Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: King of France
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Nov 1226 and 25 Aug 1270; King of France
• Appointments / Titles: 29 Nov 1226, Reims, Marne, Champagne-Ardenne, France; Coronation as King of France
• Appointments / Titles: 1297; Cannonized as Saint Louis

Notes:

Louis IX of France
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Reign 8 November 1226 – 25 August 1270
Coronation 29 November 1226 in Reims Cathedral
Predecessor Louis VIII
Successor Philip III
Born 25 April 1214 Poissy, France
Died 25 August 1270 (aged 56) Tunis, North Africa
Burial Basilica of St Denis
Spouse Margaret of Provence
Issue among others...
Isabella, Queen of Navarre
Louis of France
Philip III of France
John Tristan, Count of Valois
Peter, Count of Perche and Alençon
Blanche, Infanta of Castile
Margaret, Duchess of Brabant
Robert, Count of Clermont
Agnes, Duchess of Burgundy
House Capet
Father Louis VIII of France
Mother Blanche of Castile

Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly known as Saint Louis, was King of France and a canonized saint. Louis was crowned in Reims at the age of 12, following the death of his father Louis VIII the Lion, although his mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled the kingdom until he reached maturity. During Louis's childhood, Blanche dealt with the opposition of rebellious vassals and put an end to the Albigensian crusade which had started 20 years earlier.

As an adult, Louis IX faced recurring conflicts with some of the most powerful nobles, such as Hugh X of Lusignan and Peter of Dreux. Simultaneously, Henry III of England tried to restore his continental possessions, but was defeated at the battle of Taillebourg. His reign saw the annexation of several provinces, notably Normandy, Maine and Provence. Louis IX was a reformer and developed French royal justice, in which the king is the supreme judge to whom anyone is able to appeal to seek the amendment of a judgment. He banned trials by ordeal, tried to prevent the private wars that were plaguing the country and introduced the presumption of innocence in criminal procedure. To enforce the correct application of this new legal system, Louis IX created provosts and bailiffs.

According to his vow made after a serious illness, and confirmed after a miraculous cure, Louis IX took an active part in the Seventh and Eighth Crusade in which he died from dysentery. He was succeeded by his son Philip III. Louis's actions were inspired by Christian values and Catholic devotion. He decided to punish blasphemy, gambling, interest-bearing loans and prostitution, and bought presumed relics of Christ for which he built the Sainte-Chapelle. He also expanded the scope of the Inquisition and ordered the burning of Talmuds. He is the only canonized king of France, and there are consequently many places named after him.

Sources
Much of what is known of Louis's life comes from Jean de Joinville's famous Life of Saint Louis. Joinville was a close friend, confidant, and counsellor to the king, and also participated as a witness in the papal inquest into Louis' life that ended with his canonisation in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII. Two other important biographies were written by the king's confessor, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and his chaplain, William of Chartres. The fourth important source of information is William of Saint-Parthus' biography,[1] which he wrote using the papal inquest mentioned above. While several individuals wrote biographies in the decades following the king's death, only Jean of Joinville, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and William of Chartres wrote from personal knowledge of the king.

Early life
Louis was born on 25 April 1214 at Poissy, near Paris, the son of Prince Louis the Lion and Princess Blanche, and baptised in La Collégiale Notre-Dame church. His grandfather on his father's side was Philip II, king of France; while his grandfather on his mother's side was Alfonso VIII, king of Castile. Tutors of Blanche's choosing taught him most of what a king must know—Latin, public speaking, writing, military arts, and government.[2] He was 9 years old when his grandfather Philip II died and his father ascended as Louis VIII.[3] A member of the House of Capet, Louis was twelve years old when his father died on 8 November 1226. He was crowned king within the month at Reims cathedral. Because of Louis's youth, his mother ruled France as regent during his minority.[4]

Louis' mother trained him to be a great leader and a good Christian. She used to say:[5] I love you, my dear son, as much as a mother can love her child; but I would rather see you dead at my feet than that you should ever commit a mortal sin.

His younger brother Charles I of Sicily (1227–85) was created count of Anjou, thus founding the second Angevin dynasty.

No date is given for the beginning of Louis's personal rule. His contemporaries viewed his reign as co-rule between the king and his mother, though historians generally view the year 1234 as the year in which Louis began ruling personally, with his mother assuming a more advisory role.[6] She continued to have a strong influence on the king until her death in 1252.[4][7]

Marriage
On 27 May 1234, Louis married Margaret of Provence (1221 – 21 December 1295), whose sister Eleanor later became the wife of Henry III of England. The new queen's religious devotion made her a well suited partner for the king. He enjoyed her company, and was pleased to show her the many public works he was making in Paris, both for its defense and for its health. They enjoyed riding together, reading, and listening to music. This attention raised a certain amount of jealousy in his mother, who tried to keep them apart as much as she could.[8]

Disputation of Paris
In the 1230s, Nicholas Donin, a Jewish convert to Christianity, translated the Talmud and pressed 35 charges against it to Pope Gregory IX by quoting a series of blasphemous passages about Jesus, Mary or Christianity. There is a Talmudic passage, for example, where Jesus of Nazareth is sent to Hell to be boiled in excrement for eternity. Donin also selected an injunction of the Talmud that permits Jews to kill non-Jews. This led to the Disputation of Paris, which took place in 1240 at the court of Louis IX, where rabbi Yechiel of Paris defended the Talmud against the accusations of Nicholas Donin. The translation of the Talmud from Judeo Aramaic to a non-Jewish, profane language was seen by Jews as a profound violation. The disputation led to the condemnation of the Talmud and the burning of thousands of copies.[9]

Crusading
When Louis was 15, his mother brought an end to the Albigensian Crusade in 1229 after signing an agreement with Count Raymond VII of Toulouse that cleared the latter's father of wrongdoing.[10] Raymond VI of Toulouse had been suspected of murdering a preacher on a mission to convert the Cathars.[11] Louis went on two crusades, in his mid-30s in 1248 (Seventh Crusade), and then again in his mid-50s in 1270 (Eighth Crusade).

Seventh Crusade
In 1248 Louis decided that his obligations as a son of the Church outweighed those of his throne, and he left his kingdom for a six year adventure. Since the base of Muslim power had shifted to Egypt, Louis did not even march on the Holy Land; any war against Islam now fit the definition of a Crusade.[12]

Louis and his followers landed in Egypt on 5 June 1249 and began his first crusade with the rapid capture of the port of Damietta.[12][13] This attack caused some disruption in the Muslim Ayyubid empire, especially as the current sultan, Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub, was on his deathbed. However, the march from Damietta toward Cairo through the Nile River Delta went slowly. The rising of the Nile and the summer heat made it impossible for them to advance and follow up on their success.[14] During this time, the Ayyubid sultan died, and the sultan's wife Shajar al-Durr set in motion a sudden power shift that would make her Queen and eventually place the Egyptian army of the Mamluks in power. On 6 April 1250 Louis lost his army at the Battle of Al Mansurah[15] and was captured by the Egyptians. His release was eventually negotiated in return for a ransom of 400,000 livres tournois (at the time France's annual revenue was only about 1,250,000 livres tournois) and the surrender of the city of Damietta.[16]

Four years in Palestine
Following his release from Egyptian captivity, Louis spent four years in the Latin kingdoms of Acre, Caesarea, and Jaffa, using his wealth to assist the Crusaders in rebuilding their defences[17] and conducting diplomacy with the Islamic powers of Syria and Egypt. In the spring of 1254 he and his army returned to France.[12] Louis exchanged multiple letters and emissaries with Mongol rulers of the period. During his first crusade in 1248, Louis was approached by envoys from Eljigidei, the Mongol military commander stationed in Armenia and Persia.[18] Eljigidei suggested that King Louis should land in Egypt, while Eljigidei attacked Baghdad, to prevent the Saracens of Egypt and those of Syria from joining forces. Louis sent André de Longjumeau, a Dominican priest, as an emissary to the Great Khan Güyük Khan (r. 1246-48) in Mongolia. Güyük died before the emissary arrived at his court, however, and nothing concrete occurred. Instead his queen and now regent, Oghul Qaimish, politely turned down the diplomatic offer.[19]

Louis dispatched another envoy to the Mongol court, the Franciscan William of Rubruck, who went to visit the Great Khan Möngke (1251-1259) in Mongolia. He spent several years at the Mongol court. In 1259, Berke, the ruler of the Golden Horde, westernmost part of the Mongolian Empire, demanded the submission of Louis.[20] On the contrary, Mongolian Emperors Möngke and Khubilai's brother, the Ilkhan Hulegu, sent a letter seeking military assistance from the king of France, but the letter did not reach France.[21]

Eighth Crusade In a parliament held at Paris, 24 March 1267, Louis and his three sons took the cross. On hearing the reports of the missionaries, Louis resolved to land at Tunis, and he ordered his younger brother, Charles of Anjou, to join him there. The crusaders, among whom was Prince Edward of England, landed at Carthage 17 July 1270, but disease broke out in the camp. Many died of dysentery, and on 25 August, Louis himself died.[17][22]

Patron of arts and arbiter of Europe
Louis' patronage of the arts drove much innovation in Gothic art and architecture, and the style of his court radiated throughout Europe by both the purchase of art objects from Parisian masters for export, and by the marriage of the king's daughters and female relatives to foreign husbands and their subsequent introduction of Parisian models elsewhere. Louis' personal chapel, the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, was copied more than once by his descendants elsewhere. Louis most likely ordered the production of the Morgan Bible, a masterpiece of medieval painting.

During the so-called "golden century of Saint Louis", the kingdom of France was at its height in Europe, both politically and economically. Saint Louis was regarded as "primus inter pares", first among equals, among the kings and rulers of the continent. He commanded the largest army and ruled the largest and wealthiest kingdom, the European centre of arts and intellectual thought at the time. The foundations for the famous college of theology later known as the Sorbonne were laid in Paris about the year 1257.[14] The prestige and respect felt in Europe for King Louis IX were due more to the attraction that his benevolent personality created rather than to military domination. For his contemporaries, he was the quintessential example of the Christian prince and embodied the whole of Christendom in his person. His reputation for saintliness and fairness was already well established while he was alive, and on many occasions he was chosen as an arbiter in quarrels among the rulers of Europe.[6]

Shortly before 1256, Enguerrand IV, Lord of Coucy, arrested and without trial hanged three young squires of Laon whom he accused of poaching in his forest. In 1256 Louis had him arrested and brought to the Louvre by his sergeants. Enguerrand demanded judgment by his peers and trial by battle, which the king refused because he thought it obsolete. Enguerrand was tried, sentenced, and ordered to pay 12,000 livres. Part of the money was to pay for masses in perpetuity for the men he had hanged.

In 1258, Louis and James I of Aragon signed the Treaty of Corbeil, under which Louis renounced his feudal overlordship over the County of Barcelona and Roussillon, which was held by the King of Aragon. James in turn renounced his feudal overlordship over several counties in southern France including Provence and Languedoc. In 1259 Louis signed the Treaty of Paris, by which Henry III of England was confirmed in his possession of territories in southwestern France and Louis received the provinces of Anjou, Normandy (Normandie), Poitou, Maine, and Touraine.[4]

Religious nature
The perception of Louis IX as the exemplary Christian prince was reinforced by his religious zeal. Louis was a devout Catholic, and he built the Sainte-Chapelle ("Holy Chapel"),[6] located within the royal palace complex (now the Paris Hall of Justice), on the Île de la Cité in the centre of Paris. The Sainte Chapelle, a perfect example of the Rayonnant style of Gothic architecture, was erected as a shrine for what he believed to be the Crown of Thorns and a fragment of the True Cross, supposed precious relics of the Passion of Jesus. Louis purchased these in 1239–41 from Emperor Baldwin II of the Latin Empire of Constantinople, for the exorbitant sum of 135,000 livres (the construction of the chapel, for comparison, cost only 60,000 livres). Louis IX took very seriously his mission as "lieutenant of God on Earth", with which he had been invested when he was crowned in Reims. To fulfill his duty, he conducted two crusades, and even though they were unsuccessful, they contributed to his prestige. Everything he did was for the glory of God and for the good of his people. He protected the poor and was never heard speak ill of anyone. He excelled in penance and had a great love for the Church. He was merciful even to rebels. When he was urged to put to death a prince who had followed his father in rebellion, he refused, saying: "A son cannot refuse to obey his father."[5]

In 1230 the King forbade all forms of usury, defined at the time as any taking of interest. Where the original Jewish and Lombard borrowers could not be found, Louis exacted from the lenders a contribution towards the crusade which Pope Gregory was then trying to launch.[14] Louis also ordered, at the urging of Pope Gregory IX, the burning in Paris in 1243 of some 12,000 manuscript copies of the Talmud and other Jewish books. Eventually, the edict against the Talmud was overturned by Gregory IX's successor, Innocent IV.[23]

In addition to Louis' legislation against usury, he expanded the scope of the Inquisition in France. The area most affected by this expansion was southern France where the Cathar heresy had been strongest. The rate of these confiscations reached its highest levels in the years before his first crusade, and slowed upon his return to France in 1254. In 1250, he headed a crusade, but was taken prisoner. During his captivity, he recited the Divine Office every day. After his release, he visited the Holy Land before returning to France.[5] In all these deeds, Louis IX tried to fulfill the duty of France, which was seen as "the eldest daughter of the Church" (la fille aînée de l'Église), a tradition of protector of the Church going back to the Franks and Charlemagne, who had been crowned by the Pope Leo III in Rome in 800. Indeed, the official Latin title of the kings of France was Rex Francorum, i.e. "king of the Franks" (until Louis' grandfather's reign, Philip II whose seal reads Rex Franciae, i.e. "king of France"), and the kings of France were also known by the title "most Christian king" (Rex Christianissimus). The relationship between France and the papacy was at its peak in the 12th and 13th centuries, and most of the crusades were actually called by the popes from French soil. Eventually, in 1309, Pope Clement V even left Rome and relocated to the French city of Avignon, beginning the era known as the Avignon Papacy (or, more disparagingly, the "Babylonian captivity").

He was renowned for his charity. Beggars were fed from his table, he ate their leavings, washed their feet, ministered to the wants of the lepers, and daily fed over one hundred poor. He founded many hospitals and houses: the House of the Filles-Dieu for reformed prostitutes; the Quinze-Vingt for 300 blind men (1254), hospitals at Pontoise, Vernon, Compiégne.[24]

St. Louis installed a house of the Trinitarian Order in his château of Fontainebleau. He chose Trinitarians as his chaplains, and was accompanied by them on his crusades. In his spiritual testament he wrote: "My dearest son, you should permit yourself to be tormented by every kind of martyrdom before you would allow yourself to commit a mortal sin."[5]

Children
1. Blanche (12 July/4 December[25] 1240 – 29 April 1243), died in infancy.
2. Isabella (2 March 1241 – 28 January 1271), married Theobald II of Navarre.
3. Louis (23 September 1243/24 February 1244[25] – 11 January/2 February 1260). Betrothed to Berengaria of Castile in Paris on 20 August 1255.[25]
4. Philip III (1 May 1245 – 5 October 1285), married firstly to Isabella of Aragon in 1262 and secondly to Maria of Brabant in 1274.
5. John (1246/1247[25] – 10 March 1248), died in infancy.
6. John Tristan (8 April 1250 – 3 August 1270), Count of Valois, married Yolande of Burgundy.
7. Peter (1251 – 6/7 April 1284), Count of Perche and Alençon, married Joanne of Châtillon.
8. Blanche (early 1253[25] – 17 June 1320), married Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castile.
9. Margaret (early 1255[25] – July 1271), married John I, Duke of Brabant.
10. Robert (1256 – 7 February 1317), Count of Clermont, married Beatrice of Burgundy. The French crown devolved upon his male-line descendant, Henry IV, when the legitimate male line of Robert's older brother Philip III died out in 1589.
11. Agnes (1260 – 19/20 December 1327[25]), married Robert II, Duke of Burgundy. Louis had his two children that died in infancy to be buried at the Cistercian abbey of Royaumont; in 1820 they were transferred to Saint-Denis Basilica.[26]

Death and legacy
During his second crusade, Louis died at Tunis on 25 August 1270, in an epidemic of dysentery that swept through his army.[22][27][28] As Tunis was Muslim territory, his body was subject to the process known as mosTeutonicus (a postmortem funerary custom used in medieval Europe whereby the flesh was boiled from the body, so that the bones of the deceased could be transported hygienically from distant lands back home) for its transportation back to France.[29] He was succeeded by his son, Philip III.

His heart and intestines, however, were conveyed by his younger brother, Charles of Anjou, for burial in the cathedral of Monreale near Palermo.[30] His bones were carried in a lengthy processional across Sicily, Italy, the Alps, and France, until they were interred in the royal necropolis at Saint-Denis in May 1271.[31] Charles and Philip later disbursed a number of relics to promote his veneration.[32]

Veneration as a saint
Pope Boniface VIII proclaimed the canonization of Louis in 1297;[33] he is the only French king to be declared a saint.[34] Louis IX is often considered the model of the ideal Christian monarch.[33] The impact of his canonization was so great that many of his successors were named Louis. Named in his honour, the Sisters of Charity of St. Louis is a Roman Catholic religious order founded in Vannes, France, in 1803.[35] A similar order, the Sisters of St Louis, was founded in Juilly in 1842.[36][37]

He is honoured as co-patron of the Third Order of St. Francis, which claims him as a member of the Order. Even in childhood, his compassion for the poor and suffering people had been obvious to all who knew him and when he became king, over a hundred poor people ate in his house on ordinary days. Often the king served these guests himself. Such acts of charity, coupled with Louis' devout religious practices, gave rise to the legend that he joined the Third Order of St. Francis. Though it is unlikely that Louis did join the order, his life and actions proclaimed him one of them in spirit.[2]

Places named after Saint Louis
The cities of San Luis Potosí in Mexico; St. Louis, Missouri; St. Louis Park, Minnesota; St. Louis, Michigan; San Luis, Arizona; San Luis, Colorado; Saint-Louis du Sénégal; Saint- Louis in Alsace; as well as Lake Saint-Louis in Quebec, the Mission San Luis Rey de Francia in California and São Luís, Maranhão in Brazil are among the many places named after the French king and saint.

The Cathedral Saint-Louis in Versailles; the Basilica of St. Louis, King of France completed in 1834 and the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis completed in 1914, both in St. Louis, Missouri; and the St. Louis Cathedral, New Orleans were also named for the king. The French royal Order of Saint Louis (1693–1790 and 1814–1830), the Île Saint- Louis as well as a hospital in the 10th arrondissement of Paris also bear his name. The national church of France in Rome also carries his name: San Luigi dei Francesi in Italian or Saint Louis of France in English. Also the Cathedral of St Louis in Plovdiv, Bulgaria, the Church of St Louis in Moscow, Russia, and rue Saint Louis of Pondicherry Port-Louis, the capital city of Mauritius, as well as its cathedral are also named after St. Louis, who is the patron saint of the island.

References
1. Vie de St Louis, ed. H.-F. Delaborde, Paris, 1899
2. "Saint Louis, King of France, Archdiocese of St. Louis, MO .("http://archstl.org/becomingcatholic/page/saint-louis-king-france). Retrieved 29 September 2014.
3. Plaque in the church, Collégiale Notre-Dame, Poiss,y France.
4. "Louis IX". Encarta. Microsoft Corporation. 2008.
5. Fr. Paolo O. Pirlo, SHMI (1997). "St. Louis".M y First Book of Saints. Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate - Quality Catholic Publications. pp. 193–194.I SBN 971-91595-4-5.
6. "Goyau, Georges. "St. Louis IX." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 24 Feb. 2013" (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09368a.htm). Retrieved 29 September 2014.
7. Shadis 2010, p. 17-19.
8. Goldstone 2007, p. 27-35.
9. Naomi Seidman, Faithful Renderings: Jewish-Christian Diffeernce and the Politics of Translation, pp. 136-138 (https://books.google.com/books?id=rZGx-bS3vcgC&pg=P A137&dq=disputation+of+paris&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=g6hLVb4r59-wBNKegdgG&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=disputation%20of%20paris&f=false)
10. Goldstone 2007, p. 17.
11. Goldstone 2007, p. 11.
12. "Crusades: Crusades of the 13th century".E ncarta. Microsoft Corporation. 2008.
13. Tyerman, p. 787
14. "Lives of Saints, John J. Crawley & Co., Inc. "(http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/LOUIS.HTM). Retrieved 29 September 2014.
15. Dupuy 1993, p. 417.
16. Tyerman, pp. 789–798
17. "Bréhier, Louis. "Crusades." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 24 Feb. 2013" (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04543c.htm). Retrieved 29 September 2014.
18. Jackson 1980, p. 481-513.
9. The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asi a(https://books.google.com/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC&pg=AP273&lpg=PA273&dq=berke+khan+demanded+louis+IX&source=bl&ots=xlRvrweS3U&sigY=qP4Sw-4Wlk-gQ0vU8UPw5ERUIY&hl=mn&sa=X&ei=NUh-UrvEFcqotAangYGgBA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=berke%20khan%20demanded%20louis%20IX&f=false). Retrieved 29 September 2014.
20. Denis Sinor - The Mongols in the West. Journal of Asian History v.33 n.1 (1999)
21. Aigle, Denise (2005). "The Letters of Eljigidei, H¨uleg¨u and Abaqa: Mongol overtures or Christiane Vntriloquism?" (http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/38/19/67/PDF/InnerAsia.pd f()PDF). Inner Asia. 7 (2): 143–162. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
22. Magill & Aves, p. 606.
23. "The Pope Who Saved the Talmud" (http://5tjt.com/the-pope-who-saved-the-talmud/.) The 5 Towns Jewish Times. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
24. "Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Louis IX" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Louis_IX).
25. "Capetian Kings" (http://www.fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/CAPET.htm#_Toc154137008). Retrieved 29 September 2014.
26. Brown 1990, p. 810.
27. Cross & Livingstone, p. 1004.
28. Lock, p. 183.
29. Westerhof 2008, p. 79.
30. Gaposchkin, p. 28.
31. Gaposchkin, pp. 28–29.
32. Gaposchkin, pp. 28–30; 76.
33. Louis IX, Oxford Dictionary of Saints, (Oxford University Press, 2004), 326.
34. "Louis". The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia. 7 (15 ed.). 1993. p. 497. ISBN 9780852295717.
35. "Who We Are" (http://www.soeursdelacharitestlouis.org/en/content/who-we-are). Sisters of Charity of St. Louis. 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
36. "Our Father and Patron St. Louis / St. Louis, King of France, 1214-1270 ADS"t . Louis Handbook for Schools. Sisters of St Louis. p. 8.
37. "Our history" (http://stlouissisters.org/about-us/our-history). Sisters of St Louis. 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2017.

Bibliography
Brown, Elizabeth A. R. (Autumn 1990). "Authority, the Family, and the Dead in Late Medieval France". French Historical Studies. 16 (4).

Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192802909.

Davis, Jennifer R. (Autumn 2010). "The Problem of King Louis IX of France: Biography, Sanctity, and Kingship". Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 41 (2): 209–225. doi:10.1162/JINH_a_00050.

Dupuy, Trevor N. (1993). The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History. HarperCollins.

Gaposchkin, M. Cecilia. (2008). The Making of Saint Louis: Kingship, Sanctity, and Crusade in the Later Middle Ages. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801476259.

Goldstone, Nancy (2007). Four Queens: The Provençal Sisters who ruled Europe. New York: Viking Penguin. ISBN 9780670038435.

Jackson, Peter (July 1980). "The Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260". The English Historical Review. 95 (376): 481–513. ISSN 0013-8266. JSTOR 568054. doi:10.1093/ehr/XCV.CCCLXXVI.481.

Jordan, William Chester (1979). Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade: A Study in Rulership. Princeton.

Le Goff, Jacques (2009). Saint Louis. University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 0268033811.

Lock, Peter (2013). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. ISBN 1135131376.

Magill, Frank Northen; Aves, Alison, eds. (1998). Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages. 2. Routledge. ISBN 1579580416.

Shadis, Miriam (2010). Berenguela of Castile (1180–1246) and Political Women in the High Middle Ages. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-23473-7.

Streyer, J.R. (1962). "The Crusades of Louis IX". In Setton, K.M. A History of the Crusades. Philadelphia.

Westerhof, Danielle (16 October 2008). Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England. Boydell Press. ISBN 1843834162.

External links
John de Joinville. Memoirs of Louis IX, King of France. Chronicle, 1309.
Saint Louis in Medieval History of Navarre
Site about The Saintonge War between Louis IX of France and
Henry III of England.
Account of the first Crusade of Saint Louis from the perspective of the Arabs..
A letter from Guy, a knight, concerning the capture of Damietta on the sixth Crusade with a speech delivered by Saint Louis to his men.
Etext full version of the Memoirs of the Lord of Joinville, a biography of Saint Louis written by one of his knights
"St. Lewis, King of France", Butler's Lives of the Saints
"Man of the Middle Ages, Saint Louis, King of France", Archdiocese of St. Louis, MO

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Louis married de Provence, Marguerite Berenger on 27 May 1234 in Sens Cathedral, Sens, Ille-et-Vilaine, Bretagne, France. Marguerite (daughter of Berenger, Count Raimund IV and de Savoie, Countess Béatrice) was born in 1221 in Forcalquier, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France; died on 20 Dec 1295 in Poor Clares Monastery (demolished), Paris, Île-de-France, France; was buried on 28 Dec 1295 in Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Nickname: The Bold
• FSID: 936P-BMS
• Appointments / Titles: Between 25 Aug 1270 and 5 Oct 1285; King of France

Notes:

Philip III of France
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

King of France
Reign 25 August 1270 – 5 October 1285
Coronation 30 August 1271
Predecessor Louis IX
Successor Philip IV
Born 30 April 1245 Poissy
Died 5 October 1285 (aged 40) Perpignan
Burial Initially Narbonne, later Saint DenisBasilica
Spouse Isabella of Aragon
Maria of Brabant
Issue Louis of France
Philip IV of France
Charles, Count of Valois
Louis, Count of Évreux
Blanche, Duchess of Austria
Margaret, Queen of England
House Capet
Father Louis IX of France
Mother Margaret of Provence
Religion Roman Catholicism

Philip III of France
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Philippe III redirects here. It can also refer to Philippe III de Croÿ and Philippe III, Duke of Orléans.
Philip III (30 April 1245 – 5 October 1285), called the Bold
(French: le Hardi),[1] was King of France from 1270 to 1285,
a member of the House of Capet.
Philip proved indecisive, soft in nature, and timid. The strong
personalities of his parents apparently crushed him, and
policies of his father dominated him. People called him "the
Bold" on the basis of his abilities in combat and on
horseback and not on the basis of his political or personal
character. He was pious but not cultivated. He followed the
suggestions of others, first of Pierre de La Broce and then of
his uncle King Charles I of Naples, Sicily, and Albania.
His father, Louis IX, died in Tunis during the Eighth
Crusade. Philip, who was accompanying him, came back to
France to claim his throne and was anointed at Reims in
1271.
Philip made numerous territorial acquisitions during his
reign, the most notable being the County of Toulouse which
was annexed to the Crown lands of France in 1271.
Following the Sicilian Vespers, a rebellion triggered by Peter
III of Aragon against Philip's uncle Charles I of Naples,
Philip led an unsuccessful Aragonese Crusade in support of
his uncle. Philip was forced to retreat and died from dysentry
in Perpignan in 1285. He was succeeded by his son Philip the
Fair.
Contents
1 Biography
1.1 Early life
1.2 Advent of Sorrow
1.3 Inheritances
1.4 Sicilian Vespers
1.5 Family matters
1.6 Aragonese Crusade and death
2 Review from Dante
3 Marriage and children
4 Ancestry
5 Notes
6 Sources
Biography
Early life
Philip was born in Poissy to King Saint Louis IX of France[2] and Margaret of Provence, queen consort of
France. As a younger son, Philip was not expected to rule a kingdom. At the death of his elder brother Louis in
1260, he became the heir to the throne. He was then 15 years old and has less skill than his brother, being of a
gentle character, submissive, timid and versatile, almost crushed by the strong personalities of his parents.
His mother Margaret made him promise to remain under her tutelage until the age of 30, but his father King
Louis had him released from this oath by the pope, preferring to improve his son through education. Pope
Urban IV released Philip from his oath on June 6, 1263. From 1268 Pierre de La Brosse became mentor. Saint
Louis also provided him his own advice, writing in particular Enseignements, which inculcate primarily the
notion of justice as the first duty of the king. He also received a very faith-oriented education. Guillaume
d'Ercuis was also his chaplain before being the tutor of his son, the future king Philip IV.
Advent of Sorrow
Following the Treaty of Corbeil (1258), concluded on March 11, 1258 between James I of Aragon and his
father, Philip was married in 1262 to Isabella of Aragon in Clermont by the archbishop of Rouen Eudes Rigaud.
As Count of Orléans, he accompanied his father to the Eighth Crusade in Tunis, 1270. Shortly before his
departure, St. Louis had given the regency of the kingdom into the hands of Mathieu de Vendôme and Simon II
de Clermont-Nesle, Count of Clermont, to whom he had also entrusted the royal seal. After taking Carthage,
the army was struck by an epidemic of dysentery, which spared neither Philip nor his family. His brother John
Tristan, Count of Valois died first, on August 3, and on August 25 the king died.[3] To prevent putrefaction of
the remains of the sovereign, they recoursed to Mos Teutonicus.
Philip, then 25 years old, was proclaimed king in Tunis. With neither great personality or will, very pious, but a
good rider, he owed his nickname of "Bold" to his valor in combat than strength of character. He was unable to
command the troops at the death of his father. He left his uncle Charles I of Naples to negotiate with
Muhammad I al-Mustansir, Hafsid Sultan of Tunis; there was a truce of ten years which allowed him to return
to France. He got the payment of tribute from the caliph of Tunis in exchange for the departure of the crusaders.
A treaty was concluded October 28, 1270 between the kings of France, Sicily and Navarre and the barons on
one hand and the caliph of Tunis on the other.
Other deaths followed this debacle. In December, in Trapani, Sicily, the brother-in-law of Philip, King
Theobald II of Navarre is dead. He was quickly followed to the grave by Philip's sister Isabella. Finally, a
month later, in Calabria, his wife Isabella, while pregnant with their fifth child, fell off her horse. She broke her
spine, miscarried and died in terrible pain at Cosenza.
Philip III arrived in Paris on May 21, 1271, and made foremost tribute to the deceased. The next day the funeral
of his father was held. The new sovereign was crowned King of France in Reims 15 August 1271.
Inheritances
Alphonse, Count of Poitiers and Toulouse, uncle of the newly crowned king Philip III, returning from the
crusade, died childless in Italy on 21 August 1271. Philip inherited the counties from his uncle and united them
to the Crown lands of France, the royal domain. His inheritance included a portion of Auvergne, then the Terre
royale d'Auvergne, later the Duchy of Auvergne. In accordance with wishes of Alphonse, he granted the Comtat
Venaissin to Blessed Pope Gregory X in 1274. This inheritance also included the Agenais. Several years of
negotiations yielded the Treaty of Amiens (1279) with King Edward I of England, which restored this territory
to the English.
Sicilian Vespers
King Philip III of France meanwhile supported policy of his uncle, King Charles I of Naples, Sicily, and
Albania, in Italy.
Marriage of Philip and Marie of
Brabant, Queen of France
King Peter III of Aragon and Valencia in 1282 triggered the Sicilian Vespers rebellion against King Charles I of
Naples, Sicily, and Albania. The success of rebellion and invasion led to the coronation of Peter III of Aragon
as king of Sicily therefore beginning the dynasty of the House of Barcelona in Sicily.
King Peter II of Aragon in 1205 put his realm under the suzerainty of the pope. Pope Martin IV
excommunicated king Peter III of Aragon, the conqueror, and declared his kingdom forfeit.[4] The pope then
granted Aragon to Charles, Count of Valois, son of Philip III, king of France.
Family matters
Joan I of Navarre, daughter of the deceased king Henry I of Navarre, reigned as queen regnant of Navarre.
Philip IV of France, son of Philip III and heir to the French throne, took her as his wife in 1284 per the Treaty
of Orléans signed by Philip III and Joan's mother, Blanche of Artois.
In 1284, Peter, Count of Perche and Alençon, died without surviving children; therefore, his oldest living
brother, Philip III, king of France, inherited his domains.
Aragonese Crusade and death
Philip III of France in 1284 responded to the Sicilian Vespers in support
of his partially dethroned uncle. With his sons, the king entered
Roussillon at the head of a large army on the ultimately unsuccessful
Aragonese Crusade. The war took the name "crusade" from its papal
sanction; nevertheless, one historian labelled it "perhaps the most
unjust, unnecessary and calamitous enterprise ever undertaken by the
Capetian monarchy.".[5] On 26 June 1285, Philip III the Bold
entrenched himself before Girona in an attempt to besiege the city.
Despite the strong resistance, the French took Girona on 7 September
1285.
Philip quickly experienced a reversal, however, as an epidemic of
dysentery hit hard the French camp. The disease afflicted king Philip III
personally. The French retreated, and the Aragonese enemy handily
defeated the French at the Battle of the Col de Panissars on 1 October
1285.
Philip III died of dysentery in Perpignan, the capital of his ally James II of Majorca, on 5 October 1285. His
son, Philip IV of France the Fair, succeeded him as king of France. The attempt of Philip to conquer Aragon
nearly bankrupted the French monarchy, causing challenges for his successor.[6]
Following the Mos Teutonicus custom, his body was divided in several parts buried in different places : the
flesh was sent to the Narbonne Cathedral, the entrails to La Noë abbey in Normandy, his heart to the nowdemolished
church of the Couvent des Jacobins in Paris and his bones to Basilica of St Denis, at the time north
of Paris.[7]
Review from Dante
In Divine Comedy, Dante envisions the spirit of Philip outside the gates of Purgatory with a number of other
contemporary European rulers. Dante does not name Philip directly, but refers to him as "the small-nosed"[8]
and "the father of the Pest of France," a reference to king Philip IV of France.
Marriage and children
On 28 May 1262, Philip married Isabella, daughter of King James I of Aragon and his second wife Yolande of
Hungary.[9] They had the following children:
1. Louis (died May 1276). He was poisoned, possibly by orders of his stepmother.
2. Philip IV of France (1268 – 29 November 1314), his successor, married Joan I of Navarre
3. Robert (1269–1271)
4. Charles, Count of Valois (12 March 1270 – 16 December 1325), Count of Valois from 1284, married first
to Margaret of Anjou in 1290, second to Catherine I of Courtenay in 1302, and last to Mahaut of
Chatillon in 1308
5. Stillborn son (1271)
After death of Queen Isabella, he married on 21 August 1274 Marie, daughter of the late Henry III, Duke of
Brabant, and Adelaide of Burgundy, Duchess of Brabant. Their children were:
1. Louis, Count of Évreux (May 1276 – 19 May 1319), Count of Évreux from 1298, married Margaret of
Artois
2. Blanche of France, Duchess of Austria (1278 – 19 March 1305, Vienna), married the duke, the future
king Rudolf I of Bohemia and Poland, on 25 May 1300.
3. Margaret of France, Queen of England (1282 – 14 February 1318), married king Edward I of England on
8 September 1299
Ancestry
Ancestors of Philip III of France
16. Louis VII of France
8. Philip II of France
17. Adela of Champagne
4. Louis VIII of France
18. Baldwin V of Hainaut
9. Isabella of Hainaut
19. Margaret I of Flanders
2. Louis IX of France
20. Sancho III of Castile
10. Alfonso VIII of Castile
21. Blanche of Navarre
5. Blanche of Castile
22. Henry II of England
11. Eleanor of England
23. Eleanor of Aquitaine
1. Philip III of France
24. Alfonso II of Aragon
12. Alfonso II of Provence
25. Sancha of Castile
6. Ramon Berenguer IV of Provence
26. Rainer of Sabran
13. Garsenda of Sabran
27. Garsenda of Forcalquier
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Philip III of
France.
3. Margaret of Provence
28. Humbert III, Count of Savoy
14. Thomas, Count of Savoy
29. Beatrice of Viennois
7. Beatrice of Savoy
30. William I of Geneva
15. Margaret of Geneva
31. Beatrice of Faucigny
Notes
1. Elizabeth M. Hallam, Capetian France: 987-1328, (Longman House, 1980), 275.
2. Jim Bradbury, The Capetians: The History of a Dynasty, (Continuum, 2007), 237.
3. The disease in question was eitherd ysentery or typhus; Riley-Smith 2005, pp. 210–211
4. Jim Bradbury, The Capetians: The History of a Dynasty, 239.
5. Chaytor, p 105.
6. Jonathan Sumption, The Hundred Years War:Trial by Battle, Vol. I, (Faber and Faber Limited, 1990), 24.
7. Cárdenas, Fabricio (2014). 66 petites histoires du Pays Catalan [66 Little Stories of Catalan Country] (in French).
Perpignan: Ultima Necat. ISBN 978-2-36771-006-8. OCLC 893847466 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/893847466).
8. Philip III, Yolanda de Pontfarcy, The Dante Encyclopedia, ed. Richard Lansing, (Routledge, 2010), 691.
9. Philip III the Bold, William Chester Jordan, Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, ed. William W. Kibler and Grover A.
Zinn, (Routledge, 2007), 727.
Sources
Chaytor, H. J. A History of Aragon and Catalonia. 1933.
Philip III of France
House of Capet
Born: 30 April 1245 Died: 5 October 1285
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Louis IX
King of France
25 August 1270 – 5 October 1285
Succeeded by
Philip IV
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_III_of_France&oldid=764586946"
Categories: 1245 births 1285 deaths People from Poissy Burials at the Basilica of St Denis
Roman Catholic monarchs House of Capet Counts of Orléans Kings of France
Christians of the Eighth Crusade People of the War of the Sicilian Vespers
13th-century monarchs in Europe 13th-century French people Deaths from dysentery
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From Life Sketch

Philip III, called the Bold, was a Capetian King of France who reigned from 1270 to 1285. Philip proved indecisive, soft in nature, and timid. He was born 30 April, 1245 in Poissy France. His parents were Louis IX King of France and Margaret of Provence.
He married Isabella of Aragon in 1262. Philip, the second son of Louis IX of France (Saint Louis), became heir to the throne on the death of his elder brother Louis (1260).

While accompanying his father on the Eighth Crusade in Tunis in 1270, his father King Louis IX died of dysentery. Phillip was proclaimed king in Tunis.
Phillip, then 25, with neither a great personality, will or piousness, was a good rider. He owed his nickname "Bold" to his valor in combat rather than strength of character. Other deaths in his family followed that year. In December, in Sicily, his brother-in-law, King Thepbald II of Navarre died. Then Philip's sister Isabella. And tragically, a month later, in Calabria, his wife Isabella, while pregnant with their fifth child, fell off her horse. She broke her spine, miscarried and died in terrible pain at Cosenza..
Philip III arrived in Paris on May 21, 1271, and made foremost tribute to the deceased. The next day the funeral of his father was held. The new sovereign was crowned King of France in Reims 15 August 1271.
Philip continued his father’s highly successful administration by keeping in office his able and experienced household clerks. Philip was less successful militarily. In 1276 he declared war to support the claims of his nephews as heirs in Castile but soon abandoned the venture. In 1284, at the instigation of Pope Martin IV, Philip launched a campaign against Peter III of Aragon, as part of the War of the Sicilian Vespers, in which the Aragonese opposed the Angevin rulers of Sicily. Philip crossed the Pyrenees with his army in May 1285, but the atrocities perpetrated by his forces provoked a guerrilla uprising. After a meaningless victory at Gerona and the destruction of his fleet at Las Hormigas, Philip was forced to retreat. Philip III died of dysentery on 5 October 1285. His son, Philip IV of France, "the Fair", succeeded him as king of France. The attempt of Philip to conquer Aragon nearly bankrupted the French monarchy, causing challenges for his successor.
Following the Mos Teutonicus custom, his body was divided in several parts and buried in different places : the flesh was sent to the Narbonne Cathedral, the entrails to La Noë abbey in Normandy, his heart to the now-demolished church of the Couvent des Jacobins in Paris and his bones to Basilica of St. Denis, at the time north of Paris.
It is through Phillip's 1st marriage to Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France, daughter of King James I of Aragon that is our genealogical connection (through their 2nd son Philip IV King of France. They had 5 children: 1) Louis (died May 1276 poisoned, possibly by orders of his stepmother. 2) Philip IV of France (our connection), 3) Robert (1269-1271), 4) Charles, Count of Valois and 5) a stillborn child in 1271. After Isabella's death, Phillip remarried and had additional children.

Philip married de Aragon, Queen of France Isabella on 4 Jun 1262 in Clermont, Puy-de-Dôme, Auvergne, France. Isabella was born in 1243 in Montpellier, Hérault, Languedoc-Roussillon, France; died on 5 Feb 1271 in Cosenza, Calabria, Italy; was buried in Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Philip married de Brabant, Maria on 21 Aug 1274 in Vincennes, Val-de-Marne, Île-de-France, France. Maria (daughter of van Brabant, Hendrik III and de Bourgogne, Duchess Adélaïde) was born on 13 May 1254 in Leuven, Vlaams-Brabant, Belgium; died on 12 Jan 1322 in Les Mureaux, Yvelines, Île-de-France, France; was buried after 12 Jan 1322 in Cordelier Convent, Paris, Île-de-France, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Princess of France
• Appointments / Titles: Queen of England
• FSID: LC7V-1ZJ
• Occupation: Peerage of England
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Sep 1299 and 7 Jul 1307; Queen of England

Notes:

Margaret of France, Queen of England
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tenure 8 September 1299 – 7 July 1307
Born c. 1279 Paris, France
Died 14 February 1318 Marlborough Castle, Wiltshire
Burial Christ Church Greyfriars, Newgate
Spouse Edward I of England
Issue Thomas, Earl of Norfolk
Edmund, Earl of Kent
House Capet
Father Philip III of France
Mother Maria of Brabant

Margaret of France (c. 1279 – 14 February 1318)[1] was Queen of England as the second wife of King Edward I. She was a daughter of Philip III of France and Maria of Brabant,

Early life
Her father died when she was three years old and she grew up under guidance of her mother and Joan I of Navarre, her half-brother King Philip IV's wife.[2]

Marriage
The death of Edward's beloved first wife, Eleanor of Castile, at the age of 49 in 1290, left him reeling in grief. However, it was much to Edward's benefit to make peace with France to free him to pursue his wars in Scotland. Additionally, with only one surviving son, Edward was anxious to protect the English throne with additional heirs. In summer of 1291, the English king had betrothed his son and heir, the future Edward II, to Blanche, half-sister to the French King Philip IV, in order to achieve peace with France. However, hearing of her renowned beauty, Edward decided to have his son's bride for his own and sent emissaries to France. Philip agreed to give Blanche to Edward on the conditions that a truce would be concluded between the two countries, and that Edward would give up the province of Gascony.

Edward agreed, and sent his brother Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster, to fetch the new bride. Edward had been deceived, for Blanche was to be married to Rudolph, the eldest son of King Albert I of Germany. Instead, Philip offered her younger sister Margaret to marry Edward (then 55). Upon hearing this, Edward declared war on France, refusing to marry Margaret. After five years, a truce was agreed upon under the influence of Pope Boniface VIII. A series of treaties in the first half of 1299 provided terms for a double marriage: Edward I would marry Margaret and his son would marry Isabella, Philip's only surviving daughter. Additionally, the English monarchy would regain the key territory of Guyenne and receive £15,000 owed to Margaret as well as the return of Eleanor of Castile's lands in Ponthieu and Montreuil as a dower first for Margaret, and then Isabella.[3]

Edward was then 60 years old, at least 40 years older than his bride. The wedding took place at Canterbury on 8 September 1299. Margaret was never crowned due to financial constraints, being the first uncrowned queen since the Conquest. This in no way lessened her dignity as the king's wife, however, for she used the royal title in her letters and documents, and appeared publicly wearing a crown even though she had not received one during a formal rite of investiture.[5]

Edward soon returned to the Scottish border to continue his campaigns and left Margaret in London, but she had become pregnant quickly after the wedding. After several months, bored and lonely, the young queen decided to join her husband. Nothing could have pleased the king more, for Margaret's actions reminded him of his first wife Eleanor, who had had two of her sixteen children abroad.

In less than a year Margaret gave birth to a son, Thomas of Brotherton who was named after Thomas Becket, since she had prayed to him during her pregnancy. That Margaret was physically fit was demonstrated by the fact that she was still hunting when her labour pains started.[6]

The next year she gave birth to another son, Edmund.

Many who fell under the king's wrath were saved from too stern a punishment by the queen's influence over her husband, and the statement, Pardoned solely on the intercession of our dearest consort, queen Margaret of England, appears. In 1305, the young queen acted as a mediator between her step-son and husband, reconciling the heir to his aging father, and calming her husband's wrath.[7]

She favored the Franciscan order and was a benefactress of a new foundation at Newgate. Margaret employed the minstrel Guy de Psaltery and both she and her husband liked to play chess.[8] She and her stepson, the future king Edward II (who was only two years younger than she), also became fond of each other: he once made her a gift of an expensive ruby and gold ring, and she on one occasion rescued many of the prince's friends from the wrath of the King.

The mismatched couple were blissfully happy. When Blanche died in 1305 (her husband never became emperor), Edward ordered all the court to go into mourning to please his queen. He had realised the wife he had gained was "a pearl of great price" as Margaret was respected for her beauty, virtue, and piety. The same year Margaret gave birth to a girl, Eleanor, named in honour of Edward's first wife, a choice which surprised many, and showed Margaret's unjealous nature.

In 1307, Edward went on summer campaign to Scotland. Margaret accompanied him. Edward died in Burgh by Sands.

Widowhood
Margaret never remarried after Edward's death in 1307, despite being only 26 when widowed. She was alleged to have stated that "when Edward died, all men died for me".

Margaret was not pleased when Edward II elevated Piers Gaveston to become Earl of Cornwall upon his father's death, since the title had been meant for one of her own sons.[9] She attended the new king's wedding to her half-niece, Isabella of France, and a silver casket was made with both their arms. After Isabella's coronation, Margaret retired to Marlborough Castle (which was by this time a dower house), but she stayed in touch with the new Queen and with her half-brother Philip IV by letter during the confusing times leading up to Gaveston's death in 1312. Margaret, too, was a victim of Gaveston's influence over her step-son. Edward II gave several of her dower lands to the favourite, including Berkhamsted Castle. In May 1308, an anonymous informer reported that Margaret had provided ₤40,000 along with her brother, Philip IV, to support the English barons against Gaveston.[10] Due to this action, Gaveston was briefly exiled and Margaret remained fairly unmolested by the upstart until his death in June 1312.

She was present at the birth of the future Edward III in November 1312. On 14 February 1318 she died in her castle at Marlborough. Dressed in a Franciscan habit, she was buried at Christ Church Greyfriars in London, a church she had generously endowed. Her tomb, beautifully carved, was destroyed during the Reformation.[11]

Issue
In all, Margaret gave birth to three children:[12]
Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk (1 June 1300 – 4 August 1338)
Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent (5 August 1301 – 19 March 1330)
Eleanor of England (4 May 1306 – 1311)[12] Died at Amesbury Abbey, buried at Beaulieu Abbey. [13]

References
1. Parsons, John Carmi (2004). "Margaret (1279?–1318)" (http://www.oxforddnb.com). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Retrieved January 15, 2008.
2. Hilton, Lisa (2008). Queens Consort: England's Mediaeval Queens. London: Weidenfeld & Nichelson. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-7538-2611-9.
3. Weir, Alison (2005). Queen Isabella: Treachery, Adultery, and Murder in Medieval England. New York: Ballantine Books. pp. 4–5. ISBN 0-345-45319-0.
4. Boutell, Charles (1863), A Manual of Heraldry, Historical and Popular, London: Winsor & Newton, p. 275
5. Williamson, David (1986). Kings and Queens of Britain. Topsfield, MA: Salem House Publ. p. 75. ISBN 0-88162-213-3.
6. Hilton, Lisa (2008). Queens Consort. p. 240.
7. Weir, Alison (2005). Queen Isabella. p. 18.
8. Hilton, Lisa (2008). Queens Consort. p. 241.
9. Hilton, Lisa (2008). Queens Consort. p. 247.
10. Weir, Alison (2005). Queen Isabella. p. 45.
11. Weir, Alison (2005). Queen Isabella. p. 117.
12. Michael Prestwich. Edward I, University of California Press, 1988. pg 131.
13. Alison Weir. Eleanor of England, Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy, page 88.

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Categories: English royal consorts 1318 deaths French princesses House of Capet Irish royal consorts
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Marguerite married Plantagenet, Edward of England I on 8 Sep 1299 in Canterbury Cathedral, Canterbury, Kent, England. Edward (son of of England, Henry III and Berenger, Eleanor) was born on 17 Jun 1239 in Westminster Palace, Westminster, London, England; was christened on 28 Jun 1239 in Westminster, London, England; died on 7 Jul 1307 in Burgh by Sands, Cumberland, England; was buried on 28 Oct 1307 in Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: 93ZS-SVW
• Appointments / Titles: 1 Jun 1300; Prince of England
• Appointments / Titles: 16 Dec 1312; 1st Earl of Norfolk
• Appointments / Titles: 10 Feb 1316; 1st Earl Mashall of England
• Will: 18 Aug 1338, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, England

Notes:

Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk (1 June 1300 – August 1338), was a younger son of King Edward I (1272-1307) by his wife Margaret of France and was a younger half-brother of King Edward II (1307-1327). He occupied the office of Earl Marshal of England.
Born 1 June 1300 Brotherton, Yorkshire
Died 4 August 1338 (aged 38) Framlingham Castle, Suffolk, England
Burial Bury St Edmunds Abbey, Suffolk
Title 1st Earl of Norfolk
Tenure 1312 – 1338
Known for Younger half-brother of Edward II of England
Years active 1316 – 1338
Wars Second War of Scottish Independence
Battle of Halidon Hill
Offices Earl Marshal
Successor Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk
Spouse(s) Alice Hales
Mary Brewes
Issue Edward of Norfolk
Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk
Alice of Norfolk
Parents Edward I of England
Margaret of France

Early life
Thomas of Brotherton, born 1 June 1300, was the fifth son of Edward I, and the eldest son of his second marriage to Margaret (1279?–1318), the daughter of Philippe III of France (d.1285). He was born at the manor house at Brotherton, Yorkshire, while his mother was on her way to Cawood, where her confinement was scheduled to take place. According to Hilton, Margaret was staying at Pontefract Castle and was following a hunt when she went into labour. The chronicler William Rishanger records that during the difficult delivery his mother prayed, as was the custom at the time, to Thomas Becket, and Thomas of Brotherton was thus named after the saint and his place of birth.

Edward I quickly rushed to the queen and the newborn baby and had him presented with two cradles. His brother Edmund was born in the year after that. They were overseen by wet nurses until they were six years old. Like their parents, they learned to play chess and to ride horses. They were visited by nobles and their half-sister Mary of Woodstock, who was a nun. Their mother often accompanied Edward on his campaigns to Scotland, but kept herself well-informed on their well-being.

His father died when he was 7 years old. Thomas's half-brother, Edward, became king of England and Thomas was heir presumptive until his nephew Edward was born in 1312. The Earldom of Cornwall had been intended for Thomas, but Edward instead bestowed it upon his favourite, Piers Gaveston, in 1306. When Thomas was 10 years old, Edward assigned to him and his brother Edmund, the estates of Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk who had died without heirs in 1306.

Career
In 1312, he was titled "Earl of Norfolk" and on 10 February 1316 he was created Earl Marshal. While his brother was away fighting in Scotland, he was left Keeper of England. He was known for his hot and violent temper. He was one of the many victims of the unchecked greed of the king's new favourite, Hugh Despenser the Younger and his father Hugh Despenser the Elder, who stole some of the young earl's lands. He allied himself with Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer when they invaded England in 1326, and stood as one of the judges in the trials against both Despensers. When his nephew Edward III reached his majority and took the government into his own hands Thomas became one of his principal advisors. It was in the capacity of Lord Marshal that he commanded the right wing of the English army at the Battle of Halidon Hill on 19 July 1333.

He died about 20 September 1338, and was buried in the choir of the Abbey of Bury St Edmunds.

He was succeeded by his daughter, Margaret, as Countess of Norfolk. She was later created Duchess of Norfolk for life in 1397.

As a son of Edward I of England, he was entitled to bear the coat of arms of the Kingdom of England, differenced by a label argent of three points.

Marriages and issue
He married firstly, before 8 January 1326, Alice de Hales (d. before 12 October 1330), daughter of Sir Roger de Hales of Hales Hall in Loddon in Roughton, Norfolk, by his wife, Alice, by whom he had a son and two daughters:

Edward of Norfolk, who married Beatrice de Mortimer, daughter of Roger de Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, but died without issue before 9 August 1334.
Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk, who married firstly John Segrave, 4th Baron Segrave, and secondly Sir Walter Manny.
Alice of Norfolk, who married Sir Edward de Montagu.
Alice Hales died by October 1330, when a chantry was founded for her soul in Bosham, Sussex.

He married secondly, before 4 April 1336, Mary de Brewes (died 11 June 1362), widow of Sir Ralph de Cobham, (d. 5 February 1326), and daughter of Sir Peter de Brewes (d. before 7 February 1312) of Tetbury, Gloucestershire, by Agnes de Clifford (d. before 1332), by whom he had no surviving issue.

Thomas married Hales, Lady Alice before 8 Jan 1326 in Loddon, Norfolk, England. Alice (daughter of Hales, Sir Roger and Hales, Lady Alice) was born in 1302 in Loddon, Norfolk, England; died before 12 Oct 1330 in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, England; was buried after 12 Oct 1330 in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]