach in the Eisfeld area.  He still lived until AD 1721, when he had already been in the ministry for 35 years.  His son Johann Christoph substituted for him in AD 1717.  [ Rev. Carl Friedrich ] Diezel [ the Younger, 1699 – 1721, the Dutch-born Pastor, Superintendent and historian of Eisfeld, buried at the altar of the State Church of Eisfeld ] in the Eisfeld=Pred=Historie [ History of the Pastors of Eisfeld, actually a section of his 1721 book, the municipal history of Eisfeld ].  Grossens Jubel=Priester [ Rev. Johann Matthias Groß, 1676 – 1748, Historisches Lexicon Evangelischer Jubel-Priester = Historical Dictionary of Evangelical Jubilee-Pastors ]

From 1913 edition, Volume 11, page 155 of Familiengeschichtliche Blätter [ Genealogical Bulletins ] at Google Books
The German transcription :

Buchenröder.
Der Pfarrer Michael Buchenröder aus Hellingen ( Amt Heldburg ) ladet mit Schreiben vom 23. Jan. 1680 Schultheiß, Zwölfer und Gemeinde in Hellingen zu seiner am 27. Januar 1680 „mit Herrn Johann Spülers, letztmahls bey Hertzog Friedrichs Hoch=Fürstl: Durchl: zu Gotha Leib=Compagnie gewesenen Wachtmeisters, und der Zeit wohl=benehmten Gast=Wirths zum güldenen Stern in Heldburg, mittlern lieben Tochter, Jungfer Margarethen Dorotheen” stattfindenden Hochzeit ( zweite Ehe ) ein ( Gemeindearchiv Hellingen ).

The English translation :

Buchenröder.
The pastor Michael Buchenröder from Hellingen ( District of Heldburg ) invited with the letter of 23 Jan. 1680 the Mayor, the Council, and the Municipality of Hellingen to meet on 27 January 1680 for the wedding ceremony of him ( second marriage ) “with the beloved middle daughter of Mr. Johann Spüler, who had been the Wachtmeister [ Sergeant ], late of Duke Friedrich’s High Princely and Ducal Life-Company ‘Gotha’ and the now well-behaved innkeeper of the ‘Golden Star’ in Heldburg, maiden Margaretha Dorothea” ( Municipal Archive of Hellingen ). 		Buchenröder, MICHAEL Jr. (I14093)
 
3017 Hello Jim,

I took from his funeral sermon that he arrived in Regensburg with his family on October 8, 1641.
I assume that this is correct, because in August 1641 he already held two trial sermons in Regensburg.
Two months later he stayed there until the end of his life.

I received the following information from the Greiz State Archives:

„M. Andreas Steiner was quite obviously pastor in Zeulenroda for only about 1 year. There are no parish records for Zeulenroda from this period. He succeeded M. Daniel Müller,
who went to Greiz as archdeacon in September 1640. Probably at the end of October or beginning of November 1640 he began his work in Zeulenroda. In August 1641 he already
held 2 trial sermons in Regensburg at the request of the Regensburg city council and then probably went to Regensburg in the fall of 1641.“

Bernd

There is one source that claims that Andreas had a second wife, Rosina Bernhardina Emhard. However this is disproved and an identical marriage to another Steiner; with children being born with identical names some 200 years to the day apart. Addition in Andreas Steiner’s funeral sermon Elisabetha is referred to as his widow.

In total they had nine children, but by the time of Andreas’s death three daughters were no longer alive

Wrote “time of plague a book which can be useful in the circumstances”, Trinarium sacrum, 1622; found in Pf. - Biblical Schleiz No 1504.

According to the parish records of St. Andreas, Eisleben the marriage date is 09 Nov 1617.

The Möschlitz church registers (Schleiz church district) have been filmed and can already be viewed in digital form in our reading room. But they cannot yet be seen online in the church register portal www.archion.de.
However, our film adaptations (and thus also the digitized versions) of Möschlitz only begin around 1677. Unfortunately, we are not aware of any older books from around 1623 to 1640.

With best regards
Ute Kaufmann
Archives employee reading room 		Steiner, Andreas (I15842)
 
3018 Hello, James,

My name is Patrick Hanna. I was browsing your Thoma family web site this evening, in search of information about one of my uncles: Joe Esser. I found the info I was looking for, but noticed an error on your page, and it concerned my mother's name.

In the line of Margaret Martin and Lorenz Esser, please go to George Bernard Esser, and then to their first child, who was my mother. You
have her name incorrectly listed as "Marguerite Philis Mary Esser."
In reality, her given name was Marguerite Marie Esser. I might be able to explain the source of the confusion. Mom always told me there was a gruff, raw, unpolished old parish priest in Boonville at the time of her baptism. My grandparents told him the name of the child was "Marguerite Marie". According to my Mom, he thought that was too flowery, so he baptized her as "Margaret Mary." He probably entered it into the baptismal records that way, too, but that was not her given name. I don't know where the "Philis" comes from, and perhaps you can enlighten me. In any event, you have a good site and
I'm sure it's useful to geneologists--congratulations on your work.
When you get time, please note the change on my mother's name.

...and if you ever trace her children, you will find me as the sixth
born: Charles Patrick Hanna.

Thanks, and carry on the good work!

Pat Hanna 		Esser, Marguerite Philis Marie (I17345)
 
3019 At least one living or private individual is linked to this note - Details withheld. Duvall, David Louis (I9730)
 
3020 Helwin I de Boulogne
https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/G9GS-VRJ
https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/L631-QC2
https://gw.geneanet.org/eric976?lang=en&iz=2&p=helwin+1er&n=de+boulogne

Ermengarde de Flandres
https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/G9PX-PWG
https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/G9PX-1M5
https://gw.geneanet.org/coulierbruno?lang=en&p=ermengarde&n=de+flandres&oc=1 		de Tournehem, Helwin I (I33957)
 
3021 Henderson Convalescent Home Reinhart, Sophia F (I11770)
 
3022 Henrietta S. Miller passed away at Crestview Manor Nursing Home in Evansville, Minnesota, on Tuesday, January 18, 1994. She was 95 years, 7 months and 14 days old.

Henrietta was born on Swanville, MN, on June 4, 1898, to John and Bertha Lubbert. When she was one year old, the family moved to Riceville, IA, and returned to Swanville when she was six.

Henrietta and Chris Miller of Marcus, IA, were married January 20, 1923. They lived on a farm near Marcus, IA, and were the parents of three children, Donald, Evelyn and Lee. Evelyn and Lee died untimely deaths, leaving Donald as the only surviving son.

Chris died in 1972.

Henrietta lived alone in their home on the lake at Sauk Centre, MN, until she was 88 years old. She fished every day, had a wonderful flower and vegetable garden, and was busy each day. When she was 88, Donald convinced her to move near them. When Donald and wife, Maggie retired, they brought "Grandma" back to Minnesota to live at Southview Manor in Evansville, MN, near their retirement home. When her health became a problem in 1992, she entered the nursing home.

She suffered a stroke this past October and died quietly on Tuesday.

She is survived by her son, Donald and his wife, Maggie of Evansville, MN; seven grandchildren: Ellen Kohtz of Albion, NE, James Miller of Ames, I A, Mary Margaret Wennerstrum of Des Moines, IA, Dianne Miller of Aurora, OR, Shelley Miller of Lawrence, KS, Kim McBride of Omaha, NE, Byron Miller of Lawrence, KS; eight great-grand children: Chris, Jeffrey and Phillip Kohtz of Albion, NE, Jaimeson and Brian Wennerstrum of Des Moines, IA, Corrine and Erin McBride of Omaha, NE, Jeffrey Miller of Lawrence, KS; nieces, nephews and many new friends in Evansville and Ashby Presbyterian Church.

She was preceded in death by her parents, husband, two brothers, one sister and two children.

Funeral services were held at 10:00 a.m. from the Funeral Home Chapel on Friday, January 21, 1994, with Rev. Lew Koerselman of Elbow Lake Presbyterian Church officiating. Burial was in the Marcus-Amherst Cemetery near Marcus, IA, at 11:00 a.m. Saturday, January 22nd. Following the interment service conducted by Bishop Curtis Miller, a reception for friends was held at the Paullina Presbyterian Church. Arrangements were under the care of the Anderson Funeral Home of Alexandria, MN.

Paullina Times, Paullina, Iowa, January 27, 1994, P3 		Lubbert, Henrietta Sophia (I12295)
 
3023 Henry along with his brother Robert stayed in Ireland when their parents moved to Canada. They stayed with Malcolm's brother John and maiden sister, Catherine. Three years later in 1850 - 1851 they joined their parents in Canada. This was about the same time that his brother, John, married in Ireland. McQuigg, Robert (I15890)
 
3024 Henry along with his brother Robert stayed in Ireland when their parents moved to Canada. They stayed with Malcolm's brother John and maiden sister, Catherine. Three years later in 1850 - 1851 they joined their parents in Canada. This was about the same time that John married in Ireland.

From Maria Grant McQuaig

n 1912 Henry McQuaig my husband’s health began to fail, he had heart trouble and took weak spells and I would make him a warm drink and give him some light nourishmend which would always revive him.

On July 2nd 1914 he took a weak spell while we were in the parlor talking to his brother James’ wife who was visiting here from the West and who has since passed away. And as usual I helped him to the couch, got the warm drink and in a short time he was better and walking around out of doors and took his tea with Wesley and me and went to bed and rested good till towards morning, when he said to me “light the lamp I want to go downstairs. I did so and came down with him and he turned quite ill so Wesley went over for Dr. Reddick and he gradually grew worse and in a few days we sent for Dr. Lock, but there was no help this time, but the two Drs. kept coming and did all they could for him and he suffered a great deal and needed constant attention day and night. So Wesley quit his work to help me attend to him and Wesley’s uncle Wm. Imrie came down to Winchester to attend Mrs. Wm. Christie’s funeral as she passed away July 12th, and he stayed to help us for by this time we had to lift him.

A few mornings before he passed away while at family prayer we were all greatly blessed together, it seemed as if the very heavens were opened to us and he began to pray and quote passages of scripture with us and on the following morning we thought he was asleep so we knelt just inside the door of another room so as not to disturb him, but he was not asleep and said “I wish you had prayed out here, I heard you, but I could have heard you better here and God has answered your prayer.” And on the morning of the 16th July he passed quietly away to be forever with the Lord.

My dear Sister Mrs. Imrie came and she with her husband staid a week with us. On July 18th 1914 The funeral which was held in the Methodist church was conducted by our pastor Rev. F.H.Sproule and his remains were laid away in the Maple Ridge Cemetery there to await the resurrection morn. 		McQuaig, Henry J (I14141)
 
3025 Henry Beaumont, 1st Earl of Buchan was the son of Louis de Brienne and Agnes, Vicountesse de Beaumont.
He married Alice Comyn, daughter of Sir Alexander Comyn and Joan Latimer, before 14 July 1310.
Children of Henry Beaumont, 1st Earl of Buchan and Alice Comyn
1. Catherine de Beaumont d. 11 Nov 1368
2. Elizabeth Beaumont d. 27 Oct 1400
3. Richard Beaumont
4. John Beaumont
5. Thomas Beaumont
6. Alice Beaumont
7. Joan Beaumont
8. Beatrice Beaumont
9. John de Beaumont, 2nd Lord Beaumont b. c 1317, d. bt 10 May 1342 - 25 May 1342
10. Isabella de Beaumont b. c 1320, d. 1361
He died before 10 March 1339/40. His will was proven (by probate) in January 1342 at Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England.

He fought in the Scottish Wars in 1302, with King Edward I.
He was appointed Knight before 1308.
He held the office of Joint Warden of Scotland (south of Forth) in 1308.
In 1307/8 he was granted large estates in Lincolnshire.
He was created 1st Lord Beaumont [England by writ] on 4 March 1308/9.
He held the office of Lordship of the Isle of Man between 16 March 1310 and 20 October 1312.
He held the office of Envoy to France between 1312 and 1331.
In 1312/13 he had livery of lands from John Comyn, Earl of Buchan.
He fought in the Battle of Bannockburn on 24 June 1314.
He held the office of Constable of England in 1322.
He was appointed Privy Counsellor (P.C.) in 1322.
He fought in the Battle of Boroughbridge on 16 March 1321/22.
On 5 June 1323 he was imprisoned for contempt and disobedience at the Council.
In 1334 he received a grant of Loughborough Castle, for siding against the King and preventing the King's escape.
He was created 1st Earl of Buchan [England by writ] on 22 January 1333/34.
He held the office of Constable of England in 1336.
He held the office of Justiciar [Scotland] in 1338.
His descendants appear not to have used the title of Earl of Buchan.

http://thepeerage.com/p10288.htm#i102873

----------------------------------------------------------------

Henry de Beaumont (before 1280 – 10 March 1340), jure uxoris 4th Earl of Buchan and suo jure 1st Baron Beaumont, was a key figure in the Anglo-Scots wars of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, known as the Wars of Scottish Independence.

Henry de Beaumont was a veteran campaigner who participated in every major engagement, from the Battle of Falkirk in 1298 to the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333. Although not now a widely known figure, he was, nevertheless, of considerable military and political importance. His long experience of the Scottish wars led him to develop a battle technique later used to great effect at Crécy and Agincourt. As one of a group of Anglo-Scots nobles later known as the 'disinherited' — Englishmen whose Scottish lands had been forfeited — he was to do much to overturn the peace between England and Scotland established by the Treaty of Northampton and bring about a Second War of Scottish Independence. By his marriage shortly before 14 July 1310 to Alice Comyn, Countess of Buchan (died 3 July 1349), the niece and heir of John Comyn, Earl of Buchan, he was recognised as Earl in right of his wife.

Origins
Henry de Beaumont was the eldest son of Louis of Brienne, (d. after 1 September 1297) who was in right of his wife Agnès de Beaumont, Vicomte of Beaumont in Maine and Seigneur of Beaumont-le-Vicomte (alias Beaumont-sur-Sarthe), Sainte-Suzanne, la Fleche, Fresnay, le Lude, etc. He was the grandson of John of Brienne, King of Jerusalem by his third wife, Berengaria of Leon, making him a second cousin of Edward II. His brother Lewis de Beaumont was Bishop of Durham and his sister Isabella was wife of the prominent noble John de Vesci.
...

... he died in March 1340, his long struggle incomplete. His son, John, never claimed the lost earldom of Buchan. When Beaumont's wife, Alice, died in 1349 the Comyn line of Buchan, which stretched back to the early thirteenth century, finally came to an end.
By the time an Inquisition was held to assess his lands in April 1340, Henry was holding a large amount of land in Lincolnshire as well as smaller areas in Leicestershire, Northumberland and Yorkshire.

Marriage and children

Shortly before 14 July 1310 he married Alice Comyn, Countess of Buchan (died 3 July 1349), the niece and heiress of John Comyn, Earl of Buchan (and granddaughter of Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan Lord High Constable of Scotland). He was recognised as Earl of Buchan jure uxoris.

By Alice he had children including:
1. Elizabeth Beaumont (c. 1320 – 1400) who married Nicholas Audley, 3rd Baron Audley (1328–1391), without children.
2. John de Beaumont, 2nd Lord Beaumont (c. 1318), who married Eleanor of Lancaster, great-granddaughter of King Henry III and a sister of Henry of Grosmont.
3. Isabel de Beaumont, married Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster, brother of Eleanor of Lancaster. They were ancestors of the English Royal House of Lancaster, with King Henry IV of England being the couple's grandson.
4. Katherine de Beaumont, married David III Strathbogie, titular Earl of Atholl, 1st Lord Strathbogie
5. Joan de Beaumont, who ("it is said") married Fulk VII FitzWarin, 3rd Baron FitzWarin (died 1349), of Whittington Castle in Shropshire and Alveston in Gloucestershire.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Beaumont 		de Beaumont, Henri (I35507)
 
3026 Henry C Rennison discharged from Co.B 5th Missori State Militia on 7 Aug 1862 because of a disability listed as consumption. Also servied in the 52nd Regiment Enrolled Missouri Militia.

Death date: In 1883 History of Howard and Cooper Co., MO, it is stated that only one of Joseph Rennison's four sons still are living, and that would be James H. Rennison. 		Rennison, Henry C (I23732)
 
3027 Henry de Ferrers (died by 1100), magnate and administrator, was a Norman who after the 1066 Norman conquest was awarded extensive lands in England.
He was the eldest son of Walkeline de Ferrers and in about 1040 inherited his father's lands centered on the village of Ferrières-Saint-Hilaire.

In England he progressively acquired landholdings, which he had to manage. As one of the leading magnates, he also served King William I of England and his successor William II in administrative capacities and is said to have been castellan of Stafford Castle. In about 1080, he and his wife founded Tutbury Priory and in 1086 he was one of the royal commissioners in charge of the Domesday survey, which records his 210 manors.

He died between September 1093 and September 1100 and was buried in Tutbury Priory.

His first three tranches of land came to him from dispossessed English holders. First, in about 1066 or 1067, he was granted the lands of Goderic, the former sheriff of Berkshire, in Berkshire and Wiltshire. Then, by about the end of 1068, he obtained lands in Buckinghamshire, Essex and Northamptonshire, as well as more in Berkshire, that had belonged to Bondi the Staller. Finally, after the 1071 revolt, he was awarded the lands of Siward Barn in Derbyshire, Gloucestershire, Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire as well as further lands in Berkshire and Essex. Also after the revolt, he became holder of the Wapentake of Appletree centred on Tutbury Castle, which had been in the hands of Hugh d'Avranches and stretched across Derbyshire, Leicestershire and Staffordshire.
Among his under-tenants were members of families believed to have come from villages near his original home at Ferrières-Saint-Hilaire, such as the Curzons from Notre-Dame-de-Courson, the Baskervilles from Saint-Martin-de-Boscherville and the Levetts from Jonquerets-de-Livet.

Family
With his wife Bertha he had four known children:
1. William, probably the eldest, who inherited the estates in Normandy and was a supporter of Duke Robert Curthose.
2. Enguenulph, keeper of Duffield Castle, who did not long outlive his father.
3. Robert, who inherited the estates in England and was made Earl of Derby.
4. Amice, who married Nigel d'Aubigny, the probable brother of William d'Aubigny.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Ferrers

................................................................................

Henry de Ferrieres was born circa 1036 at Ferrieres, Normandy, France.
He was the son of Walchelinde de Ferrieres.
He married Bertha Roberts.
He died in 1088 at Tutbury, Staffordshire, England.

Child of Henry de Ferrieres and Bertha Roberts
- Robert de Ferrers, 1st Earl of Derby b. c 1066, d. 1139

http://www.thepeerage.com/p15855.htm#i158545 		de Ferrers, Lord Henry (I33714)
 
3028 Henry I
Miniature from Matthew Paris's
Historia Anglorum
King of England (more ...)
Tenure 2 August 1100 – 1 December 1135
Coronation 5 August 1100
Predecessor William II
Successor Stephen
Duke of Normandy
Tenure 1106 – 1 December 1135
Predecessor Robert Curthose
Successor Stephen
Born c. 1068
Possibly Selby, Yorkshire
Died 1 December 1135 (aged 66–67)
Saint-Denis-en-Lyons, Normandy
Burial Reading Abbey
Spouse Matilda of Scotland
m. 1100; dec. 1118
Adeliza of Louvain
m. 1121; wid. 1135
Issue Matilda, Holy Roman Empress
Henry I of England
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Henry I (c. 1068 – 1 December 1135), also known as Henry
Beauclerc, was King of England from 1100 to his death.
Henry was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and was
educated in Latin and the liberal arts. On William's death in
1087, Henry's elder brothers Robert Curthose and William
Rufus inherited Normandy and England, respectively, but
Henry was left landless. Henry purchased the County of
Cotentin in western Normandy from Robert, but William and
Robert deposed him in 1091. Henry gradually rebuilt his
power base in the Cotentin and allied himself with William
against Robert. Henry was present when William died in a
hunting accident in 1100, and he seized the English throne,
promising at his coronation to correct many of William's less
popular policies. Henry married Matilda of Scotland but
continued to have a large number of mistresses by whom he
had many illegitimate children.
Robert, who invaded in 1101, disputed Henry's control of
England; this military campaign ended in a negotiated
settlement that confirmed Henry as king. The peace was
short-lived, and Henry invaded the Duchy of Normandy in
1105 and 1106, finally defeating Robert at the Battle of
Tinchebray. Henry kept Robert imprisoned for the rest of his
life. Henry's control of Normandy was challenged by Louis
VI of France, Baldwin VII of Flanders and Fulk V of Anjou,
who promoted the rival claims of Robert's son, William
Clito, and supported a major rebellion in the Duchy between
1116 and 1119. Following Henry's victory at the Battle of
Brémule, a favourable peace settlement was agreed with
Louis in 1120.
Considered by contemporaries to be a harsh but effective
ruler, Henry skilfully manipulated the barons in England and
Normandy. In England, he drew on the existing Anglo-Saxon
system of justice, local government and taxation, but also
strengthened it with additional institutions, including the
royal exchequer and itinerant justices. Normandy was also
governed through a growing system of justices and an
exchequer. Many of the officials who ran Henry's system
were "new men" of obscure backgrounds rather than from
families of high status, who rose through the ranks as
administrators. Henry encouraged ecclesiastical reform, but
became embroiled in a serious dispute in 1101 with
Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury, which was resolved
through a compromise solution in 1105. He supported the
Cluniac order and played a major role in the selection of the
senior clergy in England and Normandy.
more ... William Adelin
Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester
Alice FitzRoy
Gilbert FitzRoy
Matilda FitzRoy, Countess of Perche
Fulk FitzRoy
Sybilla, Queen of Scots
Reginald de Dunstanville, 1st Earl of
Cornwall
Robert FitzEdith, Lord Okehampton
Henry FitzRoy (d. 1158)
Matilda FitzRoy, Abbess of
Montvilliers
House Normandy
Father William I of England
Mother Matilda of Flanders
Henry's only legitimate son and heir, William Adelin,
drowned in the White Ship disaster of 1120, throwing the
royal succession into doubt. Henry took a second wife,
Adeliza, in the hope of having another son, but their
marriage was childless. In response to this, Henry declared
his daughter, Matilda, his heir and married her to Geoffrey of
Anjou. The relationship between Henry and the couple
became strained, and fighting broke out along the border
with Anjou. Henry died on 1 December 1135 after a week of
illness. Despite his plans for Matilda, the King was
succeeded by his nephew, Stephen of Blois, resulting in a
period of civil war known as the Anarchy.
Contents
1 Early life, 1068–1099
1.1 Childhood and appearance, 1068–86
1.2 Inheritance, 1087–88
1.3 Count of the Cotentin, 1088–90
1.4 Fall and rise, 1091–99
2 Early reign, 1100–06
2.1 Taking the throne, 1100
2.2 Marriage to Matilda, 1100
2.3 Treaty of Alton, 1101–02
2.4 Conquest of Normandy, 1103–06
3 Government, family and household
3.1 Government, law and court
3.2 Relations with the church
4 Later reign, 1107–35
4.1 Continental and Welsh politics, 1108–14
4.2 Rebellion, 1115–20
4.3 Succession crisis, 1120–23
4.4 Planning the succession, 1124–34
5 Death and legacy
5.1 Death, 1135
5.2 Historiography
6 Family and children
6.1 Legitimate
6.2 Illegitimate
7 Ancestors
8 Notes
9 References
10 Bibliography
Early life, 1068–1099
Childhood and appearance, 1068–86
Henry was probably born in England in 1068, in either the summer or the last weeks of the year, possibly in the
town of Selby in Yorkshire.[1][nb 1] His father was William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, who had
invaded England in 1066 to become the King of England, establishing lands stretching into Wales. The invasion
had created an Anglo-Norman elite, many with estates spread across both sides of the English Channel.[2]
13th-century depiction of Henry
These Anglo-Norman barons typically had close links to the kingdom of France, which was then a loose
collection of counties and smaller polities, under only the minimal control of the king.[3] Henry's mother,
Matilda of Flanders, was the granddaughter of Robert II of France, and she probably named Henry after her
uncle, King Henry I of France.[4]
Henry was the youngest of William and Matilda's four sons. Physically he resembled his older brothers Robert
Curthose, Richard and William Rufus, being, as historian David Carpenter describes, "short, stocky and barrelchested,"
with black hair.[5] As a result of their age differences and Richard's early death, Henry would have
probably seen relatively little of his older brothers.[6] He probably knew his sister, Adela, well, as the two were
close in age.[7] There is little documentary evidence for his early years; historians Warren Hollister and
Kathleen Thompson suggest he was brought up predominantly in England, while Judith Green argues he was
initially brought up in the Duchy.[8][nb 2] He was probably educated by the Church, possibly by Bishop
Osmund, the King's chancellor, at Salisbury Cathedral; it is uncertain if this indicated an intent by his parents
for Henry to become a member of the clergy.[10][nb 3] It is also uncertain how far Henry's education extended,
but he was probably able to read Latin and had some background in the liberal arts.[11] He was given military
training by an instructor called Robert Achard, and Henry was knighted by his father on 24 May 1086.[12]
Inheritance, 1087–88
In 1087, William was fatally injured during a campaign in the Vexin.[13]
Henry joined his dying father near Rouen in September, where the King
partitioned his possessions among his sons.[14] The rules of succession
in western Europe at the time were uncertain; in some parts of France,
primogeniture, in which the eldest son would inherit a title, was
growing in popularity.[15] In other parts of Europe, including Normandy
and England, the tradition was for lands to be divided up, with the eldest
son taking patrimonial lands – usually considered to be the most
valuable – and younger sons given smaller, or more recently acquired,
partitions or estates.[15]
In dividing his lands, William appears to have followed the Norman
tradition, distinguishing between Normandy, which he had inherited,
and England, which he had acquired through war.[16] William's second
son, Richard, had died in a hunting accident, leaving Henry and his two brothers to inherit William's estate.
Robert, the eldest, despite being in armed rebellion against his father at the time of his death, received
Normandy.[17] England was given to William Rufus, who was in favour with the dying king.[17] Henry was
given a large sum of money, usually reported as £5,000, with the expectation that he would also be given his
mother's modest set of lands in Buckinghamshire and Gloucestershire.[18][nb 4] William's funeral at Caen was
marred by angry complaints from a local man, and Henry may have been responsible for resolving the dispute
by buying off the protester with silver.[20]
Robert returned to Normandy, expecting to have been given both the Duchy and England, to find that William
Rufus had crossed the Channel and been crowned king, as William II.[21] The two brothers disagreed
fundamentally over the inheritance, and Robert soon began to plan an invasion of England to seize the
kingdom, helped by a rebellion by some of the leading nobles against William Rufus.[22] Henry remained in
Normandy and took up a role within Robert's court, possibly either because he was unwilling to openly side
with William Rufus, or because Robert might have taken the opportunity to confiscate Henry's inherited money
if he had tried to leave.[21][nb 5] William Rufus sequestered Henry's new estates in England, leaving Henry
landless.[24]
Depiction of Bishop Odo (centre) who
imprisoned Henry from 1088–89
In 1088, Robert's plans for the invasion of England began to falter, and he turned to Henry, proposing that his
brother lend him some of his inheritance, which Henry refused.[25] Henry and Robert then came to an
alternative arrangement, in which Robert would make Henry the count of western Normandy, in exchange for
£3,000.[25][nb 6] Henry's lands were a new countship based around a delegation of the ducal authority in the
Cotentin, but it extended across the Avranchin, with control over the bishoprics of both.[27] This also gave
Henry influence over two major Norman leaders, Hugh d'Avranches and Richard de Redvers, and the abbey of
Mont Saint-Michel, whose lands spread out further across the Duchy.[28] Robert's invasion force failed to leave
Normandy, leaving William Rufus secure in England.[29]
Count of the Cotentin, 1088–90
Henry quickly established himself as count, building up a network of
followers from western Normandy and eastern Brittany, whom historian
John Le Patourel has characterised as "Henry's gang".[30] His early
supporters included Roger of Mandeville, Richard of Redvers, Richard
d'Avranches and Robert Fitzhamon, along with the churchman Roger of
Salisbury.[31] Robert attempted to go back on his deal with Henry and
re-appropriate the county, but Henry's grip was already sufficiently firm
to prevent this.[32] Robert's rule of the Duchy was chaotic, and parts of
Henry's lands became almost independent of central control from
Rouen.[33]
During this period, neither William nor Robert seems to have trusted
Henry.[34] Waiting until the rebellion against William Rufus was safely over, Henry returned to England in July
1088.[35] He met with the King but was unable to persuade him to grant him their mother's estates, and
travelled back to Normandy in the autumn.[36] While he had been away, however, Odo, the Bishop of Bayeux,
who regarded Henry as a potential competitor, had convinced Robert that Henry was conspiring against the
duke with William Rufus.[37] On landing, Odo seized Henry and imprisoned him in Neuilly-la-Forêt, and
Robert took back the county of the Cotentin.[38] Henry was held there over the winter, but in the spring of 1089
the senior elements of the Normandy nobility prevailed upon Robert to release him.[39]
Although no longer formally the Count of Cotentin, Henry continued to control the west of Normandy.[40] The
struggle between Henry's brothers continued. William Rufus continued to put down resistance to his rule in
England, but began to build a number of alliances against Robert with barons in Normandy and neighbouring
Ponthieu.[41] Robert allied himself with Philip I of France.[42] In late 1090 William Rufus encouraged Conan
Pilatus, a powerful burgher in Rouen, to rebel against Robert; Conan was supported by most of Rouen and
made appeals to the neighbouring ducal garrisons to switch allegiance as well.[43]
Robert issued an appeal for help to his barons, and Henry was the first to arrive in Rouen in November.[44]
Violence broke out, leading to savage, confused street fighting as both sides attempted to take control of the
city.[44] Robert and Henry left the castle to join the battle, but Robert then retreated, leaving Henry to continue
the fighting.[45] The battle turned in favour of the ducal forces and Henry took Conan prisoner.[45] Henry was
angry that Conan had turned against his feudal lord. He had him taken to the top of Rouen Castle and then,
despite Conan's offers to pay a huge ransom, threw him off the top of the castle to his death.[46] Contemporaries
considered Henry to have acted appropriately in making an example of Conan, and Henry became famous for
his exploits in the battle.[47]
Fall and rise, 1091–99
Mont Saint-Michel, site of the 1091
siege
In the aftermath, Robert forced Henry to leave Rouen, probably because
Henry's role in the fighting had been more prominent than his own, and
possibly because Henry had asked to be formally reinstated as the count
of the Cotentin.[48] In early 1091, William Rufus invaded Normandy
with a sufficiently large army to bring Robert to the negotiating
table.[49] The two brothers signed a treaty at Rouen, granting William
Rufus a range of lands and castles in Normandy. In return, William
Rufus promised to support Robert's attempts to regain control of the
neighbouring county of Maine, once under Norman control, and help in
regaining control over the Duchy, including Henry's lands.[49] They
nominated each other as heirs to England and Normandy, excluding
Henry from any succession while either one of them lived.[50]
War now broke out between Henry and his brothers.[51] Henry mobilised a mercenary army in the west of
Normandy, but as William Rufus and Robert's forces advanced, his network of baronial support melted
away.[52] Henry focused his remaining forces at Mont Saint-Michel, where he was besieged, probably in March
1091.[53] The site was easy to defend, but lacked fresh water.[54] The chronicler William of Malmesbury
suggested that when Henry's water ran short, Robert allowed his brother fresh supplies, leading to
remonstrations between Robert and William Rufus.[55] The events of the final days of the siege are unclear: the
besiegers had begun to argue about the future strategy for the campaign, but Henry then abandoned Mont Saint-
Michel, probably as part of a negotiated surrender.[56][nb 7] He left for Brittany and crossed over into France.[57]
Henry's next steps are not well documented; one chronicler, Orderic Vitalis, suggests that he travelled in the
French Vexin, along the Normandy border, for over a year with a small band of followers.[58] By the end of the
year, Robert and William Rufus had fallen out once again, and the Treaty of Rouen had been abandoned.[59] In
1092, Henry and his followers seized the Normandy town of Domfront.[60] Domfront had previously been
controlled by Robert of Bellême, but the inhabitants disliked his rule and invited Henry to take over the town,
which he did in a bloodless coup.[61] Over the next two years, Henry re-established his network of supporters
across western Normandy, forming what Judith Green terms a "court in waiting".[62] By 1094, he was
allocating lands and castles to his followers as if he were the Duke of Normandy.[63] William Rufus began to
support Henry with money, encouraging his campaign against Robert, and Henry used some of this to construct
a substantial castle at Domfront.[64]
William Rufus crossed into Normandy to take the war to Robert in 1094, and when progress stalled, called
upon Henry for assistance.[65] Henry responded, but travelled to London instead of joining the main campaign
further east in Normandy, possibly at the request of the King, who in any event abandoned the campaign and
returned to England.[66][nb 8] Over the next few years, Henry appears to have strengthened his power base in
western Normandy, visiting England occasionally to attend at William Rufus's court.[68] In 1095 Pope Urban II
called the First Crusade, encouraging knights from across Europe to join.[67] Robert joined the Crusade,
borrowing money from William Rufus to do so, and granting the King temporary custody of his part of the
Duchy in exchange.[69] The King appeared confident of regaining the remainder of Normandy from Robert,
and Henry appeared ever closer to William Rufus, the pair campaigning together in the Norman Vexin between
1097 and 1098.[70]
Early reign, 1100–06
Taking the throne, 1100
A 17th-century manuscript
drawing of Henry's
coronation.
Henry became King of England following the death of William Rufus, who had
been shot while hunting.[71] On the afternoon of 2 August 1100, the King had
gone hunting in the New Forest, accompanied by a team of huntsmen and a
number of the Norman nobility, including Henry.[72] An arrow was fired,
possibly by the baron Walter Tirel, which hit and killed William Rufus.[73]
Numerous conspiracy theories have been put forward suggesting that the King
was killed deliberately; most modern historians reject these, as hunting was a
risky activity, and such accidents were common.[74][nb 9] Chaos broke out, and
Tirel fled the scene for France, either because he had fired the fatal shot, or
because he had been incorrectly accused and feared that he would be made a
scapegoat for the King's death.[73]
Henry rode to Winchester, where an argument ensued as to who now had the
best claim to the throne.[76] William of Breteuil championed the rights of
Robert, who was still abroad, returning from the Crusade, and to whom Henry
and the barons had given homage in previous years.[77] Henry argued that,
unlike Robert, he had been born to a reigning king and queen, thereby giving him a claim under the right of
porphyrogeniture.[78] Tempers flared, but Henry, supported by Henry de Beaumont and Robert of Meulan, held
sway and persuaded the barons to follow him.[79] He occupied Winchester Castle and seized the royal
treasury.[80]
Henry was hastily crowned king in Westminster Abbey on 5 August by Maurice, the Bishop of London, as
Anselm, the Archbishop of Canterbury, had been exiled by William Rufus, and Thomas, the Archbishop of
York, was in the north of England at Ripon.[81] In accordance with English tradition and in a bid to legitimise
his rule, Henry issued a coronation charter laying out various commitments.[82] The new king presented
himself as having restored order to a trouble-torn country.[83] He announced that he would abandon William
Rufus's policies towards the Church, which had been seen as oppressive by the clergy; he promised to prevent
royal abuses of the barons' property rights, and assured a return to the gentler customs of Edward the
Confessor; he asserted that he would "establish a firm peace" across England and ordered "that this peace shall
henceforth be kept".[84]
In addition to his existing circle of supporters, many of whom were richly rewarded with new lands, Henry
quickly co-opted many of the existing administration into his new royal household.[85] William Giffard,
William Rufus's chancellor, was made the Bishop of Winchester, and the prominent sheriffs Urse d'Abetot,
Haimo Dapifer and Robert Fitzhamon continued to play a senior role in government.[85] By contrast, the
unpopular Ranulf Flambard, the Bishop of Durham and a key member of the previous regime, was imprisoned
in the Tower of London and charged with corruption.[86] The late king had left many church positions unfilled,
and Henry set about nominating candidates to these, in an effort to build further support for his new
government.[87] The appointments needed to be consecrated, and Henry wrote to Anselm, apologising for
having been crowned while the Archbishop was still in France and asking him to return at once.[88]
Marriage to Matilda, 1100
On 11 November 1100 Henry married Matilda, the daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland.[89] Henry was now
around 31 years old, but late marriages for noblemen were not unusual in the 11th century.[90] The pair had
probably first met earlier the previous decade, possibly being introduced through Bishop Osmund of
Salisbury.[91] Historian Warren Hollister argues that Henry and Matilda were emotionally close, but their union
was also certainly politically motivated.[92][nb 10] Matilda had originally been named Edith, an Anglo-Saxon
name, and was a member of the West Saxon royal family, being the niece of Edgar the Ætheling, the greatHenry's
first wife, Matilda of Scotland
Early 14th-century depiction of Henry
granddaughter of Edmund Ironside and a descendant of Alfred the
Great.[94] For Henry, marrying Matilda gave his reign increased
legitimacy, and for Matilda, an ambitious woman, it was an opportunity
for high status and power in England.[95]
Matilda had been educated in a sequence of convents, however, and
may well have taken the vows to formally become a nun, which formed
an obstacle to the marriage progressing.[96] She did not wish to be a nun
and appealed to Anselm for permission to marry Henry, and the
Archbishop established a council at Lambeth Palace to judge the
issue.[96] Despite some dissenting voices, the council concluded that
although Matilda had lived in a convent, she had not actually become a
nun and was therefore free to marry, a judgement that Anselm then
affirmed, allowing the marriage to proceed.[96][nb 11] Matilda proved an
effective queen for Henry, acting as a regent in England on occasion, addressing and presiding over councils,
and extensively supporting the arts.[98] The couple soon had two children, Matilda, born in 1102, and William
Adelin, born in 1103; it is possible that they also had a second son, Richard, who died young.[99][nb 12]
Following the birth of these children, Matilda preferred to remain based in Westminster while Henry travelled
across England and Normandy, either for religious reasons or because she enjoyed being involved in the
machinery of royal governance.[101]
Henry had a considerable sexual appetite and enjoyed a substantial number of sexual partners, resulting in a
large number of illegitimate children, at least nine sons and 13 daughters, many of whom he appears to have
recognised and supported.[102] It was normal for unmarried Anglo-Norman noblemen to have sexual relations
with prostitutes and local women, and kings were also expected to have mistresses.[103][nb 13] Some of these
relationships occurred before Henry was married, but many others took place after his marriage to Matilda.[104]
Henry had a wide range of mistresses from a range of backgrounds, and the relationships appear to have been
conducted relatively openly.[101] He may have chosen some of his noble mistresses for political purposes, but
the evidence to support this theory is limited.[105]
Treaty of Alton, 1101–02
By early 1101, Henry's new regime was established and functioning, but
many of the Anglo-Norman elite still supported Robert, or would be
prepared to switch sides if Henry's elder brother appeared likely to gain
power in England.[106] In February, Flambard escaped from the Tower
of London and crossed the Channel to Normandy, where he injected
fresh direction and energy to Robert's attempts to mobilise an invasion
force.[107] By July, Robert had formed an army and a fleet, ready to
move against Henry in England.[108] Raising the stakes in the conflict,
Henry seized Flambard's lands and, with the support of Anselm,
Flambard was removed from his position as bishop.[109] Henry held
court in April and June, where the nobility renewed their oaths of
allegiance to him, but their support still appeared partial and shaky.[110]
With the invasion imminent, Henry mobilised his forces and fleet
outside Pevensey, close to Robert's anticipated landing site, training
some of them personally in how to counter cavalry charges.[111] Despite
English levies and knights owing military service to the Church arriving in considerable numbers, many of his
barons did not appear.[112] Anselm intervened with some of the doubters, emphasising the religious importance
The village of Tinchebray in 2008
of their loyalty to Henry.[113] Robert unexpectedly landed further up the coast at Portsmouth on 20 July with a
modest force of a few hundred men, but these were quickly joined by many of the barons in England.[114]
However, instead of marching into nearby Winchester and seizing Henry's treasury, Robert paused, giving
Henry time to march west and intercept the invasion force.[115]
The two armies met at Alton where peace negotiations began, possibly initiated by either Henry or Robert, and
probably supported by Flambard.[115] The brothers then agreed to the Treaty of Alton, under which Robert
released Henry from his oath of homage and recognised him as king; Henry renounced his claims on western
Normandy, except for Domfront, and agreed to pay Robert £2,000 a year for life; if either brother died without
a male heir, the other would inherit his lands; the barons whose lands had been seized by either the King or the
Duke for supporting his rival would have them returned, and Flambard would be reinstated as bishop; the two
brothers would campaign together to defend their territories in Normandy.[116][nb 14] Robert remained in
England for a few months more with Henry before returning to Normandy.[118]
Despite the treaty, Henry set about inflicting severe penalties on the barons who had stood against him during
the invasion.[119] William de Warenne, the Earl of Surrey, was accused of fresh crimes, which were not covered
by the Alton amnesty, and was banished from England.[120] In 1102 Henry then turned against Robert of
Bellême and his brothers, the most powerful of the barons, accusing him of 45 different offences.[121] Robert
escaped and took up arms against Henry.[122] Henry besieged Robert's castles at Arundel, Tickhill and
Shrewsbury, pushing down into the south-west to attack Bridgnorth.[123] His power base in England broken,
Robert accepted Henry's offer of banishment and left the country for Normandy.[124]
Conquest of Normandy, 1103–06
Henry's network of allies in Normandy became stronger during
1103.[125] Henry married Juliana, one of his illegitimate daughters, to
Eustace of Breteuil, and another illegitimate daughter, Matilda, to
Rotrou, the Count of Perche, on the Normandy border.[126] Henry
attempted to win over other members of the Normandy nobility and
gave other English estates and lucrative offers to key Norman lords.[127]
Duke Robert continued to fight Robert of Bellême, but the Duke's
position worsened, until by 1104, he had to ally himself formally with
Bellême to survive.[128] Arguing that Duke Robert had broken the terms
of their treaty, Henry crossed over the Channel to Domfront, where he
met with senior barons from across Normandy, eager to ally themselves with the King.[129] Henry confronted
his brother and accused him of siding with his enemies, before returning to England.[130]
Normandy continued to disintegrate into chaos.[131] In 1105, Henry sent his friend Robert Fitzhamon and a
force of knights into the Duchy, apparently to provoke a confrontation with Duke Robert.[132] Fitzhamon was
captured, and Henry used this as an excuse to invade, promising to restore peace and order.[131] Henry had the
support of most of the neighbouring counts around Normandy's borders, and King Philip of France was
persuaded to remain neutral.[133] Henry occupied western Normandy, and advanced east on Bayeux, where
Fitzhamon was held.[134] The city refused to surrender, and Henry besieged it, burning it to the ground.[134]
Terrified of meeting the same fate, the town of Caen switched sides and surrendered, allowing Henry to
advance on Falaise, which he took with some casualties.[135] Henry's campaign stalled, and the King instead
began peace discussions with Robert.[136] The negotiations were inconclusive and the fighting dragged on until
Christmas, when Henry returned to England.[137]
Henry's royal seal, showing the King on horseback (l) and seated on
his throne (r)
Henry invaded again in July 1106, hoping to provoke a decisive battle.[138] After some initial tactical successes,
he turned south-west towards the castle of Tinchebray.[139] He besieged the castle and Duke Robert, supported
by Robert of Bellême, advanced from Falaise to relieve it.[139] After attempts at negotiation failed, the Battle of
Tinchebray took place, probably on 28 September.[140][nb 15] The battle lasted around an hour, and began with a
charge by Duke Robert's cavalry; the infantry and dismounted knights of both sides then joined the battle.[142]
Henry's reserves, led by Elias, the Count of Maine and Alan, the Duke of Brittany, attacked the enemy's flanks,
routing first Bellême's troops and then the bulk of the ducal forces.[143] Duke Robert was taken prisoner, but
Bellême escaped.[143]
Henry mopped up the remaining resistance in Normandy, and Robert ordered his last garrisons to
surrender.[144] Reaching Rouen, Henry reaffirmed the laws and customs of Normandy and took homage from
the leading barons and citizens.[145] The lesser prisoners taken at Tinchebray were released, but Robert and
several other leading nobles were imprisoned indefinitely.[146] Henry's nephew, Robert's son William Clito, was
only three years old and was released to the care of Helias of Saint-Saens, a Norman baron.[147] Henry
reconciled himself with Robert of Bellême, who gave up the ducal lands he had seized and rejoined the royal
court.[148] Henry had no way of legally removing the Duchy from his brother Robert, and initially Henry
avoided using the title "duke" at all, emphasising that, as the King of England, he was only acting as the
guardian of the troubled Duchy.[149]
Government, family and household
Government, law and court
Henry inherited the kingdom of England
from William Rufus, giving him a claim of
suzerainty over Wales and Scotland, and
acquired the Duchy of Normandy, a
complex entity with troubled borders.[150]
The borders between England and Scotland
were still uncertain during Henry's reign,
with Anglo-Norman influence pushing
northwards through Cumbria, but Henry's
relationship with King David I of Scotland
was generally good, partially due to Henry's
marriage to his sister.[151] In Wales, Henry
used his power to coerce and charm the
indigenous Welsh princes, while Norman
Marcher Lords pushed across the valleys of
South Wales.[152] Normandy was controlled via various interlocking networks of ducal, ecclesiastical and
family contacts, backed by a growing string of important ducal castles along the borders.[153] Alliances and
relationships with neighbouring counties along the Norman border were particularly important to maintaining
the stability of the Duchy.[154]
Henry ruled through the various barons and lords in England and Normandy, whom he manipulated skilfully
for political effect.[155] Political friendships, termed amicitia in Latin, were important during the 12th century,
and Henry maintained a wide range of these, mediating between his friends in various factions across his realm
when necessary, and rewarding those who were loyal to him.[156] Henry also had a reputation for punishing
those barons who stood against him, and he maintained an effective network of informers and spies who
reported to him on events.[157] Henry was a harsh, firm ruler, but not excessively so by the standards of the
day.[158] Over time, he increased the degree of his control over the barons, removing his enemies and bolstering
his friends until the "reconstructed baronage", as historian Warren Hollister describes it, was predominantly
loyal and dependent on the King.[159]
Henry's itinerant royal court comprised various parts.[160] At the heart was Henry's domestic household, called
the domus; a wider grouping was termed the familia regis, and formal gatherings of the court were termed
curia.[161] The domus was divided into several parts. The chapel, headed by the chancellor, looked after the
royal documents, the chamber dealt with financial affairs and the master-marshal was responsible for travel and
accommodation.[162] The familia regis included Henry's mounted household troops, up to several hundred
strong, who came from a wider range of social backgrounds, and could be deployed across England and
Normandy as required.[163] Initially Henry continued his father's practice of regular crown-wearing ceremonies
at his curia, but they became less frequent as the years passed.[164] Henry's court was grand and ostentatious,
financing the construction of large new buildings and castles with a range of precious gifts on display, including
the King's private menagerie of exotic animals, which he kept at Woodstock Palace.[165] Despite being a lively
community, Henry's court was more tightly controlled than those of previous kings.[166] Strict rules controlled
personal behaviour and prohibited members of the court from pillaging neighbouring villages, as had been the
norm under William Rufus.[166]
Henry was responsible for a substantial expansion of the royal justice system.[167][nb 16] In England, Henry
drew on the existing Anglo-Saxon system of justice, local government and taxes, but strengthened it with
additional central governmental institutions.[169] Roger of Salisbury began to develop the royal exchequer after
1110, using it to collect and audit revenues from the King's sheriffs in the shires.[170] Itinerant justices began to
emerge under Henry, travelling around the country managing eyre courts, and many more laws were formally
recorded.[171] Henry gathered increasing revenue from the expansion of royal justice, both from fines and from
fees.[172] The first Pipe Roll that is known to have survived dates from 1130, recording royal expenditures.[173]
Henry reformed the coinage in 1107, 1108 and in 1125, inflicting harsh corporal punishments to English
coiners who had been found guilty of debasing the currency.[174][nb 17] In Normandy, Henry restored law and
order after 1106, operating through a body of Norman justices and an exchequer system similar to that in
England.[176] Norman institutions grew in scale and scope under Henry, although less quickly than in
England.[177] Many of the officials that ran Henry's system were termed "new men", relatively low-born
individuals who rose through the ranks as administrators, managing justice or the royal revenues.[178][nb 18]
Relations with the chur ch
Church and the King
Henry's ability to govern was intimately bound up with the Church, which formed the key to the administration
of both England and Normandy, and this relationship changed considerably over the course of his reign.[180]
William the Conqueror had reformed the English Church with the support of his Archbishop of Canterbury,
Lanfranc, who became a close colleague and advisor to the King.[181][nb 19] Under William Rufus this
arrangement had collapsed, the King and Archbishop Anselm had become estranged and Anselm had gone into
exile. Henry also believed in Church reform, but on taking power in England he became embroiled in the
investiture controversy.[183]
The argument concerned who should invest a new bishop with his staff and ring: traditionally, this had been
carried out by the king in a symbolic demonstration of royal power, but Pope Urban II had condemned this
practice in 1099, arguing that only the papacy could carry out this task, and declaring that the clergy should not
give homage to their local temporal rulers.[184] Anselm returned to England from exile in 1100 having heard
Urban's pronouncement, and informed Henry that he would be complying with the Pope's wishes.[185] Henry
The seal of Archbishop Anselm of
Canterbury
was in a difficult position. On one hand, the symbolism and homage
was important to him; on the other hand, he needed Anselm's support in
his struggle with his brother Duke Robert.[186]
Anselm stuck firmly to the letter of the papal decree, despite Henry's
attempts to persuade him to give way in return for a vague assurance of
a future royal compromise.[187] Matters escalated, with Anselm going
back into exile and Henry confiscating the revenues of his estates.
Anselm threatened excommunication, and in July 1105 the two men
finally negotiated a solution.[188] A distinction was drawn between the
secular and ecclesiastical powers of the prelates, under which Henry
gave up his right to invest his clergy, but retained the custom of
requiring them to come and do homage for the temporalities, the landed
properties they held in England.[189] Despite this argument, the pair
worked closely together, combining to deal with Duke Robert's invasion
of 1101, for example, and holding major reforming councils in 1102 and
1108.[190]
A long-running dispute between the Archbishops of Canterbury and York flared up under Anselm's successor,
Ralph d'Escures.[191] Canterbury, traditionally the senior of the two establishments, had long argued that the
Archbishop of York should formally promise to obey their Archbishop, but York argued that the two
episcopates were independent within the English Church and that no such promise was necessary. Henry
supported the primacy of Canterbury, to ensure that England remained under a single ecclesiastical
administration, but the Pope preferred the case of York.[191] The matter was complicated by Henry's personal
friendship with Thurstan, the Archbishop of York, and the King's desire that the case should not end up in a
papal court, beyond royal control.[191] Henry badly needed the support of the Papacy in his struggle with Louis
of France, however, and therefore allowed Thurstan to attend the Council of Rheims in 1119, where Thurstan
was then consecrated by the Pope with no mention of any duty towards Canterbury.[192] Henry believed that
this went against assurances Thurstan had previously made and exiled him from England until the King and
Archbishop came to a negotiated solution the following year.[193]
Even after the investiture dispute, the King continued to play a major role in the selection of new English and
Norman bishops and archbishops.[194] Henry appointed many of his officials to bishoprics and, as historian
Martin Brett suggests, "some of his officers could look forward to a mitre with all but absolute
confidence".[195] Henry's chancellors, and those of his queens, became bishops of Durham, Hereford, London,
Lincoln, Winchester and Salisbury.[196] Henry increasingly drew on a wider range of these bishops as advisors
– particularly Roger of Salisbury – breaking with the earlier tradition of relying primarily on the Archbishop of
Canterbury.[197] The result was a cohesive body of administrators through which Henry could exercise careful
influence, holding general councils to discuss key matters of policy.[198] This stability shifted slightly after
1125, when Henry began to inject a wider range of candidates into the senior positions of the Church, often
with more reformist views, and the impact of this generation would be felt in the years after Henry's death.[199]
Personal beliefs and piety
Like other rulers of the period, Henry donated to the Church and patronised various religious communities, but
contemporary chroniclers did not consider him an unusually pious king.[200] His personal beliefs and piety
may, however, have developed during the course of his life. Henry had always taken an interest in religion, but
in his later years he may have become much more concerned about spiritual affairs.[201] If so, the major shifts
in his thinking would appear to have occurred after 1120, when his son William Adelin died, and 1129, when
his daughter's marriage teetered on the verge of collapse.[202][nb 20]
The ruined chapter house of Reading
Abbey in 2008
Denier coin of Henry's rival, Louis VI
of France
As a proponent of religious reform, Henry gave extensively to reformist
groups within the Church.[204] He was a keen supporter of the Cluniac
order, probably for intellectual reasons.[205] He donated money to the
abbey at Cluny itself, and after 1120 gave generously to Reading
Abbey, a Cluniac establishment.[205] Construction on Reading began in
1121, and Henry endowed it with rich lands and extensive privileges,
making it a symbol of his dynastic lines.[206] He also focused effort on
promoting the conversion of communities of clerks into Augustinian
canons, the foundation of leper hospitals, expanding the provision of
nunneries, and the charismatic orders of the Savigniacs and
Tironensians.[207] He was an avid collector of relics, sending an
embassy to Constantinople in 1118 to collect Byzantine items, some of which were donated to Reading
Abbey.[208]
Later reign, 1107–35
Continental and Welsh politics, 1108–14
Normandy faced an increased threat from France, Anjou and Flanders after 1108.[209] Louis VI succeeded to
the French throne in 1108 and began to reassert central royal power.[209] Louis demanded Henry give homage
to him and that two disputed castles along the Normandy border be placed into the control of neutral
castellans.[210] Henry refused, and Louis responded by mobilising an army.[211] After some arguments, the two
kings negotiated a truce and retreated without fighting, leaving the underlying issues unresolved.[211][nb 21]
Fulk V assumed power in Anjou in 1109 and began to rebuild Angevin authority.[213] Fulk also inherited the
county of Maine, but refused to recognise Henry as his feudal lord and instead allied himself with Louis.[214]
Robert II of Flanders also briefly joined the alliance, before his death in 1111.[215]
In 1108, Henry betrothed his eight-year-old daughter, Matilda, to Henry
V, the future Holy Roman Emperor.[216] For King Henry, this was a
prestigious match; for Henry V, it was an opportunity to restore his
financial situation and fund an expedition to Italy, as he received a
dowry of £6,666 from England and Normandy.[217][nb 22] Raising this
money proved challenging, and required the implementation of a special
"aid", or tax, in England.[219] Matilda was crowned Henry V's queen in
1110.[220]
Henry responded to the French and Angevin threat by expanding his
own network of supporters beyond the Norman borders.[221] Some
Norman barons deemed unreliable were arrested or dispossessed, and
Henry used their forfeited estates to bribe his potential allies in the
neighbouring territories, in particular Maine.[222] Around 1110, Henry
attempted to arrest the young William Clito, but William's mentors
moved him to the safety of Flanders before he could be taken.[223] At about this time, Henry probably began to
style himself as the Duke of Normandy.[224][nb 23] Robert of Bellême turned against Henry once again, and
when he appeared at Henry's court in 1112 in a new role as a French ambassador, he was arrested and
imprisoned.[226]
Rebellions broke out in France and Anjou between 1111 and 1113, and Henry crossed into Normandy to
support his nephew, Count Theobald of Blois, who had sided against Louis in the uprising.[227] In a bid to
diplomatically isolate the French King, Henry betrothed his young son, William Adelin, to Fulk's daughter
Silver pennies of Henry I, struck at
the Oxford mint
Matilda, and married his illegitimate daughter Matilda to Conan III, the Duke of Brittany, creating alliances
with Anjou and Brittany respectively.[228] Louis backed down and in March 1113 met with Henry near Gisors
to agree a peace settlement, giving Henry the disputed fortresses and confirming Henry's overlordship of
Maine, Bellême and Brittany.[229]
Meanwhile, the situation in Wales was deteriorating. Henry had conducted a campaign in South Wales in 1108,
pushing out royal power in the region and colonising the area around Pembroke with Flemings.[230] By 1114,
some of the resident Norman lords were under attack, while in Mid-Wales, Owain ap Cadwgan blinded one of
the political hostages he was holding, and in North Wales Gruffudd ap Cynan threatened the power of the Earl
of Chester.[231] Henry sent three armies into Wales that year, with Gilbert Fitz Richard leading a force from the
south, Alexander, King of Scotland, pressing from the north and Henry himself advancing into Mid-Wales.[231]
Owain and Gruffudd sued for peace, and Henry accepted a political compromise.[232] Henry reinforced the
Welsh Marches with his own appointees, strengthening the border territories.[233]
Rebellion, 1115–20
Concerned about the succession, Henry sought to persuade Louis VI to
accept his son, William Adelin, as the legitimate future Duke of
Normandy, in exchange for his son's homage.[234] Henry crossed into
Normandy in 1115 and assembled the Norman barons to swear loyalty;
he also almost successfully negotiated a settlement with King Louis,
affirming William's right to the Duchy in exchange for a large sum of
money, but the deal fell through and Louis, backed by his ally Baldwin
of Flanders, instead declared that he considered William Clito the
legitimate heir to the Duchy.[235]
War broke out after Henry returned to Normandy with an army to
support Theobald of Blois, who was under attack from Louis.[236]
Henry and Louis raided each other's towns along the border, and a wider conflict then broke out, probably in
1116.[236][nb 24] Henry was pushed onto the defensive as French, Flemish and Angevin forces began to pillage
the Normandy countryside.[238] Amaury III of Montfort and many other barons rose up against Henry, and
there was an assassination plot from within his own household.[238] Henry's wife, Matilda, died in early 1118,
but the situation in Normandy was sufficiently pressing that Henry was unable to return to England for her
funeral.[239]
Henry responded by mounting campaigns against the rebel barons and deepening his alliance with
Theobald.[240] Baldwin of Flanders was wounded in battle and died in September 1118, easing the pressure on
Normandy from the north-east.[241] Henry attempted to crush a revolt in the city of Alençon, but was defeated
by Fulk and the Angevin army.[242] Forced to retreat from Alençon, Henry's position deteriorated alarmingly, as
his resources became overstretched and more barons abandoned his cause.[243] Early in 1119, Eustace of
Breteuil and Henry's daughter, Juliana, threatened to join the baronial revolt.[244] Hostages were exchanged in a
bid to avoid conflict, but relations broke down and both sides mutilated their captives.[245] Henry attacked and
took the town of Breteuil, despite Juliana's attempt to kill her father with a crossbow.[245][nb 25] In the
aftermath, Henry dispossessed the couple of almost all of their lands in Normandy.[247]
Henry's situation improved in May 1119 when he enticed Fulk to switch sides by finally agreeing to marry
William Adelin to Fulk's daughter, Matilda, and paying Fulk a large sum of money.[248] Fulk left for the
Levant, leaving the County of Maine in Henry's care, and the King was free to focus on crushing his remaining
enemies.[249] During the summer Henry advanced into the Norman Vexin, where he encountered Louis's army,
resulting in the Battle of Brémule.[250] Henry appears to have deployed scouts and then organised his troops
Early 14th-century depiction of the
sinking of the White Ship on 25
November 1120
into several carefully formed lines of dismounted knights.[251] Unlike Henry's forces, the French knights
remained mounted; they hastily charged the Anglo-Norman positions, breaking through the first rank of the
defences but then becoming entangled in Henry's second line of knights.[252] Surrounded, the French army
began to collapse.[251] In the melee, Henry was hit by a sword blow, but his armour protected him.[253] Louis
and William Clito escaped from the battle, leaving Henry to return to Rouen in triumph.[254]
The war slowly petered out after this battle, and Louis took the dispute over Normandy to Pope Callixtus II's
council in Reims that October.[255] Henry faced a number of French complaints concerning his acquisition and
subsequent management of Normandy, and despite being defended by Geoffrey, the Archbishop of Rouen,
Henry's case was shouted down by the pro-French elements of the council.[256] Callixtus declined to support
Louis, however, and merely advised the two rulers to seek peace.[257] Amaury de Montfort came to terms with
Henry, but Henry and William Clito failed to find a mutually satisfactory compromise.[258] In June 1120, Henry
and Louis formally made peace on terms advantageous to the English King: William Adelin gave homage to
Louis, and in return Louis confirmed William's rights to the Duchy.[259]
Succession crisis, 1120–23
Henry's succession plans were thrown into chaos by the sinking of the
White Ship on 25 November 1120.[260] Henry had left the port of
Barfleur for England in the early evening, leaving William Adelin and
many of the younger members of the court to follow on that night in a
separate vessel, the White Ship.[261] Both the crew and passengers were
drunk and, just outside the harbour, the ship hit a submerged
rock.[262][nb 26] The ship sank, killing as many as 300 people, with only
one survivor, a butcher from Rouen.[262] Henry's court was initially too
scared to report William's death to the King. When he was finally told,
he collapsed with grief.[264]
The disaster left Henry with no legitimate son, his various nephews now
the closest male heirs.[265] Henry announced he would take a new wife,
Adeliza of Louvain, opening up the prospect of a new royal son, and the
two were married at Windsor Castle in January 1121.[266][nb 27] Henry
appears to have chosen her because she was attractive and came from a
prestigious noble line. Adela seems to have been fond of Henry and
joined him in his travels, probably to maximise the chances of her
conceiving a child.[268] The White Ship disaster initiated fresh conflict in Wales, where the drowning of
Richard, Earl of Chester, encouraged a rebellion led by Maredudd ap Bleddyn.[269] Henry intervened in North
Wales that summer with an army and, although the King was hit by a Welsh arrow, the campaign reaffirmed
royal power across the region.[269]
With William dead, Henry's alliance with Anjou – which had been based on his son marrying Fulk's daughter –
began to disintegrate.[270] Fulk returned from the Levant and demanded that Henry return Matilda and her
dowry, a range of estates and fortifications in Maine.[270] Matilda left for Anjou, but Henry argued that the
dowry had in fact originally belonged to him before it came into the possession of Fulk, and so declined to hand
the estates back to Anjou.[271] Fulk married his daughter Sibylla to William Clito, and granted them Maine.[272]
Once again, conflict broke out, as Amaury de Montfort allied himself with Fulk and led a revolt along the
Norman-Anjou border in 1123.[272] Amaury was joined by several other Norman barons, headed by Waleran de
Beaumont, one of the sons of Henry's old ally, Robert of Meulan.[273][nb 28]
Henry dispatched Robert of Gloucester and Ranulf le Meschin to Normandy and then intervened himself in late
1123.[275] Henry began the process of besieging the rebel castles, before wintering in the Duchy.[276] In the
spring, campaigning began again. Ranulf received intelligence that the rebels were returning to one of their
bases at Vatteville, allowing him to ambush them en route at Rougemontiers; Waleran charged the royal forces,
but his knights were cut down by Ranulf's archers and the rebels were quickly overwhelmed.[277] Waleran was
captured, but Amaury escaped.[277] Henry mopped up the remainder of the rebellion, blinding some of the rebel
leaders – considered, at the time, a more merciful punishment than execution – and recovering the last rebel
castles.[278] Henry paid Pope Callixtus a large amount of money, in exchange for the Papacy annulling the
marriage of William Clito and Sibylla on the grounds of consanguinity.[279][nb 29]
Planning the succession, 1 124–34
Henry and his new wife did not conceive any children, generating prurient speculation as to the possible
explanation, and the future of the dynasty appeared at risk.[281][nb 30] Henry may have begun to look among his
nephews for a possible heir. He may have considered Stephen of Blois as a possible option and, perhaps in
preparation for this, he arranged a beneficial marriage for Stephen to a wealthy heiress, Matilda.[283] Theobald
of Blois, his close ally, may have also felt that he was in favour with Henry.[284] William Clito, who was King
Louis's preferred choice, remained opposed to Henry and was therefore unsuitable.[285] Henry may have also
considered his own illegitimate son, Robert of Gloucester, as a possible candidate, but English tradition and
custom would have looked unfavourably on this.[286]
Henry's plans shifted when the Empress Matilda's husband, the Emperor Henry, died in 1125.[287] King Henry
recalled his daughter to England the next year and declared that, should he die without a male heir, she was to
be his rightful successor.[288] The Anglo-Norman barons were gathered together at Westminster on Christmas
1126, where they swore to recognise Matilda and any future legitimate heir she might have.[288][nb 31] Putting
forward a woman as a potential heir in this way was unusual: opposition to Matilda continued to exist within
the English court, and Louis was vehemently opposed to her candidacy.[290]
Fresh conflict broke out in 1127, when Charles, the childless Count of Flanders, was murdered, creating a local
succession crisis.[291] Backed by King Louis, William Clito was chosen by the Flemings to become their new
ruler.[292] This development potentially threatened Normandy, and Henry began to finance a proxy war in
Flanders, promoting the claims of William's Flemish rivals.[293] In an effort to disrupt the French alliance with
William, Henry mounted an attack into France in 1128, forcing Louis to cut his aid to William.[294] William
died unexpectedly in July, removing the last major challenger to Henry's rule and bringing the war in Flanders
to a halt.[295] Without William, the baronial opposition in Normandy lacked a leader. A fresh peace was made
with France, and the King was finally able to release the remaining prisoners from the revolt of 1123, including
Waleran of Meulan, who was rehabilitated into the royal court.[296]
Meanwhile, Henry rebuilt his alliance with Fulk of Anjou, this time by marrying Matilda to Fulk's eldest son,
Geoffrey.[297] The pair were betrothed in 1127 and married the following year.[298] It is unknown whether
Henry intended Geoffrey to have any future claim on England or Normandy, and he was probably keeping his
son-in-law's status deliberately uncertain. Similarly, although Matilda was granted a number of Normandy
castles as part of her dowry, it was not specified when the couple would actually take possession of them.[299]
Fulk left Anjou for Jerusalem in 1129, declaring Geoffrey the Count of Anjou and Maine.[300] The marriage
proved difficult, as the couple did not particularly like each other and the disputed castles proved a point of
contention, resulting in Matilda returning to Normandy later that year.[301] Henry appears to have blamed
Geoffrey for the separation, but in 1131 the couple were reconciled.[302] Much to the pleasure and relief of
Henry, Matilda then gave birth to a sequence of two sons, Henry and Geoffrey, in 1133 and 1134.[303]
Early 14th-century depiction of Henry
mourning the death of his son
Death and legacy
Death, 1135
Relations between Henry, Matilda, and Geoffrey became increasingly
strained during the King's final years. Matilda and Geoffrey suspected
that they lacked genuine support in England. In 1135 they urged Henry
to hand over the royal castles in Normandy to Matilda whilst he was
still alive, and insisted that the Norman nobility swear immediate
allegiance to her, thereby giving the couple a more powerful position
after Henry's death.[304] Henry angrily declined to do so, probably out
of concern that Geoffrey would try to seize power in Normandy.[305] A
fresh rebellion broke out amongst the barons in southern Normandy, led
by William, the Count of Ponthieu, whereupon Geoffrey and Matilda
intervened in support of the rebels.[306]
Henry campaigned throughout the autumn, strengthening the southern
frontier, and then travelled to Lyons-la-Forêt in November to enjoy
some hunting, still apparently healthy.[307] There Henry fell ill –
according to the chronicler Henry of Huntingdon, he ate a number of
lampreys against his physician's advice – and his condition worsened
over the course of a week.[308] Once the condition appeared terminal, Henry gave confession and summoned
Archbishop Hugh of Amiens, who was joined by Robert of Gloucester and other members of the court.[309] In
accordance with custom, preparations were made to settle Henry's outstanding debts and to revoke outstanding
sentences of forfeiture.[310] The King died on 1 December 1135, and his corpse was taken to Rouen
accompanied by the barons, where it was embalmed; his entrails were buried locally at Port-du-Salut Abbey,
and the preserved body was taken on to England, where it was interred at Reading Abbey.[311]
Despite Henry's efforts, the succession was disputed. When news began to spread of the King's death, Geoffrey
and Matilda were in Anjou supporting the rebels in their campaign against the royal army, which included a
number of Matilda's supporters such as Robert of Gloucester.[15] Many of these barons had taken an oath to
stay in Normandy until the late king was properly buried, which prevented them from returning to England.[312]
The Norman nobility discussed declaring Theobald of Blois king.[313] Theobald's younger brother, Stephen of
Blois, quickly crossed from Boulogne to England, however, accompanied by his military household.[314] With
the help of his brother, Henry of Blois, he seized power in England and was crowned king on 22
December.[315] The Empress Matilda did not give up her claim to England and Normandy, leading to the
prolonged civil war known as the Anarchy between 1135 and 1153.[316]
Historiography
Historians have drawn on a range of sources on Henry, including the accounts of chroniclers; other
documentary evidence, including early pipe rolls; and surviving buildings and architecture.[317] The three main
chroniclers to describe the events of Henry's life were William of Malmesbury, Orderic Vitalis, and Henry of
Huntingdon, but each incorporated extensive social and moral commentary into their accounts and borrowed a
range of literary devices and stereotypical events from other popular works.[318] Other chroniclers include
Eadmer, Hugh the Chanter, Abbot Suger, and the authors of the Welsh Brut.[319] Not all royal documents from
the period have survived, but there are a number of royal acts, charters, writs, and letters, along with some early
financial records.[320] Some of these have since been discovered to be forgeries, and others had been
subsequently amended or tampered with.[321]
Part of the Welsh Brut, one of the
chronicler sources for Henry's reign
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Henry I of
England.
Late medieval historians seized on the accounts of selected chroniclers
regarding Henry's education and gave him the title of Henry
"Beauclerc", a theme echoed in the analysis of Victorian and Edwardian
historians such as Francis Palgrave and Henry Davis.[322] The historian
Charles David dismissed this argument in 1929, showing the more
extreme claims for Henry's education to be without foundation.[323]
Modern histories of Henry commenced with Richard Southern's work in
the early 1960s, followed by extensive research during the rest of the
20th century into a wide number of themes from his reign in England,
and a much more limited number of studies of his rule in
Normandy.[324] Only two major, modern biographies of Henry have
been produced, Warren Hollister's posthumous volume in 2001, and
Judith Green's 2006 work.[325]
Interpretation of Henry's personality by historians has altered over time. Earlier historians such as Austin Poole
and Richard Southern considered Henry as a cruel, draconian ruler.[326] More recent historians, such as
Hollister and Green, view his implementation of justice much more sympathetically, particularly when set
against the standards of the day, but even Green has noted that Henry was "in many respects highly
unpleasant", and Alan Cooper has observed that many contemporary chroniclers were probably too scared of
the King to voice much criticism.[327] Historians have also debated the extent to which Henry's administrative
reforms genuinely constituted an introduction of what Hollister and John Baldwin have termed systematic,
"administrative kingship", or whether his outlook remained fundamentally traditional.[328]
Henry's burial at Reading Abbey is marked by a local cross, but Reading Abbey was slowly demolished during
the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century.[329] The exact location is uncertain, but the most likely
location of the tomb itself is now in a built-up area of central Reading, on the site of the former abbey
choir.[329] A plan to locate his remains was announced in March 2015, with support from English Heritage and
Philippa Langley, who aided with the successful exhumation of Richard III.[330]
Family and children
Legitimate
Henry and his first wife, Matilda, had at least two legitimate children:
1. Matilda, born in 1102, died 1167.[89]
2. William Adelin, born in 1103, died 1120.[89]
3. Possibly Richard, who, if he existed, died young.[100]
Henry and his second wife, Adeliza, had no children.
Illegitimate
Henry had a number of illegitimate children by various mistresses.[nb 32]
Sons
1. Robert of Gloucester, born in the 1090s.[332]
2. Richard, born to Ansfride, brought up by Robert Bloet, the Bishop of Lincoln.[333]
3. Reginald de Dunstanville, Earl of Cornwall, born in the 1110s or early 1120s, possibly to Sibyl
Corbet.[334]
4. Robert the King's son, born to Ede, daughter of Forne.[335]
5. Gilbert FitzRoy, possibly born to an unnamed sister or daughter of Walter of Gand.[336]
6. William de Tracy, possibly born in the 1090s.[336]
7. Henry the King's son, possibly born to Nest ferch Rhys.[335][nb 33]
8. Fulk the King's son, possibly born to Ansfride.[335]
9. William, the brother of Sybilla de Normandy, probably the brother of Reginald de Dunstanville.[337]
Daughters
1. Matilda FitzRoy, Countess of Perche.[338]
2. Matilda FitzRoy, Duchess of Brittany.[338]
3. Juliane, wife of Eustace of Breteuil, possibly born to Ansfrida.[339]
4. Mabel, wife of William Gouet.[340]
5. Constance, Vicountess of Beaumont-sur-Sarthe.[341]
6. Aline, wife of Matthew de Montmorency.[342]
7. Isabel, daughter of Isabel de Beaumont, Countess of Pembroke.[342]
8. Sybilla de Normandy, Queen of Scotland, probably born before 1100.[342][nb 34]
9. Matilda Fitzroy, Abbess of Montvilliers.[342]
10. Gundrada de Dunstanville.[342]
11. Possibly Rohese, wife of Henry de la Pomerai.[342][nb 35]
12. Emma, wife of Guy of Laval.[343]
13. Adeliza, the King's daughter.[343]
14. The wife of Fergus of Galloway.[343]
15. Possibly Sibyl of Falaise.[343][nb 36]
Ancestors
Ancestors of Henry I of England[344]
16. Richard I, Duke of Normandy
8. Richard II, Duke of Normandy
17. Gunnora, Duchess of Normandy
4. Robert I, Duke of Normandy
18. Conan I of Rennes
9. Judith of Brittany
19. Ermengarde of Anjou
2. William I of England
10. Fulbert of Falaise
5. Herleva
1. Henry I of
England
24. Arnulf II, Count of Flanders
12. Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders
25. Rozala of Italy
6. Baldwin V, Count of Flanders
26. Frederick of Luxembour g
13. Ogive of Luxembour g
3. Matilda of Flanders
28. Hugh Capet
14. Robert II of France
29. Adelaide of Aquitaine
7. Adela of France
30. William I of Provence
15. Constance of Arles
31. Adelaide of Anjou
Notes
1. The dating of Henry's birth depends on comparing chronicler accounts and the various travels of his parentsi lWliam and
Matilda; these give only limited periods in which Henry could have been conceived and born. Historiana Wrren
Hollister prefers the summer of 1068, Judith Green the end of the ye,a ralthough it is just possible that Henry could have
been born in early 1069. The possible birthplace of Selby is based upon a local traditio[n1].
2. The chronicler Orderic Vitalis describes a colourful quarrel that is said to have occurred bweteen Henry and his brothers
Robert and William Rufus in the town of l'Aigle; modern historians, including Judith Green and Warren Hollister, are
inclined to doubt the veracity of the story.[9]
3. Historian Warren Hollister doubts that Henryw as ever destined for the clegr y; Judith Green is less certain.[10]
4. Chroniclers varied in reporting the sum as either £2,000 or £5,000, although £5,000 is the more commonly cited figure
amongst later historians.[19]
5. £5,000 would have formed around 1.5 million silver pennies, a dfiifcult sum to move easily out of the Duchy if
opposed.[23]
6. Western Normandy had originally been intended for Henry's late brother Richard, and was suitably remote from the
capital in Rouen.[26]
7. Chroniclers vary in their description of the length of the siege, suggesting either a duration of 15 days and six weeks.
Warren Hollister prefers six weeks; Judith Gren, 15 days.[56]
8. Henry's decision not to join the main campaign may have been because Robert's forces were sfuicfiently strong to
prevent him joining William Rufus at Eu.[67]
9. David Carpenter regards William Rufus's death as "almost certainly an accident"; Warren Hollister considers "by far the
likeliest explanation for the killing is simply ... that it was a hunting accident"; Judith Greeng aures that "on balance it
seems most likely that Rufus died because of an accident". Emma Mason is more suspicious, giving credence to the
theory that William Rufus was murdered, either by Henry or by agents of the French King.h Te minority view was also
held by Austin Poole, who considered Henry a "usurper"; writing earlier in the 20th centu, rhye argued that the facts
"look ugly" – in particular Tirel's departure from the scene, Henry's potential motive and apparent disregard for his
brother – and "seem to suggest a plot."[.75]
10. The chroniclers Eadmer, Mamesbury and Oderic describe the couple as close, with Eadmenro ting that they were in
love.[93]
11. Anselm was criticised in some quarters for permitting the royal marriage to procee[d97. ]
12. The only chronicler to suggest a second son isG ervase of Canterbury.[100]
13. Bisexuality was also common amongst this social group, but there is no evidence to suggest that Henry had male
partners.[103]
14. Most chroniclers reported this sum as 3,000m arks, equivalent to £2,000, but Orderic recorded the agreed amount as
£3,000.[117]
15. Contemporary chroniclers provided several possible dates for the battle, suggesting either 27, 28 or 29 Septem.b Terhe
28 September is more commonly used by modern historians, although historian Judith Green is less certa[i1n4.1]
16. Geoffrey of Monmouth memorably likened Henry to the "Lion of Justice" in hiHs istoria Regum Britanniae, in a section
in which he recounts the prophecies ofM erlin. Despite Henry not being named in the document itself, historians are
broadly agreed that Geofrey intended to refer to him, but there are differing interpretations of the simile itself. Judith
Green, for example, argues that the description was a positive one; Alan Cooper is far mor ceautious, noting that, in this
period, lions were considered to be strong but also brutal and cruel, and that the surrounding context in the section is
certainly not flattering about its subject[.168]
References
17. In 1124, Henry received reports from his soldeirs that they had been paid in substandard English silver pennies. Henry
instructed Roger of Salisbury to investigate, and ordered that any coiners found guilty were to have their right hands and
genitals chopped off. The sentence was carried out at Salisbury by the Bishop. Contemporyar chroniclers approved of
Henry's firm action.[175]
18. Historian David Crouch has noted that many of Henry's key advisers and foifcials later regretted their actions on behalf
of the King, observing that "life at King Henry's court tended to put a burden on the consciences of its inmate[s1"7.9]
19. Anselm used the metaphor of the government being a plough pulled by two oxen, the King and the Archbishop, ruling
through temporal and religious right respectivel.y[182]
20. Assessing Henry's personal attitude towards religion later in his life is challenging. Historian Richard Southerng uared in
favour of the two shifts being in 1120 and 1129, although Martin Brett dismissed 120 as a probable date, preferring
1129 as the key date. Judith Green is more cautious, observing that the fashion among chroniclers during the later period
was to focus more of their writing on the themes of repenting and confession, and this may have given a false
impression of a shift in Henry's thinking. Henry May-rHarting also doubts the extent of the evidence for a mid-life
change, but draws out more of his earlier piety, suggesting that Henry was always more religiously inclined than was
once thought.[203]
21. The chronicler Abbot Suger suggested that the incident was embarrassing for Hen,r ysince he had refused battle, but it
was a sound military decision.[212]
22. The dowry was 10,000 marks in silver, equivalent to £6,666.[218]
23. In Latin, the ducal title wasd ux Normannorum, literally "Duke of the Normans"[.225]
24. The dating of this campaign is uncertain; Judith Green places it firmly in1 116, while Warren Hollister is less certain,
opting for it falling between 1116 and 1118.[237]
25. In February 1119, Eustace and Juliana of Breteuil, formerly allies of Henr,y threatened to rebel unless they were given
the castle of Ivry-la-Bataille.[244] Henry promised Eustace the fortress and, to show good intent, exchanged hostages,
Eustace and Juliana's daughters being exchanged with the son of the castle's constabl[2e4.4] According to the chronicler
Orderic Vitalis, Eustace then blinded the constable's son, whereupon Henry allowed the daguhters – his illegitimate
granddaughters – to be blinded and mutilated[.245] Eustace attempted to mobilise his forces and defend Breteuil against
an attack by Henry; despite this, Henry took the city and Juliana, after attempting to kill Henry with a crossb,ow
fled.[246]
26. The submerged rock was probably either the Quillebouef Rock, or the Raz de Barfle.u[2r63]
27. The speed with which Henry's second marriage took place may indicate that Henry had been planning to remarry
anyway, even before the White Ship disaster.[267]
28. It is uncertain what led Waleran de Beaumont to rebel against Henry. Waleran may have genuinely believed that William
Clito had a rightful claim to the Duchy, and have thought that he was unlikely to benefit under Henry's rule.[274]
29. Medieval Church law at the time forbade marriage within seven degrees. In practice most of the upper classes were
related in this way, but the law could be invoked on occasion to annul marriage[s2.80]
30. It is not known precisely what the rumours about Henry's failure to bear children were, and whether the issue lay with
one or both partners.[282]
31. Medieval chroniclers' accounts of this oath vary on the points of detail. William of Malmesbury described that those
present recognised Matilda as the legitimate heir on the basis of her paternal and maternal royal descenJto;h n of
Worcester described the inheritance of England as being conditional on Matilda having a legitimate male heir; the
Anglo-Saxon chronicle suggested that an oath was given concerning the inheritance of both England and Normandy;
neither Orderic or Henry of Huntingdon recorded the event at all. Some chronicler accounts may have been influenced
by Stephen's acquisition of the throne in 135 and the later events of the Anarchy.[289]
32. Work by historian Geoffrey White in the 1940s produced an extensive list of Henry's illegitimate children, which forms
the basis of the most recent academic research, by Kathleen Thompso[n3.31]
33. Traditionally Henry's mother has been given as Nest ferch Rhys, although more recent wo rbky Kathleen Thompson
casts doubt on this theory.[335]
34. White argued that Sibyl's mother was Sibyl Corbet, although more recent research by Kateheln Thompson discredits this
theory.[342]
35. Rohese may have been Henry's daughte,r but it is more probable that her father was Herber ftitz Herbert.[342]
36. Sibyl may have been Henry's daughte,r but it is more probable that her father was Duke Roebrt of Normandy.[343]
1. Hollister 2003, pp. 30–31; Green 2009, p. 20
2. Newman 1988, pp. 21–22; Carpenter 2004, pp. 125–126
3. Hallam & Everard 2001, pp. 62–64, 114–118
4. Hollister 2003, pp. 32, 40
5. Carpenter 2004, p. 128
6. Green 2009, p. 21
7. Newman 1988, p. 54
8. Hollister 2003, p. 35; Green 2009, p. 21; Thompson 2007, pp. 16–17.
9. Green 2009, p. 21; Hollister 2003, pp. 35–36
10. Hollister 2003, pp. 36–37; Green 2009, p. 22
11. Hollister 2003, pp. 33–34
12. Hollister 2003, p. 37; Green 2009, p. 23
13. Hollister 2003, p. 37
14. Hollister 2003, pp. 37–38
15. Barlow 1999, p. 162
16. Hollister 2003, p. 38
17. Hollister 2003, pp. 38–39
18. Hollister 2003, pp. 39–40, 46
19. Hollister 2003, p. 39; Green 2009, p. 25
20. Hollister 2003, p. 39
21. Hollister 2003, p. 48
22. Hollister 2003, pp. 48–49
23. Thompson 2007, p. 17
24. Hollister 2003, pp. 40, 47
25. Hollister 2003, p. 49
26. Green 2009, p. 28
27. Hollister 2003, pp. 51–53; Thompson 2007, p. 19
28. Hollister 2003, p. 53
29. Hollister 2003, p. 50
30. Hollister 2003, pp. 56–58, 61
31. Hollister 2003, pp. 57–59
32. Hollister 2003, p. 56
33. Hollister 2003, p. 54
34. Green 2009, p. 29
35. Hollister 2003, p. 61
36. Hollister 2003, p. 62
37. Hollister 2003, p. 65
38. Hollister 2003, pp. 65–66
39. Hollister 2003, pp. 66–68
40. Hollister 2003, p. 68
41. Hollister 2003, pp. 6–69
42. Hollister 2003, p. 69
43. Hollister 2003, p. 70
44. Hollister 2003, p. 71
45. Hollister 2003, p. 72
46. Hollister 2003, p. 73
47. Hollister 2003, pp. 74–76
48. Hollister 2003, p. 76
49. Hollister 2003, pp. 76–77
50. Hollister 2003, p. 77
51. Hollister 2003, pp. 78–79
52. Hollister 2003, p. 79
53. Hollister 2003, p. 80
54. Hollister 2003, pp. 80–81
55. Hollister 2003, pp. 81–82
56. Hollister 2003, p. 82; Green 2009, p. 32
57. Hollister 2003, pp. 82–83
58. Hollister 2003, p. 82
59. Hollister 2003, p. 85
60. Hollister 2003, pp. 85–86
61. Hollister 2003, pp. 86–88
62. Green 2009, p. 33; Hollister 2003, p. 89
63. Hollister 2003, p. 89
64. Hollister 2003, pp. 90–91
65. Hollister 2003, p. 96
66. Hollister 2003, pp. 96–97
67. Green 2009, p. 35
68. Hollister 2003, p. 99
69. Green 2009, p. 36
70. Hollister 2003, pp. 98–101; Green 2009, pp. 36–37
71. Hollister 2003, p. 102
72. Hollister 2003, pp. 102–103
73. Hollister 2003, p. 103
74. Hollister 2003, pp. 103–104; Carpenter 2004, p. 134; Green pp.39–41.
75. Carpenter 2004, p. 134; Hollister 2003, p. 104; Mason 2008, pp. 228–231; Green 2009, p. 41; Poole 1993, pp. 113–114
76. Hollister 2003, pp. 103–105
77. Hollister 2003, p. 104
78. Hollister 2003, p. 105
79. Hollister 2003, pp. 104–105; Green 2009, p. 43
80. Hollister 2003, pp. 104–105
81. Holister, p.106.
82. Hollister 2003, p. 19; Green 2009, p. 45
83. Green 2009, pp. 45–50
84. Hollister 2003, pp. 110–112
85. Hollister 2003, p. 116
86. Hollister 2003, pp. 116–117
87. Hollister 2003, p. 117
88. Green 2009, pp. 51–52
89. Hollister 2003, p. 130
90. Hollister 2003, p. 43; Thompson 2003, p. 134; Green 2009, p. 26
91. Thompson 2007, p. 24; Huneycutt 2003, p. 27
92. Hollister 2003, pp. 126–127; Green 2009, p. 58
93. Hollister 2003, p. 127
94. Hollister 2003, pp. 126–127
95. Hollister 2003, pp. 127–128; Thompson 2003, p. 137
96. Hollister 2003, pp. 128–129
97. Green 2009, p. 55
98. Hollister 2003, p. 130; Thompson 2003, p. 137
99. Hollister 2003, p. 130; Green 2009, p. 75
100. Green 2009, p. 75
101. Thompson 2003, p. 137
102. Hollister 2003, p. 43; Green 2009, pp. 26–27; 307–309
103. Hollister 2003, p. 45; Thompson 2003, p. 135
104. Thompson 2003, p. 135
105. Thompson 2003, pp. 130–133
106. Hollister 2003, pp. 132–133; Green 2009, p. 61
107. Hollister 2003, pp. 133–134
108. Hollister 2003, pp. 134–135
109. Hollister 2003, pp. 135–136
110. Hollister 2003, p. 125
111. Hollister 2003, p. 137; Green 2009, p. 63
112. Hollister 2003, p. 137
113. Hollister 2003, pp. 137–138
114. Hollister 2003, p. 138
115. Hollister 2003, pp. 139–140
116. Hollister 2003, pp. 142–143
117. Green 2009, p. 64
118. Hollister 2003, p. 145
119. Hollister 2003, p. 143
120. Hollister 2003, pp. 143–144
121. Hollister 2003, p. 157
122. Hollister 2003, pp. 157–158
123. Hollister 2003, pp. 158–162
124. Hollister 2003, pp. 164–165
125. Green 2009, pp. 74–77
126. Hollister 2003, pp. 178–179
127. Hollister 2003, pp. 182–183
128. Hollister 2003, pp. 183–184
129. Hollister 2003, p. 184; Green 2009, p. 78
130. Green 2009, pp. 80–81
131. Hollister 2003, p. 185
132. Hollister 2003, pp. 184–185; Green 2009, p. 82
133. Hollister 2003, p. 186
134. Hollister 2003, p. 188
135. Hollister 2003, pp. 188–189
136. Hollister 2003, pp. 189–190
137. Hollister 2003, p. 190; Green 2009, p. 85
138. Hollister 2003, p. 198; Green 2009, pp. 88–89
139. Hollister 2003, p. 199
140. Hollister 2003, pp. 199–200
141. Green 2009, p. 93; Hollister 2003, pp. 199–200
142. Hollister 2003, pp. 199–201
143. Hollister 2003, p. 201
144. Hollister 2003, pp. 204–207
145. Hollister 2003, p. 207
146. Hollister 2003, p. 205
147. Hollister 2003, p. 206
148. Hollister 2003, pp. 208–209
149. Green 2009, p. 96; Green 2003, p. 64
150. Green 2009, pp. 224–225
151. Green 2009, pp. 226–227; Hollister 2003, p. 126
152. Green 2009, p. 226; Davies 1990, pp. 11–12; 48–49
153. Green 2009, pp. 98, 105
154. Green 2009, p. 228
155. Green 2009, pp. 232–233
156. Mayr-Harting 2011, pp. 47–48; Green 2009, p. 231
157. Green 2009, pp. 232–233; Crouch 2008, p. 17
158. Green 2009, p. 314; Hollister 2003, pp. 332, 334
159. Hollister 2003, pp. 329, 324–347
160. Green 2009, pp. 285–286; Mayr-Harting 2011, p. 69
161. Green 2009, pp. 285–286
162. Green 2009, pp. 286–287
163. Chibnall 1992, pp. 86–89; Prestwich 1992, pp. 102–3, 118
164. Green 2009, pp. 289–290
165. Green 2009, pp. 294–295; 304–305
166. Hollister 2003, pp. 330–331
167. Hollister 2003, p. 350
168. Green 2009, p. 239; Cooper 2001, pp. 47–51
169. Hollister 2003, pp. 351, 356
170. Hollister 2003, pp. 356–357
171. Hollister 2003, pp. 358–359; Green 2009, p. 319; Newman 1988, p. 24
172. Hollister 2003, p. 358
173. Hollister 2003, p. 356
174. Hollister 2003, p. 354
175. Green 2009, pp. 188–189
176. Haskins 1918, pp. 86, 93, 105–106
177. Newman 1988, p. 20
178. Green 2009, pp. 242–243
179. Crouch 2008, p. 3
180. Vaughn 2007, p. 134
181. Green 2009, p. 255
182. Vaughn 2007, p. 135
183. Green 2009, p. 273
184. Mayr-Harting 2011, pp. 51–53
185. Mayr-Harting 2011, pp. 52–53
186. Mayr-Harting 2011, p. 53; Green 2009, p. 53
187. Mayr-Harting 2011, p. 53; Vaughn 2007, p. 142
188. Mayr-Harting 2011, p. 53; Vaughn 2007, p. 142; Green 2009, pp. 84–88; Hollister 2003, p. 196
189. Hollister 2003, p. 196
190. Vaughn 2007, pp. 139–140, 144
191. Mayr-Harting 2011, pp. 58–59
192. Mayr-Harting 2011, pp. 61–62
193. Mayr-Harting 2011, p. 62; Hollister 2003, pp. 272–273
194. Green 2009, pp. 262–265
195. Brett 1975, p. 106
196. Brett 1975, pp. 106–107
197. Vaughn 2007, p. 148
198. Hollister 2003, pp. 371, 379; Brett 1975, pp. 110–111
199. Brett 1975, pp. 111–112
200. Green 2009, p. 14
201. Mayr-Harting 2011, pp. 44–45; Brett 1975, p. 112
202. Brett 1975, p. 112
203. Mayr-Harting 2011, pp. 46; Southern 1962, pp. 155, 163, cited in Brett 1975, p. 112; Green 2009, p. 282
204. Green 2009, pp. 277–280
205. Green 2009, p. 278
206. Hollister 2003, pp. 435–438
207. Green 2009, pp. 278–280
208. Green 2009, p. 14; Bethell 1971, p. 69
209. Hollister 2003, p. 221
210. Hallam & Everard 2001, p. 153; Hollister 2003, p. 223
211. Hollister 2003, p. 223
212. Green 2009, p. 120
213. Hollister 2003, pp. 221, 224; Hallam & Everard 2001, p. 67
214. Hollister 2003, p. 224
215. Hollister 2003, pp. 224–225
216. Hollister 2003, p. 216
217. Hollister 2003, pp. 216–217; Green 2009, p. 118
218. Green 2009, p. 118
219. Hollister 2003, p. 217
220. Hollister 2003, p. 218
221. Hollister 2003, p. 225
222. Hollister 2003, pp. 225, 228; Green 2009, p. 121
223. Hollister 2003, pp. 227–228
224. Green 2003, p. 65
225. Green 2003, p. 645
226. Hollister 2003, pp. 226–227
227. Green 2009, p. 123; Hollister 2003, p. 229
228. Hollister 2003, p. 230
229. Hollister 2003, pp. 231–232
230. Carpenter 2004, pp. 38, 140
231. Green 2009, p. 132
232. Green 2009, pp. 132–133
233. Green 2009, p. 133
234. Hollister 2003, p. 238
235. Hollister 2003, pp. 239–240
236. Hollister 2003, p. 246; Green 2009, p. 135
237. Hollister 2003, p. 246; Green 2009, pp. 135, 138
238. Hollister 2003, pp. 246–248; Green 2009, pp. 135, 143
239. Green 2009, pp. 139–140; Hollister 2003, p. 247
240. Hollister 2003, pp. 250–251
241. Hollister 2003, p. 251
242. Hollister 2003, p. 252
243. Hollister 2003, p. 253; Green 2009, pp. 143, 146
244. Hollister 2003, p. 253
245. Hollister 2003, pp. 253–254
246. Hollister 2003, p. 254
247. Hollister 2003, pp. 254–255
248. Hollister 2003, p. 261
249. Hollister 2003, p. 261; Green 2009, p. 149
250. Hollister 2003, pp. 263–264
251. Hollister 2003, p. 264
252. Hollister 2003, p. 264; Green 2009, p. 152
253. Hollister 2003, pp. 264–265
254. Hollister 2003, p. 265
255. Hollister 2003, pp. 265–266; Green 2009, pp. 153–154
256. Hollister 2003, p. 267; Green 2009, p. 157
257. Hollister 2003, pp. 267–268
258. Hollister 2003, pp. 268–269
259. Hollister 2003, p. 274
260. Hollister 2003, pp. 276–279
261. Hollister 2003, pp. 276–277
262. Hollister 2003, pp. 277–278
263. Green 2009, p. 66
264. Hollister 2003, p. 278; Green 2009, p. 167
265. Hollister 2003, p. 280; Green 2009, p. 168
266. Hollister 2003, p. 280
267. Green 2009, p. 169
268. Hollister 2003, p. 281; Thompson 2003, p. 137; Green 2009, p. 169
269. Hollister 2003, p. 282
270. Hollister 2003, p. 290
271. Hollister 2003, p. 291.
272. Hollister 2003, p. 292
273. Hollister 2003, pp. 292–293; Green 2009, p. 179
274. Green 2009, pp. 179–180; Crouch 2008, p. 15
275. Hollister 2003, pp. 293–294
276. Hollister 2003, pp. 297–298; Green 2009, p. 184
277. Hollister 2003, p. 300
278. Hollister 2003, pp. 302–303; Green 2009, pp. 186–187
279. Hollister 2003, p. 306
280. Ward 2006, p. 20
281. Hollister 2003, pp. 308–309; Green 2009, p. 170
282. Green 2009, pp. 170
283. Hollister 2003, p. 310
284. Green 2009, p. 168
285. Hollister 2003, pp. 312–313
286. Hollister 2003, pp. 311–312
287. Hollister 2003, p. 396
288. Hollister 2003, p. 309
289. Green 2009, pp. 193–194
290. Hollister 2003, p. 318; Green 2009, p. 191
291. Green 2009, pp. 196–197
292. Green 2009, p. 197
293. Hollister 2003, pp. 319–321; Green 2009, pp. 197–198
294. Hollister 2003, p. 321
295. Hollister 2003, pp. 325–326
296. Hollister 2003, p. 326; Newman 1988, pp. 57–58
297. Hollister 2003, p. 323
298. Hollister 2003, p. 324
299. Hollister 2003, pp. 324–325; Green 2009, pp. 202–203
300. Chibnall 1993, pp. 56, 60
301. Hollister 2003, p. 463; Chibnall 1993, p. 57
302. Hollister 2003, p. 463; Green 2009, pp. 58–61
303. Hollister 2003, p. 465; Green 2009, p. 213
304. King 2010, pp. 38–39
305. Green 2009, pp. 216–217; King 2010, p. 38; Crouch 2008, p. 162
306. Barlow 1999, p. 162; Hollister 2003, p. 467
307. Hollister 2003, pp. 467, 473
308. Hollister 2003, pp. 467–468, 473
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331. Thompson 2003, p. 130; White 1949, pp. 105–121
332. Thompson 2003, pp. 141–143
333. Thompson 2003, pp. 143, 146
334. Thompson 2003, pp. 143–146
335. Thompson 2003, p. 146; Green 2009, p. 322
336. Thompson 2003, p. 146
337. Thompson 2003, pp. 146–147
338. Thompson 2003, p. 147
339. Thompson 2003, pp. 147–148; Green 2009, p. 322
340. Thompson 2003, p. 148
341. Thompson 2003, pp. 148–149
342. Thompson 2003, p. 149
343. Thompson 2003, p. 150
344. Green 2009, p. 322; Carpenter 2004, pp. 531–532
David, Charles W. (1929). "The Claim of King Henry I to Be Called Learned". In aTylor, C. H.; LaMonte, J. L.
Anniversary Essays in Medieval History by Students of Charles Homer Haskin. sBoston, US and New York, US:
Houghton Mifflin. pp. 45–56. OCLC 615486047.
Davies, R. R. (1990). Domination and Conquest: The Experience of Ierland, Scotland and Wales, 1100–1300.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University PressI. SBN 978-0-521-02977-3.
Duffy, Mark (2003). Royal Tombs of Medieval England. Stroud, UK: Tempus. ISBN 978-0-7524-2579-5.
Green, Judith (1989). The Government of England Under Henry .I Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 978-0-521-37586-3.
Green, Judith (2003). "Le Gouvernement d'Henri Ier Beauclerc en Normandie". In Bouet, Pierre; Gazeau, VéroniquLea.
Normandie et l'Angleterre au Moyen âge (in French). Caen, France: Publications du CRAHM. pp. 61–73I.S BN 978-2-
902685-14-1.
Green, Judith (2009). Henry I: King of England and Duke of Normandy . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 978-0-521-74452-2.
Hallam, Elizabeth M.; Everard, Judith A. (2001)C. apetian France, 987–1328 (2nd ed.). Harlow, UK: Longman.
ISBN 978-0-582-40428-1.
Haskins, Charles Homer (1918).N orman Institutions. Cambridge, US: Harvard University Press.O CLC 459798602.
Hollister, C. Warren; Baldwin, John W. (1978). "The Rise of Administrative Kingship: Henry I and Philip Augustus".
The American Historical Review. 83 (4): 867–05. ISSN 0002-8762. doi:10.2307/1867650.
Hollister, C. Warren (2003). Frost, Amanda Clark, ed. Henry I. New Haven, US and London, UK: Yale University Press.
ISBN 978-0-300-09829-7.
Huneycutt, Lois L. (2003). Matilda of Scotland: a Study in Medieval Queenship. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press.
ISBN 978-0-85115-994-2.
King, Edmund (2010). King Stephen. New Haven, US and London, UK: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11223-
8.
Mason, Emma (2008). King Rufus: the Life and Murder of William II of England. Stroud, UK: The History Press.
ISBN 978-0-7524-4635-6.
Mayr-Harting, Henry (2011). Religion, Politics and Society in Britain, 1066–1272. Harlow, UK: Longman. ISBN 978-0-
582-41413-6.
Newman, Charlotte A. (1988).T he Anglo-Norman Nobility in the Reign of Henry I: the Second Generatio.n
Philadelphia, US: University of Pennsylvania PressI.S BN 978-0-8122-8138-5.
Poole, A. L. (1993) [1951]. From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087–1216: Oxford History of England. Oxford,
UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285287-8.
Prestwich, J. O. (1992). "The Military Household of the Norman Kings". In Strickland, Matthe. wAnglo-Norman
Warfare. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 128–142. ISBN 978-0-85115-327-8.
Southern, Richard (1962). "The Place of Henry I in English History"P. roceedings of the British Academy. 48: 127–169.
ISSN 0068-1202.
Thompson, Kathleen (2003). "Affairs of State: the Illegitimate Children of Henry I"J. ournal of Medieval History. 29
(2): 129–151. ISSN 0304-4181. doi:10.1016/S0304-4181(03)00015-0.
Thompson, Kathleen (2007). "From the Thames to Tinchebray: the Role of Normandy in the Early Career of Henry I".
In Fleming, Donald F.; Pope, Janet M. Henry I and the Anglo-Norman World: Studies in Memory of C. Warren Hollister.
Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 16–26. ISBN 978-1-84383-293-5.
Vaughn, Sally N. (2007). "Henry I and the English Church: the Archbishops and the KingI"n. Fleming, Donald F.;
Pope, Janet M. Henry I and the Anglo-Norman World: Studies in Memory of C. Warren Hollister. Woodbridge, UK: The
Boydell Press. pp. 133–157. ISBN 978-1-84383-293-5.
Ward, Jennifer (2006). Women in England in the Middle Age.s London, UK: Hambledon Continuum.I SBN 978-0-8264-
1985-9.
White, G. W., ed. (1949). The Complete Peerage. 11. London, UK: St. Catherine Press.O CLC 568761046.
Henry I of England
House of Normandy
Born: 1068/1069 Died: 1 December 1135
Regnal titles
Preceded by
William II
King of England
1100–1135 Succeeded by
Preceded by Stephen
William Adelin
Duke of Normandy
1120–1135
Preceded by
Robert Curthose
Duke of Normandy
1106–1120
Succeeded by
William Adelin
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_I_of_England&oldid=785448488"
Categories: Henry I of England 1060s births 1135 deaths 11th-century English people
12th-century English people English people of French descent House of Normandy Dukes of Normandy
English monarchs Roman Catholic monarchs English Roman Catholics French Roman Catholics
People from Selby Deaths from food poisoning Burials at Reading Abbey
Christians of the Norwegian Crusade 12th-century monarchs in Europe
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Henry I 'Beauclerc', King of England was born in September 1068 at Selby, Yorkshire, North Riding, England, the son of William I 'the Conqueror', King of England and Matihilde van Vlaanderen. He married, firstly, Editha of Scotland, daughter of Malcolm III 'Caennmor', King of Scotland and Saint Margaret 'the Exile' on 11 November 1100 at Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England. He married, secondly, Adeliza de Louvain, daughter of Godefroi I de Louvain, Duc de Basse-Lorraine and Ida de Namur, Comtesse de Namur, on 29 January 1121 at Windsor Castle, Windsor, Berkshire, England. He died on 1 December 1135 at age 67 at Saintt-Denis-le-Fermont, Picardie, France, food poisioning, after supposedly overeating lampreys. He was buried at Reading Abbey, Reading, Berkshire, England. He gained the title of Lord of Domfront in 1092. He gained the title of Comte de Bayeaux in 1096. He gained the title of Comte de Coutances in 1096. He succeeded to the title of King Henry I of England on 2 August 1100. He was crowned King of England on 5 August 1100 at Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England, and styled 'Dei Gratiâ Rex Anglorum.' He succeeded to the title of 9th Duc de Normandie on 28 September 1106, after defeating his brother Robert in battle. He fought in the Battle of Tinchebrai on 28 September 1106. Strangely, at the time William 'Rufus' was shot in the New Forest, Henry was also hunting there and this may or may not be coincidence. Henry was in turn in some danger from his brother Robert who claimed the throne for himself. Robert was captured at the battle of Tinchebrai in 1106 and Henry imprisoned him in Cardiff Castle for the rest of his life. Henry was successful in keeping the peace in England despite spending much time in Normandy. He developed the English system of justice and organised the civil service of the time, particularly the taxation department. He was unpopular with the church leaders. He had only one legitimate son, William and a legitimate daughter Matilda, but over twenty illegitimate children. His sons William and Richard were drowned in 1120 aboard his personal vessel the 'White Ship' when it struck a rock off the Normandy coast. He wanted his successor to be his daughter Matilda whom the English called Maud. He has an extensive biographical entry in the Dictionary of National Biography.
Children of Henry I 'Beauclerc', King of England and Isabella of Meulan: Matilda of Montvilliers, Isabella b. 1120: Children of Henry I 'Beauclerc', King of England and Edith Sigulfson: Adeliza fitz Edith, Robert fitz Edith, Baron of Okenhampton b. 1093, d. 31 May 1172,
children of Henry I 'Beauclerc', King of England, Matilda,Constance, Alice, Joan, Emma, Elizabeth, Sybilla of Falaise b. bt 1084 - 1136,
Gilbert b. c 1130, d. 1142. Children of Henry I 'Beauclerc', King of England and Sybilla Corbet;ohese d. 1176, Robert de Caen, 1st Earl of Gloucester+ b. c 1090, d. 31 Oct 1147, Sybilla de Normandie7 b. c 1092, d. 12 Jul 1122, William, Constable7 b. b 1105, d. a 1187
Rainald de Dunstanville, Earl of Cornwall+10 b. c 1110, d. 1 Jul 1175
Gundred b. 1114, d. 1146, Child of Henry I 'Beauclerc', King of England and Gieva de Tracey, William de Tracy+7 d. a 1135
Children of Henry I 'Beauclerc', King of England and Ansfride , Juliana de Fontevrault+7 b. c 1090, d. a 1136, Fulk b. c 1092, Richard of Lincoln11 b. c 1094, d. 25 Nov 1120
Child of Henry I 'Beauclerc', King of England and Edith (?)
Matilda (?)+7 b. c 1090, d. 25 Nov 1120
Children of Henry I 'Beauclerc', King of England and Editha of Scotland
Euphemia of England7 b. Jul 1101
Matilda 'the Empress' of England+ b. c Aug 1102, d. 10 Sep 1167
William 'the Aetheling', 10th Duc de Normandie11 b. b 5 Aug 1103, d. 25 Nov 1120
Child of Henry I 'Beauclerc', King of England and Nesta, Princess of Deheubarth
Henry fitz Henry+7 b. c 1103, d. c 1157
Abstract from the Peerage.

"HENRY of England, son of WILLIAM I "the Conqueror" King of England & his wife Mathilde de Flandre ([Selby, Yorkshire Sep 1068]-Château de Lyon-la-Forêt, near Rouen 1 Dec 1135, bur Reading Abbey, Berkshire). Orderic Vitalis names “Rotbertum...et Ricardum, Willermum et Henricum” as the sons of “Willermus Normanniæ dux” and his wife “Mathildem Balduini ducis Flandrensium filiam, neptem...ex sorore Henrici regis Francorum, (Cawley, 2006). 		Beauclerc, King of England Henry I (I25442)
 
3029 Henry I (4 May 1008-4 August 1060) was King of the Franks from 1031 to his death. The royal demesne of France reached its smallest size during his reign, and for this reason he is often seen as emblematic of the weakness of the early Capetians. This is not entirely agreed upon, however, as other historians regard him as a strong but realistic king, who was forced to conduct a policy mindful of the limitations of the French monarchy.

Reign-
A member of the House of Capet, Henry was born in Reims, the son of King Robert II (972-1031) and Constance of Arles (986-1034). He was crowned King of France at the Cathedral of Reims on 14 May 1027, in the Capetian tradition, while his father still lived. He had little influence and power until he became sole ruler on his father's death.

The reign of Henry I, like those of his predecessors, was marked by territorial struggles. Initially, he joined his brother Robert, with the support of their mother, in a revolt against his father (1025). His mother, however, supported Robert as heir to the old king, on whose death Henry was left to deal with his rebel sibling. In 1032, he placated his brother by giving him the duchy of Burgundy which his father had given him in 1016.

In an early strategic move, Henry came to the rescue of his very young nephew-in-law, the newly appointed Duke William of Normandy (who would go on to become William the Conqueror), to suppress a revolt by William's vassals. In 1047, Henry secured the dukedom for William in their decisive victory over the vassals at the Battle of Val-ès-Dunes near Caen; however, Henry would later support the barons against William until the former's death in 1060.

In 1051, William married Matilda, the daughter of the count of Flanders, which Henry saw as a threat to his throne. In 1054, and again in 1057, Henry invaded Normandy, but on both occasions he was defeated.

Henry had three meetings with Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor-all at Ivois. In early 1043, he met him to discuss the marriage of the emperor with Agnes of Poitou, the daughter of Henry's vassal. In October 1048, the two Henries met again and signed a treaty of friendship. The final meeting took place in May 1056 and concerned disputes over Theobald III and County of Blois. The debate over the duchy became so heated that Henry accused the emperor of breach of contract and subsequently left. In 1058, Henry was selling bishoprics and abbacies, ignoring the accusations of simony and tyranny by the Papal legate Cardinal Humbert. Despite his efforts, Henry I's twenty-nine-year reign saw feudal power in France reach its pinnacle.

King Henry I died on 4 August 1060 in Vitry-en-Brie, France, and was interred in Basilica of St Denis. He was succeeded by his son, Philip I of France, who was 7 at the time of his death; for six years Henry's queen Anne of Kiev ruled as regent. At the time of his death, he was besieging Thimert, which had been occupied by the Normans since 1058.

Marriages-
Henry I was betrothed to Matilda, the daughter of Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, but she died prematurely in 1034. Henry then married Matilda of Frisia, but she died in 1044, following a Caesarean section. Casting further afield in search of a third wife, Henry married Anne of Kiev on 19 May 1051. They had four children:

1.) Philip I (23 May 1052-30 July 1108).

2.) Emma (1054-1109).

3.) Robert (c. 1055-1060).

4.) Hugh "the Great" of Vermandois (1057-1102). 		de France, King Henri I (I34387)
 
3030 Henry I, Count of Eu and Lord of Hastings (ca. 1075-12 July 1140) was the son of William II, Count of Eu, and his wife Helisende d'Avranches was the sister of Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester. Henry descended from Richard I, Duke of Normandy. His father died in 1096, having revolted against King William II of England.

As the eldest son, Henry succeeded William as Count of Eu and Lord of Hastings. In 1101, he supported Duke Robert Curthose against his brother Henry Beauclerc who has just seized the English throne. Robert left Tréport, the domain of the county of Eu, to invade England. Orderic Vitalis reports that in 1104, while still in Normandy, Henry submitted to the English king. He fought for the king at the Battle of Tinchebray in 1106, where Duke Robert was taken prisoner, to remain in captivity for the rest of his life.

Henry the joined to cause of William Clito, the son of Duke Robert, in the coalition composed of Baldwin VII of Flanders, Fulk V of Anjou, and Louis VI the Fat. In 1117, Henry and Hugh de Gournay were arrested at Rouen by Henry I. On the promise of good behaviour and at the request of William de Warenne, they were released. Nevertheless, Henry and Hugh, joining with Stephen of Aumale, led a rebellion in the northeast and provided military support to Baldwin VI. The rebellion ended in September 1118 at the Battle of Bures-en-Brai, where Baldwin was mortally wounded. Henry returned to the side of King Henry I.

A few months later, on August 20, 1119, Henry was one several barons who accompanied King Henry I when a meeting of the Norman and French royal armies gave rise to the Battle of Brémule. The French were swept away, and Louis VI had to flee and take refuge in the fortress of Les Andelys. In the following month, he took part in the defense of the town of Breteuil, which was attacked by the French king and his ally Amaury III of Montfort. Once again, the French were defeated. In 1124, William of Grandcourt, one of Henry's sons, took part in the ambush at Bourgtheroulde.. He captured Amaury III of Montfort, but chose to desert rather than hand him over to Henry I. In 1127, Henry again openly supported William Clito.

Henry first married Mathilde and secondly Hermentrude, both of unknown families. He married thirdly Marguerite de Sully, daughter of William the Simple, Count of Sully, and his wife Agnes.
Henry and Marguerite had four children:
1. John, Count of Eu and Lord of Hastings
2. Béatrice of Eu
3. Mathilde (Mahout) of Eu (d. 1153)
4. Stephen (Etienne) of Eu (d. after 1140).

5.William of Grandcourt (d. 1150 or after) was also a son of Henry's but likely illegitimate.

Henry founded the Savignian abbey of Foucarmont in 1129, now known as La Fontaine Saint Martin. Henry embraced a religious life by becoming the Augustinian canon of the abbey Notre-Dame d'Eu. His death is marked on 12 July in the obituary of the abbey of Foucarmont, where he is buried.

Upon Henry's death, his son John became Count of Eu and Lord of Hastings.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I,_Count_of_Eu 		d'Eu, Henry I (I34191)
 
3031 HENRY LOVELAND was born about 1415 of Surrey, England, to unknown parents. He married Unknown.

Henry Loveland died in January 1484, Worplesdon, Surrey, England, age 69.

Child of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Loveland:

*THOMAS LOVELAND (1450-1530) 		Loveland, Henry (I34700)
 
3032 Henry P. Schmitz was born March 14, 1883, in his parents home on Otsego Street, Storm Lake the son of John P. Schmitz and Barbara Geimer.
After attending high school he passed the state board of pharmacy examination after which he was employed by W. C. Skiff and later George M. Pedersen. He traveled for the Chesterman Company for a year after which he accepted employment with the McArthur Drugstore, later becoming the manager of the store he also work for the Schmitz Lumber Co. Company continued there until his retirement in 1955. On August 26, 1929 he was married to Jesse M. Perrot. They made their home in Storm Lake on Otsego Street.
He passed away on Wednesday June 12 at the Alta Memorial hospital after illness of two years.
He leaves to mourn his passing his wife, Jesse and one sister-in-law Mrs. Abel Schmitz, five nieces and five Nephews, one whom is Richard Schmitz of Storm Lake and numerous other relatives and friends.
He was preceded in death by his mother and father and five brothers, Michael, Frank, Edward, Amil and Lynn.
Services were held at St. Mary's Catholic Church, Saturday June 15, with Msgr. C. J. Ivis officiating and under the direction of the Kellen-Mahaney funeral home. 		Schmitz, Henry Peter (I5494)
 
3033 Henry Rosburg takes Own Life at Farm Near Huntington
The community was shocked Monday [May 10, 1937] afternoon when the body of Henry Rosburg was discovered by his sons Jess and Harry and Sheriff Cliff Fredericksen in front of a garage on the Rosburg farm near Huntington with a charge of shot from a single barrel shot gun just over his heart. Death was evidently instantaneous from the self inflicted wound. This was evidenced by the fact that there had been no movement after the gun was discharged.

Mr. Rosburg was a retired farmer and had resided near Huntington for many years. He was well thought of by all who knew him. Last summer he suffered sun stroke and since that time had acted in a peculiar manner at times. Monday was one of those days and in the morning he threatened one of his sons with a gun. Jess and Harry came to town to interview the sheriff. They decided to take him before the insane commission and went to the farm to bring him to the city. There was no one at home at the time of their absence and they arrived at the farm approximately ten minutes after the act had been committed.

Coroner Fred Sternborg was notified but he decided an inquest was not necessary.

Mr. Rosburg is survived by his widow and three sons, Jess, Harry and Herman and two daughters, Mrs. Hagerman and Mrs. Schenck.

Funeral services were held today at 2:30 p.m. at the Huntington church. Burial was in the State Line cemetery. (Estherville Enterprise, Estherville, IA, May 13, 1937) 		Rosburg, Henry Frank (I14143)
 
3034 Henry was discovered to have been keeping a mistress in one of Margaret's castles. Margaret Tudor wished to divorce him but James V was reluctant to allow it. After she died in 1541, Methven was able to marry his mistress, Janet Stewart, daughter of John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Atholl and Lady Janet Campbell. Her maternal grandparents were Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl of Argyll and Elizabeth Stewart. Elizabeth was a daughter of John Stewart, 1st Earl of Lennox and Margaret Montgomerie. Margaret was a daughter of Alexander Montgomerie, 1st Lord Montgomerie and Margaret Boyd. Stewart, Lady Janet (I28449)
 
3035 Henry's middle name is from the death record of his daughter, Effie. Simmons, Henry John (I2844)
 
3036 Her birth date may be her christening date. Buchenröder, Johanna CORDULA (I19837)
 
3037 Her death certificate lists Samuel Reber, born Pennsylvania, as her father. Maybe she is not a Broomer, but related to them through the Reber. Maybe Samuel is the father of Mary Ann and Eliza

W. S. HEIM, a native of Pennsylvania, was born March 21, 1825, being the son of John and Magdalena ( Smith ) Heim, also of Pennsylvania. The former was born in 1784, and resided in the state of his birth until his death in 1855. To them were born eleven children, of which number seven survive. The subject of this sketch remained at home until twenty one years of age, and in 1847 Miss Caroline Reber, daughter of Samuel Reber, of Pennsylvania, became his wife. By this marriage there have been three children: Francis, Melissa and Milton. Mr. Heim is the owner of 103 acres of land in section 4. This land is well improved and watered, and will compare most favorably with any in this township. He is worthy of much credit for the manner in which he conducts his farming operations. Religiously he is a Lutheran.

Hmmmm include Caroline (three daughters of Samuel) 		Reber, Mary Ann (I6251)
 
3038 Her Father -

Rinck, Johann Stephan
~ Hildburghausen 17.3.1673, † Lindenau 8.2.1731,
K church,in front of the chapter chair
V: Nicolaus, Tuchmacher- u. Schneidermeister
(City School Hildburghausen), 11.1.1692 Gymn. Coburg,
Oct. 1695, April 30, 1696 imm. University of Jena, 3 J .;
7.10.1703 ord. z. Stelzen, 1707 Pf. Stilts, 26.11.1719

Pf. Lindenau,
Stilts 20.11.1703 Susanne Marie Seegers, To. v. Ç
Rudolphus, Pf. Ibid.,
Children: born. stalk
- To., Zwill., † unbaptized 12.6.1704
- To., Zwill., † unbaptized 12.6.1704
- Catharina Elisabeth, ¤ Lindenau 25.8.1722 Ç Mag.
Johann Nicol Wagner, widower, Pf. Sachsendorf
- Eleonora Maria, * 1.7.1707, (1719 First Communion),
Lindenau 16. (1.) 1731 Johann Friedrich Schmidt,
Master of rope Hildburghausen, So. v. Johann, Seiler
schleusingen
- Johann Stephan, Zwill., * 11.8.1709, K 7.2.1710
- Catharina Margaretha, Zwill., * 11.8.1709, K 11.12.1709
- To. N.N * (1711)
- Eva Sophia, * 15.4.1713
- Rudolphus Nicolaus, * 5.8.1715, 1731 Gymn. Coburg,
Genßler: "... went to Prussia with a captain,
is lost "
- Johann Christian, ~ 22.5.1718, † 28.2.1757, pastoral candidate.
PK; Krauss, Beiträge, I 389, III 296, 311; Genßler, Genealog. tables
in PfA Hildburghausen; Human, Foundations, 63, 142 Note; matrikel
University of Jena II, 642; Matrikel Gymn. Coburg, 194; Greiner, Pfb 407/814;
Send feedback 		Rinck, Catharina Elisabeth (I29359)
 
3039 Her father was a factory owner in Leipzig. Eggert, Maria (I29065)
 
3040 Her father was a teacher in Rieth. Dressel, Catharina Barbara (I29434)
 
3041 Her father was a Tucker and her mother was a Chandler. I do not know why Mary used her mother’s name. Chandler, Mary L (I879)
 
3042 Her father was Caspar Gernhard, pastor of Elsa. Gernhard, Anna Justina (I29571)
 
3043 Her father was Daniel Lenz, Rector Schleusingen.

Anna Elisabetha Lencer, daughter of Rector Daniel Lencer from Schmalkalden, married again with Wolfgang Heidenbl born fittings handler in Suhl.

The surname Lencer was often written Lenzer which has been shortened to Lenz.

Her marriage with Johann Peter Klipper was childless. 		Lenz, Anna Elisabeth (I28813)
 
3044 Her father was Johann Ernst Klötzner, the pastor of Monstab.

980 Klötzner, Johann Ernst
* Altenburg 22.9.1753, † Monstab 26.11.1819
V: Johann, hochadel. Bedienter Altenburg, M: Johanna
Schneider
Gymn. Altenburg, 1772 Uni Jena u. 1774 Leipzig;
1.11.1775 Ex. pro cand. Altenburg, Inform. bei Kanzler
v. Rothkirch Altenburg, 5.8.1781 ord. Altenburg,
1781 Diak. Monstab, 1803 Pf. u. Adj. Monstab, seine
Berichte über die örtliche Landwirtschaft finden
Anerkennung,
. A ltenburg 15.10.1782 Friederika Sophia Schuderoff,
* Bufleben 2.4.1765, To. v. Ç Georg Daniel, Stiftspr.
Altenburg u. Johanna Sophia Charlotte Laurentius,
Kinder: geb. Monstab
– Friedrich Ernst, * 14.9.1783
– Johanna Friederika, * 21.11.1784, . Monstab 7.2.1804
Friedrich August Christian Mörlin, Prof. Gymn.
Altenburg, So. v. Ç Christian Gottfried, Sup. Eisenberg
– Charlotte Sophia, * 8.7.1786, † Monstab 6.9.1810
(Aus zehrung)
– Louise Henriette, * 29.12.1787, . Monstab 4.5.1813
Christian Moritz Friedrich Lincke, Jäger u. Zinseinnehmer
auf Rittergut Nauendorf
– Augusta Carolina, * 11.10.1789, . Großenstein 20.9.
1830 Ç Wilhelm Ludwig Ernst Heds chold, Pf. Gr oßenstein
– Johann Carl, * 30.10.1791, † Monstab 16.3.1793
– Christiane Wilhelmine, * 17.12.1792, † Monstab 10.4.
1793
– Dorothea Fridericka Wilhelmina, * 29.5.1794, † Großenstein
28.8.1829, . Monstab 4.5.1813 Ç Wilhelm
Ludwig Ernst Hedschold, Pf. Großenstein
– Ç Christian Wilhelm, * 18.11.1795, Sup. Eisenberg
– Juliana Carolina Christiana, * 31.5.1797, † Monstab
12.1.1801
– Ç Carl Gustav, * 20.10.1799, Adiak. Schmölln
– Ernestine Caroline,* 20.3.1802, . Großenstein 4.5.
1830 Ç Johann Friedrich Daniel Voretzsch, Pf. Altkirchen
– Amalie Louise, * 12.5.1805. 		Klötzner, Johanna Friederike (I28072)
 
3045 Her father was Johann Heinrich Schoenheyde, the conrector to the first school in Rudolstadt. Johann Heinrich Schoenheyde died in 1807. Schoenheyde, Johanna Margareta (I29247)
 
3046 Her father was Johann Merkel pastor of Reurieth. Merkel, Maria Sibylla (I33104)
 
3047 Her Father Was John W McQjuig. McCouaig, Rose Ann (I35299)
 
3048 Her father was Laurentius Schumann, diaconal minister to Heldburg; and her mother was Anna Maria Leipold Schumann, Kunigunda (I26744)
 
3049 Her father was the director of the worsted spinning mill in Wernshausen. Koch, Lili (I29270)
 
3050 Her father was the senior medical officer at Cannstatt. Trischler, Sophie Benigna (I29213)
 

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