Notes:

Gruffudd ap Cynan

King of Gwynedd
Reign 1081–1137
Predecessor Trahaearn ap Caradog
Successor Owain Gwynedd
Born c. 1055
Dublin, Ireland
Died 1137
Gwynedd, Wales
Burial Bangor Cathedral
Spouse Angharad ferch Owain
Issue Cadwallon, Owain Gwynedd,
Cadwaladr, Susanna, Gwenllian
House Aberffraw
Father Cynan ab Iago
Mother Ragnailt ingen Amlaíb
Gruffudd ap Cynan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gruffudd ap Cynan (c. 1055 – 1137), sometimes written as
Gruffydd ap Cynan, was King of Gwynedd from 1081 until
his death in 1137. In the course of a long and eventful life, he
became a key figure in Welsh resistance to Norman rule, and
was remembered as King of all Wales. As a descendant of
Rhodri Mawr, Gruffudd ap Cynan was a senior member of
the princely House of Aberffraw.[1]
Through his mother, Gruffudd had close family connections
with the Norse settlement around Dublin and he frequently
used Ireland as a refuge and as a source of troops. He three
times gained the throne of Gwynedd and then lost it again,
before regaining it once more in 1099 and this time keeping
power until his death. Gruffudd laid the foundations which
were built upon by his son Owain Gwynedd and his greatgrandson
Llywelyn the Great.
Contents
1 Life
1.1 Ancestry
1.2 First bid for the throne
1.3 Second bid for the throne and capture by
the Normans
1.4 Escape from captivity and third reign
1.5 King for the fourth time and consolidation
2 Death and succession
3 Children
4 Ancestry
5 References
5.1 Notes
5.2 Citations
5.3 Sources
Life
Unusually for a Welsh king or prince, a near-contemporary
biography of Gruffudd, The history of Gruffudd ap Cynan,
has survived. Much of our knowledge of Gruffudd comes
from this source. The traditional view among scholars was that it was written during the third quarter of the
12th century during the reign of Gruffudd's son, Owain Gwynedd, but it has recently been suggested that it may
date from the early reign of Llywelyn the Great, around 1200. The author is not known.
Most of the existing manuscripts of the history are in Welsh but these are clearly translations of a Latin original.
It is usually considered that the original Latin version has been lost, and that existing Latin versions are retranslations
from the Welsh. However Russell (2006) has suggested that the Latin version in Peniarth MS 434E
incorporates the original Latin version, later amended to bring it into line with the Welsh text.
Coat of Arms retroactively attributed
to Gryffudd ap Cynan
Ancestry
According to the Life of Gruffudd ap Cynan, Gruffudd was born in Dublin and reared near Swords, County
Dublin in Ireland. He was the son of a Welsh Prince, Cynan ap Iago, who was a claimant to the Kingship of
Gwynedd but was probably never king of Gwynedd, though his father, Gruffudd's grandfather, Iago ab Idwal ap
Meurig had ruled Gwynedd from 1023 to 1039. When Gruffudd first appeared on the scene in Wales the Welsh
annals several times refer to him as "grandson of Iago" rather than the more usual "son of Cynan", indicating
that his father was little known in Wales. Cynan ap Iago seems to have died while Gruffudd was still young,
since the History describes his mother telling him who his father was.
According to Historia Gruffud vab Kenan, Gruffudd's mother was Ragnailt ingen Amlaíb, a granddaughter of
King Sigtrygg Silkbeard and a member of the Hiberno-Norse Uí Ímair dynasty.[2] The latter had two sons
named Amlaíb: one died in 1013, whilst another died in 1034. Either man could have been Ragnailt's father.
During his many struggles to gain the kingship of Gwynedd, Gruffudd received considerable aid from Ireland,
from the Hiberno-Norse at Dublin, the Isles and Wexford and from Muircheartach Ua Briain.
First bid for the thr one
Gruffudd first attempted to take over the rule of Gwynedd in 1075, following the death of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn.
Trahaearn ap Caradog had seized control of Gwynedd but had not yet firmly established himself. Gruffudd
landed on Abermenai Point, Anglesey with an Irish force, and with the assistance of troops provided by the
Norman Robert of Rhuddlan first defeated and killed Cynwrig ap Rhiwallon, an ally of Trahaearn who held
Llŷn, then defeated Trahaearn himself in the battle of Gwaed Erw in Meirionnydd and gained control of
Gwynedd.
Gruffudd then led his forces eastwards to reclaim territories taken over by the Normans, and despite the
assistance previously given by Robert of Rhuddlan attacked and destroyed Rhuddlan Castle. However tension
between Gruffudd's Danish-Irish bodyguard and the local Welsh led to a rebellion in Llŷn, and Trahaearn took
the opportunity to counterattack, defeating Gruffudd at the battle of Bron yr Erw above Clynnog Fawr the same
year.
Second bid for the thr one and capture by the Normans
Gruffudd fled to Ireland but, in 1081, returned and made an alliance
with Rhys ap Tewdwr, prince of Deheubarth. Rhys had been attacked by
Caradog ap Gruffudd of Gwent and Morgannwg, and had been forced to
flee to St David's Cathedral. Gruffudd this time embarked from
Waterford with a force composed of Danes and Irish and landed near St
David's, presumably by prior arrangement with Rhys. He was joined
here by a force of his supporters from Gwynedd, and he and Rhys
marched north to seek Trahaearn ap Caradog and Caradog ap Gruffudd
who had themselves made an alliance and been joined by Meilyr ap
Rhiwallon of Powys. The armies of the two confederacies met at the
Battle of Mynydd Carn, with Gruffudd and Rhys victorious and
Trahaearn, Caradog and Meilyr all being killed. Gruffudd was thus able
to seize power in Gwynedd for the second time.
He was soon faced with a new enemy, as the Normans were now
encroaching on Gwynedd. Gruffudd had not been king very long when
he was enticed to a meeting with Hugh, Earl of Chester and Hugh, Earl
of Shrewsbury at Rhug, near Corwen. At the meeting Gruffudd was seized and taken prisoner. According to his
biographer this was by the treachery of one of his own men, Meirion Goch. Gruffudd was imprisoned in Earl
Hugh's castle at Chester for many years while Earl Hugh and Robert of Rhuddlan went on to take possession of
Gwynedd, building castles at Bangor, Wales Bangor, Caernarfon and Aberlleiniog.
Escape from captivity and third reign
Gruffudd reappeared on the scene years later, having escaped from captivity. According to his biography he
was in fetters in the market-place at Chester when Cynwrig the Tall, on a visit to the city, saw his opportunity
when the burgesses were at dinner. He picked Gruffudd up, fetters and all, and carried him out of the city on his
shoulders. There is debate among historians as to the year of Gruffudd's escape. Ordericus Vitalis mentions a
"Grifridus" attacking the Normans in 1088. The History in one place states that Gruffudd was imprisoned for
twelve years, in another that he was imprisoned for sixteen years. Since he was captured in 1081, that would
date his release to 1093 or 1097. J.E. Lloyd favours 1093, considering that Gruffudd was involved at the
beginning of the Welsh uprising in 1094. K.L. Maund on the other hand favours 1097, pointing out that there is
no reference to Gruffudd in the contemporary annals until 1098. D. Simon Evans inclines to the view that
Ordericus Vitalis' date of 1088 could be correct, suggesting that an argument based on the silence of the annals
is unsafe.
Gruffudd again took refuge in Ireland but returned to Gwynedd to lead the assaults on Norman castles such as
Aber Lleiniog. The Welsh revolt had begun in 1094 and by late 1095 had spread to many parts of Wales. This
induced William II of England (William Rufus) to intervene, invading northern Wales in 1095. However his
army was unable to bring the Welsh to battle and returned to Chester without having achieved very much. King
William mounted a second invasion in 1097, but again without much success. The History only mentions one
invasion by Rufus, which could indicate that Gruffudd did not feature in the resistance to the first invasion. At
this time Cadwgan ap Bleddyn of Powys led the Welsh resistance.
In the summer of 1098, Earl Hugh of Chester joined with Earl Hugh of Shrewsbury in another attempt to
recover his losses in Gwynedd. Gruffudd and his ally Cadwgan ap Bleddyn retreated to Anglesey, but were
then forced to flee to Ireland in a skiff when a fleet he had hired from the Danish settlement in Ireland accepted
a better offer from the Normans and changed sides.
King for the fourth time and consolidation
The situation was changed by the arrival of a Norwegian fleet under the command of King Magnus III of
Norway, also known as Magnus Barefoot, who attacked the Norman forces near the eastern end of the Menai
Straits. Earl Hugh of Shrewsbury was killed by an arrow said to have been shot by Magnus himself. The
Normans were obliged to evacuate Anglesey, and the following year, Gruffudd returned from Ireland to take
possession again, having apparently come to an agreement with Earl Hugh of Chester.
With the death of Hugh of Chester in 1101, Gruffudd was able to consolidate his position in Gwynedd, as much
by diplomacy as by force. He met King Henry I of England who granted him the rule of Llŷn, Eifionydd,
Ardudwy and Arllechwedd, considerably extending his kingdom. By 1114, he had gained enough power to
induce King Henry to invade Gwynedd in a three-pronged attack, one detachment led by King Alexander I of
Scotland. Faced by overwhelming force, Gruffudd was obliged to pay homage to Henry and to pay a heavy
fine, but lost no territory. By about 1118, Gruffudd's advancing years meant that most of the fighting, which
pushed Gwynedd's borders eastward and southwards, was done by his three sons by his wife Angharad,
daughter of Owain ab Edwin of Tegeingl: Cadwallon, Owain Gwynedd and later Cadwaladr. The cantrefs of
Rhos and Rhufoniog were annexed in 1118, Meirionnydd captured from Powys in 1123, and Dyffryn Clwyd in
1124. Another invasion by the king of England in 1121 was a military failure. The king had to come to terms
with Gruffudd and made no further attempt to invade Gwynedd during Gruffudd's reign. The death of
Cadwallon in a battle against the forces of Powys near Llangollen in 1132 checked further expansion for the
time being.
Gruffudd was now powerful enough to ensure that his nominee David the Scot was consecrated as Bishop of
Bangor in 1120. The see had been effectively vacant since Bishop Hervey le Breton had been forced to flee by
the Welsh almost twenty years before, since Gruffudd and King Henry could not agree on a candidate. David
went on to rebuild Bangor Cathedral with a large financial contribution from Gruffudd.
Gruffudd was buried in Bangor
Cathedral
Owain and Cadwaladr, in alliance with Gruffudd ap Rhys of Deheubarth, gained a crushing victory over the
Normans at Crug Mawr near Cardigan in 1136 and took possession of Ceredigion. The latter part of Gruffydd's
reign was considered to be a "Golden Age"; according to the Life of Gruffudd ap Cynan Gwynedd was
"bespangled with lime-washed churches like the stars in the firmament".
Death and succession
Gruffudd died in his bed, old and blind, in 1137 and was mourned by the
annalist of Brut y Tywysogion as the "head and king and defender and
pacifier of all Wales". He was buried by the high altar in Bangor Cathedral
which he had been involved in rebuilding. He also made bequests to many
other churches, including one to Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin where he
had worshipped as a boy. He was succeeded as king of Gwynedd by his son
Owain Gwynedd. His daughter Gwenllian, who married Gruffudd ap Rhys
of Deheubarth, son of his old ally Rhys ap Tewdwr, is also notable for her
resistance to English rule.
Children
The family line of Cynan shows he had many children by several different women.[3] With wife Angharad
(daughter of Owain ab Edwin) he had:[4]
Owain Gwynedd (Owain ap Gruffudd),[1] married (1) Gwladus (Gladys) ferch Llywarch, daughter of
Llywarch ap Trahaearn (2) Cristin ferch Goronwy, daughter of Goronwy ab Owain
Cadwaladr ap Gruffudd, married Alice de Clare, daughter of Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare
Cadwallon ap Gruffudd[5]
Mareda
Susanna, married Madog ap Maredudd, prince of Powys
Ranulht
Agnes
Gwenllian ferch Gruffudd, married Gruffudd ap Rhys, prince of Deheubarth
Ancestry
Ancestors of Gruffudd ap Cynan
16. Meurig ap Idwal Foel
8. Idwal ap Meurig
4. Iago ab Idwal
2. Cynan ab Iago
1. Gruffudd ap Cynan
24. Amlaíb Cuarán
12. Sigtrygg Silkbeard
6. Amlaíb
3. Ragnailt
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
Llwyd, Humphrey (2002). Cronica Walliae. University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-1638-2.
Lloyd, John Edward (2004). A History of Wales: From the Norman Invasion to the Edwardian Conquest.
Banes & Noble. ISBN 978-0-7607-5241-8.
R.R. Davies (1991). The age of conquest: Wales 1063–1415. O.U.P. ISBN 0-19-820198-2.
Simon Evans (1990). A Mediaeval Prince of Wales: the Life of Gruffudd Ap Cynan. Llanerch Enterprises.
ISBN 0-947992-58-8.
Hudson, Benjamin T. (2005). Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the
North Atlantic (Illustrated ed.). United States: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195162374, ISBN 978-0-
19-516237-0.
Arthur Jones (1910). The history of Gruffydd ap Cynan: the Welsh text with translation, introduction and
notes. Manchester University Press.. Translation online at The Celtic Literature Collective
K.L. Maund (ed) (1996). Gruffudd ap Cynan: a collaborative biography. Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-
389-5.
Kari Maund (ed) (2006). The Welsh kings:warriors, warlords and princes. Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-2973-
6.
Paul Russell (ed) (2006). Vita Griffini Filii Conani: The Medieval Latin Life of Gruffudd Ap Cynan.
University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1893-2.
Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis
Weis, Lines: 176B-26, 239–5
Gruffudd ap Cynan
House of Aberffraw
Cadet branch of the House of Gwynedd
Born: c. 1055 Died: 11 April 1137
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Trahaearn ap Caradog
King of Gwynedd
1081–1137
Succeeded by
Owain Gwynedd
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruffudd_ap_Cynan&oldid=786425342"
Categories: 1050s births 1137 deaths Monarchs of Gwynedd House of Aberffraw Uí Ímair
British people of Scandinavian descent 11th-century Welsh monarchs 12th-century Welsh monarchs
People from Dublin (city) Norse-Gaelic monarchs Welsh people of Irish descent
This page was last edited on 19 June 2017, at 11:43.
1. Lloyd 2004, p. 93.
2. Hudson, p 83
3. Llwyd 2002, p. 151.
4. Lloyd 2004, p. 274.
5. Lloyd 2004, p. 78.
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trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Family/Spouse: verch Owain, Angharad. Angharad was born in UNKNOWN in Gwynedd, Wales; died in 1162 in Wales. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

1. ap Gruffydd, Owain was born in 1100 in Gwynedd, Wales; died on 23 Nov 1170.

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: 9CS6-TP3
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1023 and 1039; King of Gwynedd

Notes:

Cynan ab Iago

King of Gwynedd
Born c. 1014
Died 1063 (aged 48–49)
Spouse Ragnaillt of Dublin
Issue Gruffudd ap Cynan
House House of Aberffraw
Father Iago ap Idwal ap Meurig

Cynan ab Iago
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cynan ab Iago (c. 1014 – c. 1063) was a Welsh prince of the House of Aberffraw sometimes credited with briefly reigning as King of Gwynedd. His father, Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig, had been king before him and his son, Gruffudd, was king after him.

Iago was King of Gwynedd from 1023 to 1039 but was
killed (possibly by his own men) while Cynan was still
young. The throne was seized by Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, a
member of a cadet branch of the royal dynasty. Cynan fled to
Ireland and took refuge in the Viking settlement at Dublin.
He married Ragnhilda, the daughter of its King Olaf
Sigtryggsson and granddaughter of King Sigtrygg Silkbeard.
Ragnhilda appeared on the list of the "Fair Women of Ireland" in the Book of Leinster and was also descended
from Brian Boru.
Cynan may have died fairly soon after the birth of their son Gruffudd, as the 13th-century History of Gruffydd
ap Cynan details Cynan's ancestry but omits him from its account of Gruffudd's youth. Instead, Gruffudd's
mother tells him about his father and the patrimony he should claim across the sea.[1] Following two major
Saxon invasions under Harold and Tostig Godwinson, Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was killed in 1063: the later
Welsh Brut y Tywysogion reported he was done in by his own men, while the Ulster Chronicle stated he was
killed by Cynan ab Iago. This may account for later records in Gwynedd calling Cynan a king or, alternatively,
it may simply have been an honorary title on account of his family. If Cynan ruled, it was very briefly, for
Bleddyn ap Cynfyn was installed by the Saxons the same year.

Children
Gruffudd

References
1. History of Gruffydd ap Cynan (http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/gruffydd.html), 13th c. Accessed 6 Feb 2013.
Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis
Weis, Line 239-4

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cynan_ab_Iago&oldid=726436955"
Categories: Welsh princes 1063 deaths House of Aberffraw Monarchs of Gwynedd 1014 births
11th-century Welsh monarchs
This page was last edited on 22 June 2016, at 04:53.
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Cynan married ingen Amlaíb, Ragnailt in 1054 in Caernarvonshire, Wales. Ragnailt (daughter of mac Sitriuc, Amlaíb) was born in 1015 in Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; died in DECEASED in Ireland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

According to the 17th century Annals of the Four Masters, Amlaíb mac Sitriuc "was slain by the Saxons" on his way on a pilgrimage to Rome in 1034.[13] He was survived by one Ragnhild, who was the mother of Gruffudd ap Cynan, from whom the Kings of Gwynedd were descended.[1] Per Wikipedia.org

Iago married verch Gwair, Afandreg. Afandreg was born in 984 in Malltraeth, Anglesey, Wales; died in 1060 in Malltraeth, Anglesey, Wales. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Queen of Gwynedd

Notes:

Amlaíb mac Sitriuc
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Amlaíb mac Sitriuc ("Amhlaeibh, son of Sitric") or Olaf Sigtryggsson was the son of Sigtrygg Silkbeard, the
Hiberno-Norse King of Dublin, and Sláine, the daughter of Brian Boru. A member of the Uí Ímair dynasty, his
ancestors also included Amlaíb Cuarán and Gormflaith, who were influential in medieval Ireland. He was
ransomed by the Gaelic lord of Brega and later killed in England by Anglo-Saxons while on his way on
pilgrimage to Rome in 1034. Some of his descendants later became the Kings of Gwynedd in Wales.
Contents
1 Life
1.1 Family
1.2 Politics
2 Footnotes
3 References
Life
Family
Amlaíb was the son of the ruling King of Dublin, Sigtrygg Silkbeard (d. 1042), and his wife Sláine, daughter of
the King of Munster and High King of Ireland, Brian Boru (d. 1014), and his first wife.[1][1][2][3] His paternal
grandfather was Amlaíb Cuarán (d. 981), the powerful King of York and of Dublin.[1] Amlaíb Cuarán's wife
was Gormflaith (d. 1030), a "beautiful, powerful and intriguing Irish woman" who later married Boru at the
same time Sigtrygg married Sláine.[3]
Amlaíb had four half-brothers: Artalach (d. 999),[4] Oleif (d. 1013), Godfrey (d. 1036), Glúniairn (d. 1031).[1]
Oleif was killed in immediate vengeance for the burning of the Norse city of Cork.[5] Glúniairn was killed by
the people of South Brega in 1031.[6] Godfrey was killed in Wales, possibly by a first cousin.[7] Amlaíb was
outlived by his half-sister Cellach, who died in 1042 in the same month as her father.[8]
Politics
In 1027, after the death of Máel Sechlainn in 1022 and the chaos which accompanied the subsequent bids for
the High Kingship by the Irish princes, Sigtrygg Silkbeard was forced to make a new alliance with the men of
Brega.[9] Amlaíb joined Donnchad of Brega in a raid on Staholmock, County Meath.[10] The army of Sigtrygg
and Donnchad was defeated by the men of Meath under their king, Roen Ua Mael Sechlainn.[10][11] Sigtrygg
rallied to the fight again, and fought a battle at Lickblaw where Donnchad and Roen were slain.[10][11]
In 1029, Amlaíb was taken prisoner by the new lord of Brega, Mathghamhain Ua Riagain, who exacted a
ransom of 1200 cows.[2] Further conditions of the agreement necessitated payment of another 140 British
horses, 60 ounces of gold and of silver, "the sword of Carlus", the Irish hostages of Leinster and Leath Cuinn,
"four hostages to Ua Riagain as a security for peace, and the full value of the life of the third hostage."[2]
Added to the total, 80 cows "for word and supplication"[2] were to be paid to the man who entreated for
Amlaíb's release.[12] The incident illustrates the importance of ransoming noble captives, as a means of
political manipulation, increasing one's own revenues and exhausting the resources of one's foes.[12] The
demand of British horses also suggests that Dublin was one of the main ports for importing horses into 11th
century Ireland, and that Amlaíb's family may have been personally involved in husbandry.[12]
According to the 17th century Annals of the Four Masters, Amlaíb mac Sitriuc "was slain by the Saxons" on
his way on a pilgrimage to Rome in 1034.[13] He was survived by one Ragnhild, who was the mother of
Gruffudd ap Cynan, from whom the Kings of Gwynedd were descended.[1]
Footnotes
References
Hudson, Benjamin T (2005). Viking pirates and Christian princes: dynasty, religion, and empire in the
North Atlantic (Illustrated ed.). United States: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516237-4, ISBN 978-
0-19-516237-0.
MacManus, Seumas (1921). The Story of the Irish Race: A Popular History of Ireland. Ireland: The Irish
Publishing Co. ISBN 0-517-06408-1.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amlaíb_mac_Sitriuc&oldid=782306690"
Categories: 1034 deaths Military personnel killed in action People from County Dublin Norse-Gaels
11th-century Irish people Uí Ímair Monarchs of Dublin
This page was last edited on 26 May 2017, at 02:06.
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apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered
trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
1. Hudson, p 83
2. "Part 13 of the Annals of the Four Masters" (http://ww
w.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100005B/text013.html.) Annals
of the Four Masters. University College Cork. p. 819.
Retrieved 10 March 2009.
3. MacManus, p 278
4. Hudson, Benjamin T. "Sihtric (Sigtryggr Óláfsson,
Sigtryggr Silkiskegg) (d. 1042)".O xford Dictionary of
National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University
Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25545 (https://doi.org/10.1
093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F25545). (Subscription or UK
public library membership (https://global.oup.com/oxfordd
nb/info/freeodnb/libraries/) required.)
5. "Part 11 of the Annals of the Four Masters" (http://ww
w.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100005B/text01.html). Annals
of the Four Masters. University College Cork. p. 769.
Retrieved 10 March 2009.
6. "Part 13 of the Annals of the Four Masters" (http://ww
6. "Part 13 of the Annals of the Four Masters" (http://ww
w.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100005B/text013.html.) Annals
of the Four Masters. University College Cork. p. 823.
Retrieved 10 March 2009.
7. Hudson, p 82
8. "Part 14 of the Annals of the Four Masters" (http://ww
w.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100005B/text014.html.) Annals
of the Four Masters. University College Cork. p. 843.
Retrieved 10 March 2009.
9. Hudson, p 109-110
10. Hudson, p 110
11. "Part 13 of the Annals of the Four Masters" (http://ww
w.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100005B/text013.html.) Annals
of the Four Masters. University College Cork. p. 815.
Retrieved 10 March 2009.
12. Hudson, p 111
13. "Part 14 of the Annals of the Four Masters" (http://ww
w.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100005B/text014.html.) Annals
of the Four Masters. University College Cork. p. 831.
Retrieved 10 March 2009.

Other Events and Attributes:

• Nickname: Silkbeard
• FSID: LR3R-FGB

Notes:

Sigtrygg Silkbeard
King of Dublin
Reign 989/995–1036
Predecessor Glúniairn / Ivar of Waterford
Successor Echmarcach mac Ragnaill
Born c. 970
Dublin, Ireland
Died 1042 (aged ≈ 72)
Dublin
Spouse Sláine
House Uí Ímhair
Father Olaf Cuarán
Mother Gormflaith ingen Murchada
Sigtrygg Silkbeard
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sigtrygg II Silkbeard Olafsson (also Sihtric, Sitric[1] and
Sitrick in Irish texts; or Sigtryg[2] and Sigtryggr[3] in
Scandinavian texts) was a Hiberno-Norse king of Dublin
(possibly AD 989–994; restored or began 995–1000; restored
1000 and abdicated 1036) of the Uí Ímair dynasty. He was
caught up in the abortive Leinster revolt of 999–1000, after
which he was forced to submit to the King of Munster, Brian
Boru. His family also conducted a double marriage alliance
with Boru, although he later realigned himself with the main
leaders of the Leinster revolt of 1012–1014. He has a
prominent role in the 12th-century Irish Cogadh Gaedhil re
Gallaibh and the 13th century Icelandic Njal's Saga, as the
main Norse leader at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014.
Sigtrygg's long reign spanned 46 years, until his abdication
in 1036.[4] During that period, his armies saw action in four
of the five Irish provinces of the time. In particular, he
conducted a long series of raids into territories such as
Meath, Wicklow, Ulster, and perhaps even the coast of
Wales. He also came into conflict with rival Norse kings, especially in Cork and Waterford.
He went on pilgrimage to Rome in 1028 and is associated with the foundation of Christ Church Cathedral in
Dublin. Although Dublin underwent several reversals of fortune during his reign, on the whole trade in the city
flourished. He died in 1042.[4]
Contents
1 Life
1.1 Family
1.2 King of Dublin
1.2.1 First Leinster revolt against Brian Boru
1.2.2 Years between the revolts
1.2.3 Second Leinster revolt against Brian Boru
1.2.4 Reign after Clontarf
2 Issue and legacy
3 See also
4 Footnotes
5 References
6 External links
Life
Family
A posthumous "Sihtric" coin from the
British Museum, minted at Dublin c.
1050
Sigtrygg was of Norse and Irish ancestry.[2] He was a son of Olaf Cuarán (also called Kváran), King of York
and of Dublin, and Gormflaith ingen Murchada.[3] Gormflaith was the daughter of the King of Leinster,
Murchad mac Finn,[5] and the sister of his successor, King Máel Mórda of Leinster.[3] She had previously been
married to the King of Meath and High King of Ireland, Máel Sechnaill[3] — the first of her three husbands.
She was a beautiful, powerful and intriguing Irish woman,[3] who according to the 13th-century Icelandic Njál's
saga, was "the fairest of all women, and best gifted in everything that was not in her own power, but it was the
talk of men that she did all things ill over which she had any power".[3][6] Sigtrygg's paternal half-brother was
Glúniairn, "Iron-knee", who ruled as King of Dublin from 980–989.
An incident involving the ransom of one of Sigtrygg's sons late in his reign, in which "seven score British
horse" were mentioned in the list of demands,[7] suggests that Dublin was one of the main ports for importing
horses into 11th century Ireland, and that Sigtrygg and his family may have been personally involved in animal
husbandry.[8]
King of Dublin
Sigtrygg may have succeeded his paternal half-brother Glúniairn as king
of Dublin in 989,[4] but it is just as likely his rival Ivar of Waterford
came to power in the city then.[9] The Irish annals record little
information about Sigtrygg, his family or Dublin during these first five
years of his reign.[10] Benjamin Hudson claims this was because of the
arrival of the future King of Norway, Olaf Tryggvason, who took up
residence in Dublin for a few years after marrying Sigtrygg's sister
Gytha.[10] Tryggvason had met Gytha while raiding along the coasts of
the Irish Sea.[10] The presence of a powerful Viking leader in Dublin
was a deterrent to Irish raids, and Trygvason may have weakened
Sigtrygg's foes by plundering them.[11]
Hudson argues that Tryggvason's return to Norway in 994 coincided
with the temporary expulsion of Sigtrygg from Dublin by his rival Ivar
of Waterford,.[12] Ivar may have already ruled there from 989 until
forced out by Sigtrygg in 993. Much depends on the interpretation.
Either way, Sigtrygg was back within a year. In 995, he and his nephew, Muirchertach Ua Congalaich, attacked
the church at Donaghpatrick in County Meath.[12] In retaliation, Máel Sechnaill entered Dublin and took the
ring of Thor and the sword of Carlus.[12] Sigtrygg then attacked Kells and Clonard in 997.[12] In 998, Máel
Sechnaill and the King of Munster, Brian Boru, forced Sigtrygg to recognise their lordship by giving
hostages.[12]
Sigtrygg realised that Dublin's wealth made him a target, and that his city needed powerful allies and walls.[12]
The Dublin countryside did not provide sufficient resources for competition against powerful Irish princes.[12]
Sigtrygg first allied with his maternal uncle, Máel Mórda mac Murchada, King of the Uí Fáeláin of north
Leinster.[12] In 999, they defeated their cousin the King of Leinster Donnchad mac Domhnaill, and imprisoned
him in Dublin.[12]
First Leinster revolt against Brian Boru
Late in 999, the Leinstermen, historically hostile to domination by either the Uí Néill overkings or the king of
Munster, allied themselves with the Norse of Dublin and revolted against Brian Boru.[1] This provided the
opportunity for Sigtrygg's second alliance with Máel Mórda mac Murchada.[12] Brian's forces inflicted a
crushing defeat on the united Leinster-Dublin army at the Battle of Glenmama, and followed the victory with
Inch Abbey (Inis Cumhscraigh),
plundered by Sigtrygg in 1002
an attack on the city of Dublin.[1] The 12th-century Cogadh Gaedhil re Gallaibh gives two accounts of the
occupation: Brian remained in Dublin from Christmas Day until Epiphany (6 January), or from Christmas Day
until St. Brigid's Day (1 February).[12] The later Annals of Ulster date the Battle of Glenmama to 30 December
999,[13] while the Annals of Inisfallen date Brian's capture of the city to 1 January 1000.[14] In any case, in
1000 Brian plundered the city, burned the Norse fortress and expelled Sigtrygg.[1]
According to the Cogadh Gaedhil re Gallaibh, Sigtrygg's flight from the city took him north, first to the Ulaid
and then to Aéd of Cenél nEógain.[15] Both tribes refused to help him.[15] As Sigtrygg could find no refuge in
Ireland, he eventually returned, submitted to Brian, gave hostages and was restored to Dublin three months
after Brian ended his occupation in February.[1][12] In the meantime, Sigtrygg may have temporarily "turned
pirate" and been responsible for a raid on St David's in Wales.[15]
Brian's daughter by his first wife was married to Sigtrygg,[3] and Brian in turn took Sigtrygg's mother, the now
thrice-married Gormflaith, as his second wife.[3]
Years between the revolts
Dublin enjoyed a sustained period of peace while Sigtrygg's men served
in the armies of Brian.[16] Sigtrygg never forgot the Ulaid's refusal of
aid when he fled from Dublin, and in 1002 he had his revenge when his
soldiers served in Brian's campaign against the Ulaid and ravaged their
lands.[12][16] His fleet raided Ulster, and he plundered Kilclief and Inis
Cumhscraigh, taking many prisoners from both.[17] They served under
Brian against the Ulaid again in 1005, and against the Northern Uí Néill
in 1006 and 1007.[16] Cenél Conaill, the last of the Northern Uí Néill
Kingdoms, submitted in 1011, and Brian was formally recognised as
High King throughout Ireland.[16]
A remembrance of Sigtrygg's reign during these years is preserved in
the late medieval Icelandic Saga of Gunnlaug Serpent's Tongue.[18] Only fragments survive of the verses in the
Sigtryggsdrápa, a drápa composed by the skald Gunnlaug Illugason while visiting Sigtrygg's court.[18] The
verses praise Sigtrygg for his royal ancestry, and describe Dublin as a busy, thriving port.[18] Archaeological
excavations of ships, gold, clothing, and pieces for games from around this time seem to confirm the
description.[18] According to the prose, Sigtrygg considered rewarding the poet with ships and gold, but instead
granted him a new suit of clothes.[18]
Second Leinster revolt against Brian Boru
Some time during the 1010s, Brian Boru divorced Queen Gormflaith, and she began to engineer opposition to
the High King.[19] Around 1012, relations between Brian and Leinster had become so strained that revolt broke
out among the Leinstermen.[20] Sigtrygg aligned himself with the forces of Máel Mórda, leader of the revolt,
and the chiefs Ua Ruairc, Ua Néill, and others.[21] Together, they defeated Brian's ally Máel Sechnaill near the
town of Swords, and Brian for the moment was unable to render assistance.[21]
Sigtrygg sent his son Oleif to lead a fleet south to Munster to burn the Viking settlement of Cork.[16] The fleet
also attacked Cape Clear, crippling Brian's naval power, which was concentrated in Cork.[16]
The Viking settlements of Cork,
Limerick, Waterford and Wexford
(Part of the Kingdom of Munster,
under the control of Boru)
The Kingdom of Dublin, under
the control of Sigtrygg
According to Njál's saga, Gormflaith "egged on her son Sigtrygg very
much to kill King Brian",[6] sending him to win the support of Earl
Sigurd of Orkney, and Bróðir and Óspak of Man at any price.[21]
Sigtrygg arrived in Orkney for Sigurd's Yule feast, where he sat in a
high seat between the two brothers-in-law, Earl Sigurd of Orkney and
Earl Gilli of the Southern Isles.[6] The saga also records that Sigtrygg
was very interested in the Burning of Njáll Þorgeirsson at Bergþórshvoll
and what had happened since.[6] Afterwards, Sigtrygg bade Sigurd to go
to war with him against Brian.[22] Despite Sigurd's initial hesitance and
against the advice of his men, he eventually agreed to arrive in Dublin
by Palm Sunday with all his men, on the condition that if Brian was
slain, Sigurd would marry Gormflaith and become King of
Ireland.[22][23]
Sigtrygg went next to Man, where he also persuaded Bróðir to be in
Dublin by Palm Sunday,[20][24] and he promised Bróðir too that, if
successful, he would be allowed marry Gormflaith and become King of
Ireland; the terms of this agreement were kept secret.[25] Óspak was
dissatisfied with the arrangement,[23] and refused to "fight against so good a king".[22]
The two forces met at the Battle of Clontarf, on Good Friday in 1014, a battle that claimed the lives of the main
commanders on both sides: Brian and his son Murchad on the Munster side; and Máel Mórda, Sigurd and
Bróðir on the Leinster-Norse side.[26] According to Irish sources, Sigtrygg did not take part in the battle, but
held his garrison in reserve in Dublin.[27] The Cogadh Gaedhil re Gallaibh records that Sigtrygg was able to
observe the progress of the battle and the movement of the battle standards from the ramparts of his fortress.[28]
As the modern Irish medievalist historian Donnchadh Ó Corráin notes, Sigtrygg "wisely kept within the city
and lived to tell the tale".[26]
Earlier Scandinavian sources (the Orkneyinga saga, Njál's saga and the Darraðarljóð, composed soon after the
battle) contend that he did actually fight valiantly at Clontarf.[28] The Darraðarljóð, showing the persistence of
paganism among the Vikings of Dublin, describes the Valkyries as following the "young king" Sigtrygg into
battle.[29] Njal's Saga records that Sigtrygg was on the wing opposite Óspak of Man for the whole battle, and
that Óspak eventually put the king to flight.[30]
Reign after Clontarf
Immediately after Clontarf, Sigtrygg's fortunes appear to have declined, even though he emerged with his
kingdom intact.[31] Máel Sechnaill, now again recognised as high king, was undoubtedly the battle's main
beneficiary.[31] In 1015, plague struck Dublin and Leinster, and Máel Sechnaill seized the opportunity to march
south to burn Dublin's suburbs.[31] While Sigtrygg was able to ally with Leinster for another attack on Meath in
1017, the alliance was dissolved when Sigtrygg blinded his cousin Bróen, Máel Morda's son and heir, in
Dublin.[31]
In 1018, Sigtrygg plundered Kells; he "carried off innumerable spoils and prisoners, and slew many persons in
the middle of the church".[32] These captives would either have been ransomed or sold off into Dublin's
lucrative slave trade.[33] When Sigtrygg raided south in 1021, he was defeated at Delgany in County
Wicklow[33] where the new King of Leinster, Augaire mac Dúnlainge, "made a dreadful slaughter of the
foreigners" in the Kingdom of Breifne.[34] In 1022, the Dublin fleet sailed north against the Ulaid, only to be
destroyed in a naval battle against Niall mac Eochaid, after which the Norse crews and ships were taken
prisoner.[33]
The medieval tower of the stone
church of Ardbraccan, County Meath,
in which Sigtrygg burned over 200
men
According to the American medievalist historian Benjamin Hudson, "matters went from bad to worse" for
Sigtrygg after the death of Máel Sechnaill in 1022.[35] The great Irish princes began to compete for the High
Kingship, and the political situation in Ireland became chaotic as there was no clear choice for supremacy.[35]
Accordingly, "Dublin became a prize for those who would rule Ireland and wanted the town's wealth to finance
their ambitions."[35]
Hostages were taken from Sigtrygg by Flaithbertach Ua Néill, King of
Cenél nEógain and the Uí Néill, and Donnchad mac Briain of Munster
in 1025 and 1026 respectively, in support of their bids for the high
kingship.[35] These hostages brought no security, and Dublin was raided
in 1026 by Niall mac Eocada of the Ulaid in revenge for the naval
attack of 1022.[36] Sigtrygg formed a new alliance with the men of
Brega.[37] In 1027, Sigtrygg's son Olaf joined Donnchad of Brega in a
raid on Staholmock, County Meath.[37] Sigtrygg and Donnchad's army
was defeated by the men of Meath under their king, Roen Ua Mael
Sechlainn.[37][38] Sigtrygg rallied to the fight again at Lickblaw where
Donnchad and Roen were slain.[37][38]
In 1029, Sigtrygg's son Olaf was taken prisoner by the new lord of
Brega, Mathghamhain Ua Riagain.[7] Sigtrygg was forced to pay a
ransom of 1,200 cows, 140 British horses, 60 ounces of gold and of
silver, "the sword of Carlus", the Irish hostages of Leinster and Leath
Cuinn, "four hostages to Ua Riagain as a security for peace, and the full
value of the life of the third hostage."[7] An additional 80 cows "for
word and supplication"[7] were to be paid to the man who entreated for
Olaf's release.[8] The incident illustrates the importance of ransoming
noble captives, as a means of political manipulation, increasing one's own revenues and exhausting the
resources of one's foes.[8]
Sigtrygg's fortunes improved in the 1030s. In 1030, he allied with the King of England, Cnut, and together their
fleets raided Wales.[39] A Dublin colony was established in Gwynedd, and for the following years Sigtrygg was
at the height of his power.[39] In 1032, without allies, Sigtrygg won a victory on the Boyne estuary of a type
previously unseen by his dynasty for two decades, against a coalition of three kingdoms:[37] over 300 members
of the Conailli, the Ui Tortain, and the Ui Meith were captured or killed at the Battle of Inbher Boinne.[40] In
1035, he plundered the celebrated stone church Ardbraccan in Meath, burned 200 men inside, and carried
another 200 off into captivity.[37] (In revenge, the church at Swords was plundered and burned by Conchobhar
Ua Maeleachlainn,[41] who took away cattle and captives.[37])
Meanwhile, in a renewal of ancient feuds that same year, Sigtrygg executed Ragnall King of Waterford, in
Dublin[41] Ragnall was the grandson of the Ivar, Sigtrygg's earliest rival, who had contested for Dublin decades
before.[37] Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of the Isles forced Sigtrygg to abdicate in 1036.[39] Sigtrygg died in
exile, at an unknown place, in 1042.[39]
Issue and legacy
Sigtrygg married Brian Boru's daughter, Sláine, and they had one son: Olaf (d. 1034).[4] According to the
Annals of the Four Masters, Olaf "was slain by the Saxons" on his way on a pilgrimage to Rome.[41] He was
survived by one Ragnhild, from whom Gruffudd ap Cynan and the Kings of Gwynedd were descended.[4]
Christ Church Cathedral, founded by
Sigtrygg c.1028
Separately from Sláine, Sigtrygg had five children: Artalach (d. 999),
Oleif (d. 1013), Godfrey (d. 1036), Glúniairn (d. 1031) and Cellach (d.
1042).[4][39] The annals record the death of Oleif—"son of the lord of
the foreigners"—who was killed in revenge for the burning of Cork.[42]
Glúniairn was killed by the people of South Brega in 1031.[43] Godfrey
was killed in Wales in 1036 by one Sitric, "son of Glúniairn"—as
factionalism was common among Viking settlers, this could have been
the same Glúniairn as Sigtrygg's half-brother, thus making Godfrey and
his killer cousins.[44] Sigtrygg's daughter Cellach died in the same
month as her father.[45]
Sigtrygg was also, according to the Oxford Dictionary of National
Biography, "a patron of the arts, a benefactor of the church, and an
economic innovator".[39] In the 990s, he established Ireland's first mint, in Dublin.[39] He established a
bishopric at Dublin and in 1028 he made a pilgrimage to Rome.[39][46] It is thus possible to attribute the origins
of the establishment of territorial bishoprics in Ireland on the Roman model, one of the most important results
of 11th-century Irish Church Reform, to Sigtrygg.[47] He went on to found Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin,
which today is the oldest building in Dublin, but relatively young in comparison to the many monastic
cathedrals in the rest of Ireland. Like many of the other coastal cathedrals in Ireland, it is of Hiberno-Norse
origin. The cathedral, initially a wooden building, was rebuilt in stone in the 1180s following the arrival of the
Anglo-Normans to Ireland, led by Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke.[2]
See also
Early Medieval Ireland 800–1166
History of Dublin
Church of Ireland
Footnotes
1. Ó Corráin, p 123
2. Winn, p 46
3. Mac Manus, p 278
4. Hudson, p 83
5. "Part 13 of the Annals of the Four Masters "(http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100005B/text013.html.) Annals of the Four
Masters. University College Cork. p. 821. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
6. "Chapter 153 - Kari goes abroad" (http://www.sagadb.org/brennu-njals_saga.en#153). Njal's Saga. www.sagadb.org.
Retrieved 2009-03-03.
7. "Part 13 of the Annals of the Four Masters "(http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100005B/text013.html.) Annals of the Four
Masters. University College Cork. p. 819. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
8. Hudson, p 111
9. Etchingham, p. 181
10. Hudson, p 84
11. Hudson, p 85
12. Hudson, p 86
13. "Entry for AD 999 of the Annals of Ulster "(http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100001A/text568.html.) Annals of
Ulster. University College Cork. p. 745. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
14. Hudson, p 86-87
15. Hudson, p 87
16. Hudson, p 95
17. "Part 10 of the Annals of the Four Masters "(http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100005B/text010.html.) Annals of the Four
Masters. University College Cork. p. 745. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
18. Hudson, p 94
19. MacManus, p 278-279
References
Etchingham, Colmán, "North Wales, Ireland and the Isles: the Insular Viking zone", in Peritia 15 (2001
[2002]): 145–187.
Hudson, Benjamin T (2005). Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the
North Atlantic (Illustrated ed.). United States: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195162374, ISBN 978-0-
19-516237-0.
MacManus, Seumas (1921). The Story of the Irish Race: A Popular History of Ireland. Ireland: The Irish
Publishing Co. ISBN 0-517-06408-1.
Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1972). Ireland Before the Normans. Ireland: Gill and Macmillan.
Richter, Michael (2005). Medieval Ireland: The Enduring Tradition (Revised, illustrated ed.). Gill &
Macmillan. ISBN 0717132935, ISBN 978-0-7171-3293-5.
Winn, Christopher (2007). I Never Knew that About Ireland. Illustrated by Osawa, Mai (Illustrated ed.).
Macmillan. ISBN 0312368801, ISBN 978-0-312-36880-7.
External links
20. Ó Corráin, p 129
21. MacManus, p 279
22. "Chapter 154 - Gunnar Lambi's son's slaying" (http://www.sagadb.org/brennu-njals_saga.en#154). Njal's Saga.
www.sagadb.org. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
23. MacManus, p280
24. "Chapter 155 - Of signs and wonders" (http://www.sagadb.org/brennu-njals_saga.en#155). Njal's Saga.
www.sagadb.org. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
25. MacManus, p 279-280
26. Ó Corráin, p 130
27. MacManus, p 281
28. Hudson, p 101
29. Hudson, p 103
30. "Chapter 156 - Brian's battle" (http://www.sagadb.org/brennu-njals_saga.en#156). Njal's Saga. www.sagadb.org.
Retrieved 2009-03-03.
31. Hudson, p 104
32. "Part 12 of the Annals of the Four Masters "(http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100005B/text010.html.) Annals of the Four
Masters. University College Cork. p. 793. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
33. Hudson, p 108
34. "Part 12 of the Annals of the Four Masters "(http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100005B/text012.html.) Annals of the Four
Masters. University College Cork. p. 799. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
35. Hudson, p 109
36. Hudson, p 109-110
37. Hudson, p 110
38. "Part 13 of the Annals of the Four Masters "(http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100005B/text013.html.) Annals of the Four
Masters. University College Cork. p. 815. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
39. Hudson, Benjamin T. "Sihtric (Sigtryggr Óláfsson, Sigtryggr Silkiskegg) (d. 1042)"O. xford Dictionary of National
Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.d oi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25545 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodn
b%2F25545). (Subscription or UK public library membership (https://global.oup.com/oxforddnb/info/freeodnb/libraries/)
required.)
40. "Part 13 of the Annals of the Four Masters "(http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100005B/text013.html.) Annals of the Four
Masters. University College Cork. p. 825. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
41. "Part 14 of the Annals of the Four Masters "(http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100005B/text014.html.) Annals of the Four
Masters. University College Cork. p. 831. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
42. "Part 11 of the Annals of the Four Masters" (http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100005B/text01.html). Annals of the Four
Masters. University College Cork. p. 769. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
43. "Part 13 of the Annals of the Four Masters "(http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100005B/text013.html.) Annals of the Four
Masters. University College Cork. p. 823. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
44. Hudson, p 82
45. "Part 14 of the Annals of the Four Masters "(http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100005B/text014.html.) Annals of the Four
Masters. University College Cork. p. 843. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
46. Richter, p 124-125
47. Richter, p 125
Njal's Saga
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Glúniairn
(Ivar of Waterford)
King of Dublin
Succeeded by
Echmarcach mac
Ragnaill
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigtrygg_Silkbeard&oldid=754727687"
Categories: 1042 deaths Monarchs of Dublin Norse-Gaels People from County Dublin
11th-century monarchs in Europe 10th-century monarchs in Europe Uí Ímair
10th-century Irish monarchs 11th-century Irish people
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