Other Events and Attributes:

• House: Merovingian
• Nickname: The Old
• FSID: LV44-V6X
• Appointments / Titles: 561; King of Neustria
• Appointments / Titles: Between 561 and 584, Verberie, Oise, Picardie, France; King of Soissons

Notes:

Chilperic I
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For the Burgundian king ruling 473–474, see Chilperic I of Burgundy.
Chilperic I
King of Neustria
Reign 561–584
Predecessor Chlothar I
Successor Chlothar II
Born c. 539
Died September 584 (aged 44–45)
Chelles
Spouse Audovera
Galswintha
Fredegund
Issue
more... Theudebert
Basina
Rigunth
Chlothar II
Dynasty Merovingian
Father Chlothar I
Mother Aregund
Chilperic I (c. 539 – September 584) was the king of Neustria (or Soissons) from 561 to his death. He was one of the sons of the Frankish king Clotaire I and Queen Aregund.

Contents
1 Life
2 Family
3 Etymology
4 Cultural references
5 References
6 Sources
7 External links
Life
Immediately after the death of his father in 561, he endeavoured to take possession of the whole kingdom, seized the treasure amassed in the royal town of Berny and entered Paris. His brothers, however, compelled him to divide the kingdom with them, and Soissons, together with Amiens, Arras, Cambrai, Thérouanne, Tournai, and Boulogne fell to Chilperic's share. His eldest brother Charibert received Paris, the second eldest brother Guntram received Burgundy with its capital at Orléans, and Sigebert received Austrasia. On the death of Charibert in 567, Chilperic's estates were augmented when the brothers divided Charibert's kingdom among themselves and agreed to share Paris.

Not long after his accession, however, he was at war with Sigebert, with whom he would long remain in a state of—at the very least—antipathy. Sigebert defeated him and marched to Soissons, where he defeated and imprisoned Chilperic's eldest son, Theudebert. The war flared in 567, at the death of Charibert. Chilperic immediately invaded Sigebert's new lands, but Sigebert defeated him. Chilperic later allied with Guntram against Sigebert (573), but Guntram changed sides and Chilperic again lost the war.

When Sigebert married Brunhilda, daughter of the Visigothic sovereign in Spain (Athanagild), Chilperic also wished to make a brilliant marriage. He had already repudiated his first wife, Audovera, and had taken as his concubine a serving-woman called Fredegund. He accordingly dismissed Fredegund, and married Brunhilda's sister, Galswintha. But he soon tired of his new partner, and one morning Galswintha was found strangled in her bed. A few days afterwards Chilperic married Fredegund.

This murder was the cause of more long and bloody wars, interspersed with truces, between Chilperic and Sigebert. In 575, Sigebert was assassinated by Fredegund at the very moment when he had Chilperic at his mercy. Chilperic then made war with the protector of Sigebert's wife and son, Guntram. Chilperic retrieved his position, took from Austrasia Tours and Poitiers and some places in Aquitaine, and fostered discord in the kingdom of the east during the minority of Childebert II.

In 578, Chilperic sent an army to fight the Breton ruler Waroch II of the Bro-Wened along the Vilaine. The Frankish army consisted of units from the Poitou, Touraine, Anjou, Maine, and Bayeux. The Baiocassenses (men from Bayeux) were Saxons and they in particular were routed by the Bretons.[1] The armies fought for three days before Waroch submitted, did homage for Vannes, sent his son as a hostage, and agreed to pay an annual tribute. He subsequently broke his oath but Chilperic's dominion over the Bretons was relatively secure, as evidenced by Venantius Fortunatus's celebration of it in a poem.

Most of what is known of Chilperic comes from The History of the Franks by Gregory of Tours. Gregory detested Chilperic, calling him "the Nero and Herod of his time" (VI.46): he had provoked Gregory's wrath by wresting Tours from Austrasia, seizing ecclesiastical property, and appointing as bishops counts of the palace who were not clerics. Gregory also objected to Chilperic's attempts to teach a new doctrine of the Trinity.[2] Although some scholars dispute the extent to which Gregory disliked Chilperic.[3]

Chilperic's reign in Neustria saw the introduction of the Byzantine punishment of eye-gouging. Yet, he was also a man of culture: he was a musician of some talent, and he wrote verse (modelled on that of Sedulius); he attempted to reform the Frankish alphabet; and he worked to reduce the worst effects of Salic law upon women.

In September 584, while returning from a hunting expedition at his royal villa of Chelles, Chilperic was stabbed to death by an unknown assailant.[4]

Family
Chilperic I's first marriage was to Audovera. They had five children:

Theudebert (killed at battle 573).
Merovech (killed by a servant at his request in 577), married the widow Brunhilda (his aunt by marriage) and became his father's enemy
Clovis (assassinated by Fredegund in 580).
Basina (d. aft. 590), nun, led a revolt in the abbey of Poitiers
Childesinda (died young from dysentery)
His short second marriage to Galswintha produced no children.

His concubinage and subsequent marriage to Fredegund in about 568 produced six more legitimate offspring:

Rigunth (born c. 569 – aft. 589), betrothed to Reccared but never married.
Chlodebert (c. 570/72 – 580), died young.
Samson (c. 573 – late 577), died young.
Dagobert (c. 579/80 – 580), died young.
Theuderic (c. 582 – 584), died young.
Chlothar II (born before September 584 – died 18 October 629), Chilperic's successor in Neustria, later sole king of the Franks.
Etymology
Chilperic's name in Frankish meant "powerful supporter", akin to German hilfreich "auxiliary" (cf. German Hilfe "aid" and reich "rich, orig. powerful")

Cultural references
An operetta on the subject, Chilpéric, was created by Hervé, first performed in 1864.

References
Howorth, 309.
Gregory of Tours
Halsall, Guy (2002). Mitchell, Kathleen; Wood, Ian (eds.). 'Nero and Herod? The death of Chilperic and Gregory of Tours' writing of history' in The World of Gregory of Tours. Brill. pp. 337–350.
Oman, Charles. The Dark Ages, 476-918, Rivingtons, 1908, p. 169 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Sources
Sérésia, L'Eglise el l'Etat sous les rois francs au VI siècle (Ghent, 1888).
Dahmus, Joseph Henry. Seven Medieval Queens. 1972.
Halsall, Guy. "Nero and Herod? The death of Chilperic and Gregory of Tours’ writing of history," in The World of Gregory of Tours, ed. Kathleen Mitchell and Ian Wood (Leiden: Brill, 2002).
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chilperic". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 163.

Chilperic married de Cambrai, Frèdègonde in 568 in Paris, Île-de-France, France. Frèdègonde (daughter of de Cambraia, Brunulfo and d'Ostrogothie, Crotechilde) was born in 546 in Paris, Île-de-France, France; died on 8 Dec 597 in Paris, Île-de-France, France; was buried after 8 Dec 597 in Abbey of Saint-German-Des-Prés, Paris, Île-de-France, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Kingdom of Neustria (Historical); King of Neustria
• House: Merovingian
• FSID: 941J-5PC
• Appointments / Titles: Jun 584; He succeeded his father as Clotaire II, King of the Franks, under the regency of his mother Queen Frédégonde.
• Appointments / Titles: Between Jun 584 and 629, Kingdom of Mewrovingia (Historical); King of Merovingia
• Appointments / Titles: 618; After the capture, torture and murder of the queen, he was recognised as sole King of the Franks.

Notes:

Chlothar II
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Clothar II
Clothaire II 584 628.jpg
Coin of Clothar II
King of the Franks
Reign 10 October 613 – 18 October 629
Predecessor Sigibert II
Successor Dagobert I as King of the Franks
Charibert II as King of Aquitaine
King of Neustria
Reign 584–613
Predecessor Chilperic I
King of Paris
Reign 595–613
Predecessor Childebert II
Born 584
Died 18 October 629 (aged 44–45)
Spouse
Haldetrude
Bertrude
Sichilde
Issue Charibert II
Dagobert I
House Merovingian
Father Chilperic I
Mother Fredegund
Signature Clothar II's signature

The kingdom of Chlothar at the start of his reign (yellow). By 613 he had inherited or conquered all of the coloured portions of the map.

A treaty of King Chlothar II and the Lombards.
Chlothar II (or Chlotar, Clothar, Clotaire, Chlotochar, or Hlothar; 584 – 18 October 629), called the Great or the Young, was king of Neustria and king of the Franks, and the son of Chilperic I and his third wife, Fredegund. He started his reign as an infant under the regency of his mother, who was in an uneasy alliance with Clothar's uncle King Guntram of Burgundy, who died in 592. Clothar took power upon the death of his mother in 597; though rich, Neustria was one of the smallest portions of Francia. He continued his mother's feud with Queen Brunhilda of Austrasia with equal viciousness and bloodshed, finally achieving her execution in an especially brutal manner in 613, after winning the battle that enabled Chlothar to unite Francia under his rule. Like his father, he built up his territories by seizing lands after the deaths of other kings.

His reign was long by contemporary standards, but saw the continuing erosion of royal power to the French nobility and the church against a backdrop of feuding among the Merovingians. The Edict of Paris in 614, concerned with several aspects of appointments to offices and the administration of the kingdom, has been interpreted in different ways by modern historians. In 617 he made the mayor of the Palace a role held for life, an important step in the progress of this office from being first the manager of the royal household to the effective head of government, and eventually the monarch, under Pepin the Short in 751. Chlothar was forced to cede rule over Austrasia to his young son Dagobert I in 623.

Unusually for a Merovingian monarch, he practised monogamy, though early deaths meant that he had three wives. He was generally an ally of the church and, perhaps inspired by the example of his uncle Guntram, his reign seems to lack the outrageous acts of murder perpetrated by many of his relations, the execution of Brunhilda excepted.

Contents
1 Background
1.1 Frankish territories in the sixth century
1.2 Ambitions of Fredegund
2 Sources
3 Early life
4 Ruler of Neustria
4.1 Battle of Dormelles
4.2 War between Austrasia and Burgundy (610–612)
4.3 War between Clothar and Austrasia-Burgundy (613)
5 King of All Franks (613–629)
5.1 Mayors of the Palace
5.2 Edict of 614
5.3 Dagobert King of Austrasia (623)
5.4 Barbarian and Christian relations
6 Death
7 Family
8 References
9 Bibliography
9.1 Period sources
9.2 Contemporary studies
10 External links
Background
Frankish territories in the sixth century
The domain of Clothar II was located in the territorial and political framework derived from the Frankish kingdom present at 561 at the death of Clothar, son of Clovis and grandfather of Clothar II.

On the death of Clovis in 511, four kingdoms were established with capitals at Reims, Soissons, Paris, and Orléans, Aquitaine being distributed separately. In the year 550, Clothar I, the last survivor of four brothers reunited the Frankish kingdom, and added Burgundian territory (Burgundia) by conquest.

In 561, the four sons of Clothar I followed the events of 511 similarly and split the kingdom again: Sigebert I in Reims, Chilperic I in Soissons, Charibert I in Paris, and Guntram in Orleans, which then included the Burgundian kingdom territory (Burgundia). They divided Aquitaine separately again. Very quickly, Sigebert moved his capital from Reims to Metz, while Guntram moved his from Orléans to Chalon. On the death of Charibert in 567, the land was again split between the three survivors, of greatest importance Sigebert (Metz) received Paris and Chilperic (Soissons) received Rouen. The names Austrasia and Neustria seem to have appeared as the names of these kingdoms for the first time at this point.

Ambitions of Fredegund
In 560, Sigebert and Chilperic married two sisters, daughters of the Visigoth king of Spain Athanagild; princesses Brunhilda, and Galswintha respectively. However Chilperic was still very much attached to his lover and consort, Fredegund, causing Galswintha to wish to return to her homeland in Toledo. In 568 she was murdered and within days, after a brief period of grieving, Chilperic officially married Fredegund and elevated her to a queen of a Frankish kingdom. "After this action his brothers thought that the queen mentioned above had been killed at his command..."[1]

Chilperic agreed, at first, to pay a sum of money to end the feud, but not soon after decided to embark on a series of military operations against Sigebert. This was the beginning of what is called the "royal feud " which did not end until Brunhilda died in 613. The main episodes until the assassination of Chilperic in 584 were as follows: the assassination of Sigebert (575), the imprisonment of Brunhilde and her marriage to a son of Chilperic, and the return of Brunhilda to her son Childebert II, successor of Sigebert.

Moreover, Fredegund strove to ensure her position, since she was from lower origins, by eliminating the sons that Chilperic had with his previous wife Audovera: Merovech and Clovis. Her own children, however, died at a very young age and appeared to be by foul play. When Fredegund had a son in the spring of 584, he would have been the future successor of Chilperic I, if he had lived long enough.

Sources
The main sources from the time are the chronicles of Gregory of Tours and the Chronicle of Fredegar. It is possible, however, that the authors contain a degree of bias in their works; for instance Gregory was a key figure in some of the conflicts of the time. The History of the Franks by Gregory of Tours in the late sixth century only recounts up to 591. It is favorable to Queen Brunhild, Sigebert, and Chilperic but extremely hostile to Fredegund. The Chronicle of Fredegar, beginning in 584, on the other hand is extremely hostile to Brunhild. That chronicle includes:

The Biography of Clothar II
Clothar II deals with the Lombards
Early life
Under Frankish customs, newborns did not receive names initially, in order not to spread concern related to the symbolic name of the Merovingian. Wanting to choose a name based on the development of unrest in the kingdom of the Franks, his father did not baptize him immediately.[2] Chilperic and Fredegund desired to protect their child, since their four older sons may have been victims of murder, and there was much political intrigue at the time. He was raised in secret in the royal villa in Vitry-en-Artois to avoid detection.

In September 584, Chilperic I was murdered after a hunt near his villa of Chelles perhaps on the order of Queen Brunhilda. This event produced general disorder and unrest.[3] In this time Austrasians plundered parts of Neustria, seizing valuable treasures and goods, as well as important documents.[4] Princess Rigunth, on the way to Spain to marry Prince Reccared, was captured by Duke Didier of Toulouse and was linked in conspiracy with Gondovald who stole all that remained of her dowry, so that she was forced to abandon the marriage.[5] Wars broke out between rival cities, and Orléans, Blois and Chartres stood against Châteaudun.[6]

Fredegund managed to keep most of the treasury of the state as well as key political figures, such as the generals Ansoald and Audon, although many, such as chamberlain Eberul, abandoned her. She took her son to Vitry and sent a message to Guntram, King of Burgundy, asking him to adopt the child and offer his protection to him in return for exercising his authority over Neustria until the boy came of age.[7]

Childebert II, who was at Meaux when Chilperic was murdered, considered an attack on Paris, but Guntram was ahead of him. Childebert II began negotiations with Brunhilda on one hand, Guntram on the other: but Guntram refused many of his requests, including allowing him into Paris. He refused to deliver Fredegund, whom Brunhilda claimed was behind the regicide of Sigebert I, Clovis, and even Chilperic I.[4]

Guntram convened a meeting of Greater Neustria, in which the court recognized Clothar as the son of Chilperic, although there were some doubts about his paternal identity. It was at this time that they gave him the name Clothar, naming him after his grandfather. Guntram then took legal responsibility of the child, adopting him and becoming his godfather.[4]

Ansoald was responsible for regaining control of cities Neustria had lost since the death of Chilperic. They then swore allegiance to Guntram and Clothar after their capture. Guntram, attempting to restore order in the affairs of Neustria, likely against the advice of Fredegund and perhaps to show his authority, replaced key figures in the episcopal see of the church and moved its location.[8] Bishop Promotus of Châteaudun, whose diocese was demoted after the parish council of Paris in 573, saw this as a violation of canon law; the death of Sigebert I he demanded to return from exiled, and was thus restored much of his personal property.[4]

Two envoys from Brunhilde, Duke Gararic and chamberlain Eberon, succeeded in swaying Limoges, Tours, and Poitiers towards Austrasian influence, with the help of bishops Gregory of Tours and Venantius Fortunat. Guntram responded by sending troops to recover the lost cities that promptly returned their loyalties to Guntram and Cothar.[4] Fredegund was sent to the Villa de Vaudreuil, in the diocese of Rouen, where she was put under the supervision of the bishop Pretextatus.

During the summer of 585, Guntram returned to Paris to act as godfather of Clothar, as he swore to Fredegund, along with three bishops and three hundred nobles of Neustria who recognized Clothar II as the son of Chilperic I. However the baptism at this time was postponed. It was expected to reconvene at the council of Troyes, but Austrasia refused to participate if Guntram would not disinherit Clothar. The council is moved to Burgundy and he was baptized on 23 October 585.

While Guntram campaigned to capture Visigothic Septimania, Fredegund escaped custody of the bishop and fled Rouen. During Sunday Mass, Pretextatus was stabbed, although he did not die immediately. Fredegund attempted to fetch doctors and gain his favor. However, he openly accused her of being behind this attack and the murder of the various kings. He publicly cursed and denounced her before dying soon after.[4]

Fredegund is cursed by Pretextatus, by Lawrence Alma-Tadema.
The queen then used her new freedom to rally as many nobles and bishops as could be found to her son. She was reinstalled into power despite Guntram's exile of her.[4] Guntram then attempted to weaken Fredegund's influence by swaying some of the Neustrian aristocracy to his side, and keep Neustrian lands he held between the Loire and Seine by rallying Duke Beppolène. In 587, he managed to capture the towns of Angers, Saintes, and Nantes.[4]

Fredegund then offered to negotiate peace and sent ambassadors to Guntram. But they were arrested and Guntram severed relations with Neustria, approaching Brunhilda and Childebert II, with whom he concludes the pact of Andelot: agreeing that upon the death of one of the two kings, the other would inherit his kingdom. In 592 Guntram dies and Childebert becomes king of Austrasia and Burgundy.[4]

The Austrasia-Burgundy union lasted only until 595, when the death of Childebert II brought it to an end. His realm was then split between his two sons: Theudebert II inherited Austrasia, while Theuderic II received the kingdom of Burgundy. The two brothers then campaigned united against their cousin Chlothar II of Neustria, but their alliance lasted only until 599, when they took up arms against each other.[4]

A young Clothar at the head of the army
In 593, although only as a symbolic presence since he was only nine years old, Clothar II appeared at the head of his army, which routed the Austrasian Duke Wintrio who was invading Neustria. In 596, Clotaire and Fredegund took Paris, which was supposed to be held in common. Fredegund, then her son's regent, sent a force to Laffaux, and the armies of Theudebert and Theuderic were defeated.[4] Fredegund died in 597, leaving Clothar to rule over Neustria alone, although the boy king didn't do anything significant for 2 more years.

Ruler of Neustria
Battle of Dormelles
In 599, he made war with his nephews, Theuderic II of Burgundy and Theudebert II of Austrasia, who were old enough to be his cousins. They defeated him at Dormelles (near Montereau), forcing him to sign a treaty that reduced his kingdom to the regions of Beauvais, Amiens and Rouen, with the remainder split between the two brothers. At this point, however, the two brothers took up arms against each other. In 605, he invaded Theuderic's kingdom, but did not subdue it. He remained often at war with Theuderic until the latter died in Metz in late 613 while preparing a campaign against him.

In 604, a first attempt to reconquer his kingdom ended in failure for Clothar. His son Merovech was taken prisoner by Theuderic at the Battle of Étampes and was murdered at the order of Brunhilda by Bertoald. Clothar agreed that he would become the godfather of Theuderic's son in 607, naming him Merovech.[9]

Around the same time, Theuderic, seeking a marriage to the Spanish Visigoth princess Ermenberge, daughter of King Witteric, created new political tensions. Witteric then negotiated with Clothar II for an alliance, as well as Agilulf, King of the Lombards. The coalition against Theuderic does not appear to have been followed by significant effects.

War between Austrasia and Burgundy (610–612)
In 610 Theudebert and Theuderic entered into a war. Theudebert won initial victories in 610, which led Theuderic to approach Clothar, promising to return northern Neustria to him for his aid. Theudebert was crushed in 612, at the battles of Toul and Tolbiac, near Cologne.

War between Clothar and Austrasia-Burgundy (613)

Clothar slays Bertoald
As agreed, Theuderic ceded northern Neustria to Clothar, but then turned around and organized an invasion of Neustria. However he died of dysentery in Metz in 613. His troops dispersed immediately, and Brunhilda placed her great-grandson Sigebert II on the throne of Austrasia.[10]

Brunhilde is dragged to her death
At that time, Warnachar, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, and Rado, mayor of the palace of Burgundy, abandoned the cause of Brunhilda and her great-grandson, Sigebert II, and the entire realm was delivered into Chlothar's hands. Brunhilda and Sigebert met Chlothar's army on the Aisne, but the Patrician Aletheus, Duke Rocco, and Duke Sigvald deserted the host and the grand old woman and her king had to flee. They got as far as the Orbe, but Chlothar's soldiers caught up with them by the lake Neuchâtel. Both of them and Sigebert's younger brother Corbo were executed by Chlothar's orders, then proceeded to execute many of the family members of this house except Merovech, his godson, and perhaps Childebert who had fled.

Brunhilde was accused of murdering ten members of the Neustrian royal family, as well as other Frankish royalty, and was tried and convicted. She underwent a very severe torture and execution by being dragged on the back of a horse and drawn-and-quartered.[11] After this victory, Clothar was left as the sole royal ruler of the Frankish peoples and consolidated his power.

King of All Franks (613–629)
Upon his unification of all Franks, Clothar took up residence in Paris and in the villas of Alentours.[12]

Mayors of the Palace
An important key aspect that was maintained in all three administrations of the kingdoms even after unification was the presence of the Mayors of the Palace. The mayor of the palace was originally the king's servant in charge of administrative events of the palace. During the royal feud, however, the role grew in importance as more of a steward of lands to care more directly than the king could and was placed in the hands of aristocracy. One of the most notable figures in this role was Warnachaire, mayor of the palace of Burgundy in 613, who was one of the leaders responsible for capturing Brunhild, and held the position until his death in 626. Warnachaire's wife, Berthe, was likely a daughter of Clothar.[13]

Edict of 614
In 614, Chlothar II promulgated the Edict of Paris, a sort of Frankish Magna Carta that reserved many rights to the Frankish nobles while it excluded Jews from all civil employment for the Crown.[14][15] The ban effectively placed all literacy in the Merovingian monarchy squarely under ecclesiastical control and also greatly pleased the nobles, from whose ranks the bishops were ordinarily exclusively drawn. Article 11 of the Edict states that it is to restore "peace and discipline in [the] kingdom" and "suppress rebellion and insolence". The edict for was ratified for all three kingdoms. Due to several abuses of powers by officials, many of whom had been appointed by Chilperic, several mandates were made, among them the requirement that officials must have come from the region they officiate over.[16]

Chlothar was induced by Warnachar and Rado to make the mayoralty of the palace a lifetime appointment at Bonneuil-sur-Marne, near Paris, in 617. By these actions, Chlothar lost his own legislative abilities and the great number of laws enacted in his reign are probably the result of the nobles' petitions, which the king had no authority not to heed.

Dagobert King of Austrasia (623)

Clothar and a young Dagobert
In 623, he gave the kingdom of Austrasia to his young son Dagobert I. This was a political move as repayment for the support of Bishop Arnulf of Metz and Pepin I, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, the two leading Austrasian nobles, who were effectively granted semi-autonomy.[17]

At the same time, Clothar made territorial changes by assigning the region of Reims to Neustria. But Dagobert, now the semi-autonomous king of Austrasia, negotiated its return in 626.

Barbarian and Christian relations
Clothar was no exception in the line of Merovingians of its history of family feuding. This was considered to be a very 'barbarian' custom. However, he was one of the few Merovingians that did not practice polygamy, instead remaining faithful to a single wife until her death. He remained respectful of the Church and its doctrines, keeping it as an ally. He likely tried to maintain himself as a pious king, inspired by the holiness of his uncle Guntram who had protected him and allowed him the throne.[18]

In 617, he renewed the treaty of friendship that bound the Frankish kings with the kings of the Lombards. He likely had the policy of maintaining good relations with Christianized-barbarian peoples so long as they kept good relations themselves with the Church.[19]

Death

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Portrait of Clothar II
Clothar died on 18 October 629 at age 45, and was buried, like his father, in the Saint Vincent Basilica of Paris, later incorporated in the Saint- Germain -des- Prés. His rule lasted longer than any other Merovingian king save for his grandfather Chlothar I. He left the crown greatly reduced in power, with more power resting among the nobles, and paved the way for the rise of the mayors and the rois fainéants.

The Neustrian aristocracy chose King Caribert, the half-brother of Dagobert, as king. However, Dagobert was supported by the Austrasians and Burgundians, and soon reigned over all three domains. Caribert formed his own kingdom composed of Aquitaine territories.

Family
He first married Haldetrude, with whom he had the following children :

Merovech, who was sent Landéric, mayor of the palace of Neustria, to avoid Austrasien Berthoald at Arele in 604, but was caught and killed.
Emma, married in 618 to Eadbald († 640), King of Kent. Though recently it has been suggested that she may have instead been the daughter of Erchinoald, mayor of the palace in Neustria.[20]
Dagobert I (c. 603–639), King of the Franks
His second wife, Bertrude, was likely the daughter of Richomer, patrician of the Burgundians, and Gertrude. This marriage produced:

A son who died in infancy in 617.
Bertha, wife of Warnachaire, mayor of the palace of Bourgogne.
In 618, he married Sichilde, sister of Gomatrude who later married Dagobert I, and probably Brodulfe (or Brunulfe), who would later support Caribert II. From this marriage there was:

Charibert II († 632), king of Aquitaine.
Oda, a daughter.

Family/Spouse: of Burgundy, Bertrude. Bertrude (daughter of of Burgundy, Duke Richemer and of Bavaria, Saint Garitrudis) was born in 582 in Soissons, Aisne, Picardie, France; died in 618 in Paris, Île-de-France, France; was buried in 618 in Abbey of Saint-German-Des-Prés, Paris, Île-de-France, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• House: Merovingian
• FSID: 93XX-5LJ
• Appointments / Titles: 622, Paris, Île-de-France, France; King of Austrasia
• Appointments / Titles: 629, Kingdom of Austrasia; King of Neustria and Burgundy

Notes:

Dagobert I
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Dagobert I
Trémissis de Dagobert Ier.jpg
Contemporary effigy of Dagobert from a gold triens
King of Neustria and Burgundy
Reign 18 October 629 – 19 January 639
Successor Clovis II
King of the Franks
Reign 18 October 629[citation needed] – 634
Predecessor Vacant (last held by Chlothar II)
Successor Vacant (next held by Theuderic III)
King of Austrasia
Reign 623–634
Predecessor Chlothar II
Successor Sigebert III
Born c. 603[1]
Died 19 January 639 (aged 35-36)
Épinay-sur-Seine
Burial Saint Denis Basilica, Paris
Spouse
Gormatrude
Nanthild
Wulfegundis
Berchildis
Ragnetrude (concubine)
Issue
Sigebert III
Clovis II
Dynasty Merovingian
Father Chlothar II
Mother Haldetrude
Signature Dagobert I's signature
Dagobert I (Latin: Dagobertus; c. 603 – 19 January 639 AD) was the king of Austrasia (623–634), king of all the Franks (629–634), and king of Neustria and Burgundy (629–639). He was the last king of the Merovingian dynasty to wield any real royal power.[2] Dagobert was the first of the Frankish kings to be buried in the royal tombs at Saint Denis Basilica.[3]

Contents
1 Rule in Austrasia
2 United rule
3 Rule in Neustria, from Paris
4 Marriage and children
5 Coinage and treasures under Dagobert
5.1 Treasure of Dagobert
5.2 Coinage
6 References
6.1 Notes
6.2 Citations
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Rule in Austrasia
Dagobert was the eldest son of Chlothar II and Haldetrude (575–604) and the grandson of Fredegund.[4] Chlothar had reigned alone over all the Franks since 613. In 622, Chlothar made Dagobert king of Austrasia,[5] almost certainly to bind the Austrasian nobility to the ruling Franks.[4] As a child, Dagobert lived under the care of the Carolingian dynasty forebears and Austrasian magnates, Arnulf of Metz and Pepin of Landen.[6]

Chlothar attempted to manage the unstable alliances he had with other noble families throughout much of Dagobert's reign.[7] When Chlothar granted Austrasia to Dagobert, he initially excluded Alsace, the Vosges, and the Ardennes, but shortly thereafter the Austrasian nobility forced him to concede these regions to Dagobert. The rule of a Frank from the Austrasian heartland tied Alsace more closely to the Austrasian court. Dagobert created a new duchy (the later Duchy of Alsace) in southwest Austrasia to guard the region from Burgundian or Alemannic encroachments and ambitions. The duchy comprised the Vosges, the Burgundian Gate, and the Transjura. Dagobert made his courtier Gundoin—who incidentally established monasteries in Alsace and Burgundy[8]—the first duke of this new polity that was to last until the end of the Merovingian dynasty. While Austrasian rulers such as Chlothar and Dagobert controlled these regions through part of the seventh-century, they eventually became autonomous kingdoms as powerful aristocratic families sought separate paths across their respective realms.[9]

United rule

"Throne of Dagobert", bronze. The base, formed by a curule chair, is traditionally attributed to Dagobert, while the arms and the back of the chair were added under Charles the Bald. This throne was last used by Napoleon I in 1804 when he created the Légion d'Honneur. Cabinet des Medailles.
Upon the death of his father in 629, Dagobert inherited the Neustrian and Burgundian kingdoms. His half-brother Charibert, son of Sichilde, claimed Neustria but Dagobert opposed him. Brodulf, brother of Sichilde, petitioned Dagobert on behalf of his young nephew, but Dagobert assassinated him and became sole king of the Franks. He later gave the Aquitaine to Charibert as a "consolation prize."[10] In 629, Dagobert concluded a treaty with the Byzantine emperor Heraclius, which entailed enforcing the compulsory baptism of Jews throughout his kingdom.[11] Besides signing this treaty, Dagobert also took steps to secure trade across his empire by protecting important markets along the mouth of the Rhine at Duurstede and Utrecht, which in part explains his later determination to defend the Austrasian Franks from the Avar menace.[12]

Under the rule of Dagobert's father and like-minded Merovingians, Frankish society during the seventh-century experienced greater integration—the Catholic faith became predominant for instance—and a generally improved economic situation, but there was no initial impetus for the political unification of Gaul. Clothar II did not seek to force his Neustrian neighbors into submission, choosing instead a policy of cooperation.[13] This did not prohibit plunder-raids to replenish the dynastic coffers, which Dagobert undertook in Spain for example—one raid there earned him 200,000 gold solidi.[14] Historian Ian Wood claims that Dagobert "was probably richer than most Merovingian monarchs" and cites for example his assistance to the Visigoth Sisenand—whom he aided in his rise to the Visigothic throne in Spain—and for which, Sisenand awarded Dagobert a golden dish weighing some five-hundred pounds.[15]

When Charibert and his son Chilperic were assassinated in 632, Dagobert had Burgundy and Aquitaine firmly under his rule, becoming the most powerful Merovingian king in many years and the most respected ruler in the West. In 631, Dagobert led a large army against Samo, the ruler of the Slavic Wends, partly at the request of the Germanic peoples living in the eastern territories and also due to Dagobert's quarrel with him about the Wends having robbed and killed a number of Frankish merchants.[16] While Dagobert's Austrasian forces were defeated at the Wogastisburg,[17] his Alemmanic and Lombard allies were successful in repelling the Wends.[18] Taking advantage of the situation at the time, the Saxons offered to help Dagobert if he agreed to rescind the 500 cow yearly tribute to the Austrasians. Despite accepting this agreement, Fredegar reports that it was to little avail since the Wends attacked again the following year.[18]

Rule in Neustria, from Paris
Also in 632, the nobles of Austrasia revolted under the mayor of the palace, Pepin of Landen. In 634, Dagobert appeased the rebellious nobles by putting his three-year-old son, Sigebert III, on the throne, thereby ceding royal power in the easternmost of his realms, just as his father had done for him eleven years earlier. In historian Ian Wood's view, Dagobert's creation of a sub-kingdom for his son Sigibert had "important long-term implications for the general structure of Merovingian Francia."[19]

Detail of Dagobert's tomb, thirteenth century
As king, Dagobert made Paris his capital. During his reign, he built the Altes Schloss in Meersburg (in modern Germany), which today is the oldest inhabited castle in that country. Devoutly religious, Dagobert was also responsible for the construction of the Saint Denis Basilica at the site of a Benedictine monastery in Paris. He also appointed St. Arbogast bishop of Strasbourg.[20] Dagobert was beloved in many ways according to Fredegar, who wrote that "He rendered justice to rich and poor alike," adding that, "he took little sleep or food, and cared only so to act that all men should leave his presence full of joy and admiration."[21] Such images do not fully convey the power and domination wielded by Frankish kings like Dagobert, who along with his father Chlothar, reigned to such a degree that historian Patrick Geary described the period of their combined rule as the "apogee of Merovingian royal power."[22]

Dagobert went down in history as one of the greatest Frankish kings, having held his lands against the eastern hordes and with noblemen as far away as Bavaria, who sought his overlordship.[23] Only thirty-six when he died, Dagobert constituted the last of the great Merovingian kings, who, according to J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, "had the ruthless energy of a Clovis and the cunning of a Charlemagne."[23] Despite having more or less united the Frankish realms, he likely was not expecting unitary rule to continue given the diverging interests of the Austrasian and Neustrian Franks, atop those of the Aquitanians and Burgundians.[23] Upon his death, he was buried in the abbey of Saint-Denis and was the first Frankish king to be buried in the Saint Denis Basilica, Paris.[24] The interment of Dagobert at Saint-Denis established a precedent for the future burial of French rulers there.[25]

Marriage and children
The author of the Chronicle of Fredegar criticises the king for his loose morals in having "three queens almost simultaneously, as well as several concubines".[a][26] When rex Brittanorum Judicael came to Clichy to visit with Dagobert, he opted not to dine with him due to his misgivings with Dagobert's moral choices, instead dining with the king's referendary, St. Audoen.[27] Fredegar's chronicle names the three queens, Nanthild and the otherwise obscure Wulfegundis and Berchildis, but none of the concubines, stating that a full list of concubines would be too long. In 625/6 Dagobert married Gormatrude, a sister of his father's wife Sichilde; but the marriage was childless. After divorcing Gormatrude in 629/30 he made Nanthild, a Saxon servant (puella) from his personal entourage, his new queen.[b] She gave birth to Clovis II (b. 634/5) later king of Neustria and Burgundy. Shortly after his marriage to Nanthild, he took a girl called Ragnetrude to his bed, who gave birth to his youngest son, Sigebert III (b. 630/1) later king of Austrasia.[c]

Dagobert married de Bourgogne, Ragnetrude in 630. Ragnetrude (daughter of d'Ardennes, Count Brunulphe II and d'Ardennes, Countess Clotilde) was born in 598 in Metz, Moselle, Lorraine, France; died on 19 Jan 683 in Kingdom of Neustria (Historical); was buried after 19 Jan 683 in Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• House: Merovingian
• FSID: GWHC-ZRL
• Appointments / Titles: Between 633 and 656, Kingdom of Austrasia; King of Austrasia

Notes:

Sigebert III

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sigebert III
King of Austrasia
Reign 633–656
Predecessor Dagobert I
Successor Childebert the Adopted
Mayor of the Palace Grimoald the Elder
Born 630
Died c. 656 (aged 25–26)
Burial Nancy Cathedral
Spouse Chimnechild
Issue Dagobert II
Bilichild
Dynasty Merovingian
Father Dagobert I
Mother Ragnétrude
Religion Chalcedonian Christianity
(Sanctified)

Sigebert III (c. 630–656) was the Merovingian king of Austrasia from 633 to his death around 656. He was described as the first Merovingian roi fainéant —do-nothing king—, in effect the mayor of the palace ruling the kingdom throughout his reign. However he lived a pious Christian life and was later sanctified, being remembered as Saint Sigebert of Austrasia in the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church.

Contents
1 Life
2 Marriage and succession
3 Sources
4 References
Life

Baptism of Sigebert. His mother is near him.
Sigebert was born in 630 as the eldest son of Dagobert I, King of the Franks, and his concubine Ragnetrude.[1] The king recalled and made peace with Saint Amand, who was previously banished for criticizing the king's vices, and asked him to baptize his new-born son. The ceremony was performed at Orléans and Charibert II, Dagobert's half-brother who was King of Aquitaine at the time, was the god-father. Dagobert assigned the education of Sigebert to Pepin of Landen, who was the mayor of the palace in Austrasia under his father Chlotar II, until 629. Pepin took the young Sigebert and moved with him to his domains in Aquitane, where they stayed the next three years.[2]

In 633, a revolt of the nobles forced Dagobert to make the three-year old Sigebert king of Austrasia, similar to how his father Chlotar II had made him king of Austrasia in 623. However, he refused to give the power to Pepin of Landen by making him mayor of the palace for the child-king. Instead he had put Sigebert under the tutelage of Adalgisel as mayor of the palace and the Bishop of Cologne Saint Cunibert as regent, while keeping Pepin in Neustria as hostage. In 634 Dagobert's second son, Clovis II, was born, and the king forced the nobles to accept him as the next king of Neustria and Burgundy, setting up a new division of the empire.[3]

On the death of Dagobert in 639, the two Frankish kingdoms became independent once again under Sigebert III and Clovis II. Both kingdoms were under child-kings – Sigebert was around eleven years old and Clovis was five – and were ruled by the respective regents. It was under Seigbert's reign that the mayor of the palace began to play the most important role in the political life of Austrasia, and he has been described as the first roi fainéant—do-nothing king—of the Merovingian dynasty.[4] Pepin replaced Adalgisel as mayor of the palace of Austrasia in 639 but died the following year, in 640, and was replaced by his son Grimoald.

In 640 the Duchy of Thuringia rebelled against Austrasia in the only war of Sigebert's reign. Grimoald allowed the young king to stand at the head of the army trying to quell the rebellion, but was defeated by Duke Radulph. The Chronicle of Fredegar records that the rout left Sigebert weeping in his saddle.

Though ineffective as a king, Sigebert had become a pious adult under the tutelage of Pepin and later Saint Cunibert and lived a life of Christian virtue. He used his wealth to establish numerous monasteries, hospitals, and churches, including the monastery of Stavelot-Malmedy.[2]

Sigebert III died of natural causes on 1 February 656 at age 25. He was buried in the Abbey of Saint Martin near Metz which he had founded. In 1063 his body, found incorrupt, was taken out of the tomb and moved to the side of the altar. The abbey was demolished in 1552 and the relics were moved to the Nancy Cathedral. Sigebert III is revered as a saint by the Catholic Church with his feast day on 1 February. He is the patron saint of Nancy.[2]

Marriage and succession
The Mayor of the Palace Grimoald managed to convince the young Sigebert, who was childless at the time, to adopt as his heir Grimoald's son Childebert the Adopted. However, the king married Chimnechild of Burgundy and had a son of his own, the future king Dagobert II. He also had a daughter, Bilichild, the future Queen of Neustria and Burgundy.[5]

In 656, after the death of Sigebert, Grimoald attempted to usurp the throne of Austrasia and had the young Dagobert (who was seven years old at the time) tonsured and sent to a monastery in Ireland. Grimoald's son Childebert was proclaimed King of Austrasia in 656, but the reign was short-lived as he was deposed after seven months in 657 and both he and his father were killed in a revolt.[6]

Austrasia next passed under the rule of the children of Sigebert's brother Clovis II for a period. Chlothar III, the elder son of Clovis II, became the king of Austrasia in 657. The next year, in 658, he also became King of Neustria and Burgundy upon the death of his father, thus temporarily reuniting the Frankish kingdoms under one rule. A few years later however, the Austrasian nobility again pressed successfully for the kingdoms to be separated. As a result, Childeric II, the younger brother of Chlotar III, became king of Austrasia from 662 to his death in 675. The nobles had put on the throne Clovis III, about whom not much is known, but his reign was short. One year later, in 676, Dagobert II, Siegbert's son, was recalled from Ireland and took his father's throne after approximately 20 years in exile.

Family/Spouse: of Burgundy, Chimnechild. Chimnechild (daughter of of Austrasia, Count Alberic and of Tréves, Adele) was born in 633 in Bourgogne, Marne, Champagne-Ardenne, France; died in 654. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: GWHC-8YW

Family/Spouse: von Elsass, Adalrich. Adalrich (son of von Elsass, Liutrich) was born in 630; died in 697. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Duke of Elsass
• FSID: GWHC-QY1
• Birth: 675, Germany
• Death: 722, Germany

Family/Spouse: von Pfalzel, Gerlind. Gerlind (daughter of von Pfalzel, Odo and von Pfalzel, Adele) was born in 679 in Aquitaine, France; died in 715 in Alsace, Lorraine, France; was buried in 715 in Strasbourg, Bas-Rhin, Alsace, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: KFGS-7WM

Notes:

Liutfrid (* um 700; † um 743)

war ein fränkischer Adliger und unter der Herrschaft der Merowinger der fünfte bekannte Herzog im Elsass. Er gehörte dem nach seinem Vorgänger benannten elsässischen Herzogsgeschlecht der Etichonen an und war der letzte elsässische Herzog aus diesem Adelshaus

was a Frankish nobleman and under the rule of the Merovingians the fifth known duke in Alsace. He belonged to the Alsatian ducal family named after his predecessor, the Etichonen, and was the last Alsatian duke from this noble house

Family/Spouse: von Elsass, Hiltrudis. Hiltrudis was born in 705 in Alsace, Lorraine, France; died in DECEASED. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: G7WW-SM6

Family/Spouse: of Alemannia, Count Ruthard. Ruthard was born in 690 in Altdorf, Landshut, Bayern, Germany; was christened in Argengau, France; died on 9 Dec 771 in Altdorf, Landshut, Bayern, Germany. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Count of Sundgau
• FSID: LZVM-GVT

Notes:

-- https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitfrid_II_de_Sundgau --

"Luitfrid II de Sundgau est le fils de Luitfrid Ier d'Alsace (700-767), duc d'Alsace, et d’Hiltrudis."

-- https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitfrid_II_de_Sundgau --

Family/Spouse: von Wormsgau, Hiltrude. Hiltrude was born in 745 in Worms, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany; died in DECEASED; was buried in Tours, Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: GWHC-WTX
• Appointments / Titles: 754; Count in Thurgau

Notes:

Warin (Thurgau)
Count in Alemannia

Warin († May 20, 774 [1] ) was a Frankish nobleman who left many traces in the history of Alemannia in the middle of the 8th century .

Life
After the defeat of the Alemannic duchy by the Carolingians and by the blood court of Cannstatt (746), along with Ruthard, he was one of those Franks who enforced Franconian rule in Alemannia as "administratores Alamanniae" [2] , who organized the Franconian county constitution and the fiscal estate . [3] He was primarily south of Lake Constance active while Ruthard rather north worked the lake.

Warin has been recorded as a count in Thurgau since 754 [4] . In 759 it was he and Ruthard who persecuted the founder of the monastery, Otmar von St. Gallen , took prisoner, accused him and had him tried. [5] This action was triggered by tensions between the monastery and the Bishop of Constance, who wanted to make St. Gallen subordinate to his diocese. [4] Ruthard and Warin received goods from St. Gallen's property as gifts for their support, which Ruthard only partially incorporated into the treasury. [6] In his last years, probably similar to Ruthard's from Charlemagne's accession to the throneits influence declined without it being possible to speak of a fall. His son Isanbard was apparently able to take over the office of count from him, at least in Thurgau, and also tried to reach an understanding with the St. Gallen monastery, without, however, burdening his father.

That was done by King Konrad I , who visited the St. Gallen monastery in December 911, just one month after his election, and promised an annual donation to Otmar's grave because he was the "son of those executioners" (meaning Ruthard and Warin) and thus obliged to atonement.

family
Warin was married to Hadellind , [1] both are the founders of the Buchau monastery around 770 . Hadellind is given as the daughter of Hildebrand, Duke of Spoleto , and the Regarde, who in turn is said to have been a sister of the Bavarian Duke Odilo , [7] even if the Buchau founding legend Hildebrand as the Swabian Duke and Regarde as the Bavarian Duchess and sister of Hildegard, the wife of Charlemagne, and Hadellind officiated as the first abbess until around 809. [8th]

The sons of Warin and Hadellind are: [1]

Isanbard, Count in Thurgau
Swabo
The chronicler Ekkehard IV apparently considers Warin (and Ruthard) to be Guelphs . Hans Jänichen, who sees two people in Ruthard, Ruthard the elder and Ruthard the younger, father and son, sees in Warin the son of one and the brother of the other without contradicting Ekkehard IV. Jänichen's view is controversial [9] . Josef Fleckenstein, in turn, suspects a member of the Widonen family in Warin .

Warin married von Spoleto, Adelinde HadelindaNarbonne, Aude, Languedoc-Roussillon, France. Adelinde was born in 729 in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany; died on 28 Aug 787 in France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Count of Tours and Sens during the reigns of Charlemagne and Louis the Pious
• FSID: 9CWV-CP1
• Birth: 775, Haut-Rhin, Alsace, France
• Death: 20 Oct 837, Tours, Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France

Notes:

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_von_Tours -
Hugo and his wife Ava († around 840) had at least five children:
~ Irmingard (* around 805, † 20 March 851) ⚭ 821 Lothar I., King of Lorraine
~ Adelais (Adelheid) († nach 866) ⚭ I Konrad I. Graf im Argen- und Linzgau († 863) (Welfen), ⚭ II Robert der Tapfere (X 866) Graf von Paris (Robertiner)
~ Liutfrid I. (* um 800/805, † 865/866) Graf von Tours, Laienabt von Münster-Granfelden ⚭ NN
~ Bertha (* um 805, † nach 870), ⚭ 819 Gerhard II. (* 800, † 878/879) Graf von Paris, Graf (dux) von Vienne (Matfriede)
~ Hugo († before 25 January 835) buried in San Ambrogio in Milan

- https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugues_de_Tours#Descendance -
With his wife named Ava, daughter of Guerry de Morvois and Eve of Tours, Hugues III has six children:
~ Ermengarde († 20 March 851) wife of Lothaire Ier
~ Adélaïde († après 866), wife of first cousins ​​Conrad III as Welf, Conrad Ier as king of the two Burgundians, descendant of Konrad I, brother of the emperor Judith von Altdorf, dite de Bavière, wife of Louis le Pieux, she has a son of the name of Hugues who is for an archival time in Cologne. An interpolation of the Chronicle of Saint-Bénigne de Dijon, laisse penser qu'Adélaïde, widow of Conrad Ier of Burgundy, had paused in seconds noces le comte Robert le Fort, l'arrière-grand-père de Hugues Capet et donc l ' first of all the captain's line. It had also been advanced that Robert the Fort's wife had been, not Adelaide but a daughter of the latter and Conrad Ier of Burgundy, a daughter who could be named Emma; This legend could report to an Adelaide or Aélis who lived a century earlier and who effectively ousted Robert the Fort
~ Berthe wife of Girart de Vienne
~ Hugues († before 25 January 835)
~ Luitfrid de Monza († between 864 and 866), Count of Alsace and Lombardy, Councilor of Lothaire II. His daughter, Eve of Tours, wife of Unroch III of Frioul
~ Beranger († 838)

Family/Spouse: de Morvois, Ava. Ava was born in 790 in Tours, Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France; died on 4 Sep 839 in Tours, Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Master of the Palace of Altdorf
• FSID: G9QS-9N3
• Appointments / Titles: 774; Count in Thurgau

Notes:

Isambart
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Isambard (disambiguation) and Isembard (disambiguation).
Isanbart (died after 806), Count in Thurgau, also known as Isambard the Saxon was an 8th-century count (comes) in the Frankish lands of Saxony and Master of the Palace at Altdorf in Alamannia.[1]

Life
He was born about 750 AD in Narbonne, France the son of Warin I, documented as count in Thurgau, and his wife Adalindis, a daughter of Duke Hildeprand of Spoleto.[2]

Isanbart himself was first mentioned as a Thurgau count in 774 and made significant donations to the Abbey of Saint Gall. He was Greve, Comte, of Altorf and Master of the Palace.

His wife was Thiedrada (Thietrate), of Carolingian origin, and he was the father of

Hedwig (Heilwig; d. after 833), married Count Welf;
Adalung, abbot of Lorsch 804–837;
Adalindis
Hunfrid I of Istria, Guelph of Andechs and the Brother of Bouchard "the Constable", and Alberic I de Narbonne.[citation needed]

He died after 806 AD in Saxony.

Family/Spouse: of Altdorf, Ermentrude. Ermentrude was born in 754; died in DECEASED in Sachsen, Germany. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: LDHS-6CV

Notes:

"Adelaide of Tours was a daughter of HUGH OF TOURS and his wife Ava."

"She married Conrad I, Count of Auxerre, with whom she had at least two children, Hugh and Conrad the Younger. Additionally legend of the later Swabian branch of the House of Welf assigns to Conrad and Adelaide an additional son, Welf I, a relationship considered probable."

"After her husband's death around 864, she married Robert the Strong, and had two children, Odo and Robert I of France."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_of_Tours
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_de_Tours

[NB: Information sourced from Wikipedia is subject to change by third-parties. Follow the URL(s) noted above to review the latest content.]

.

Adélaïde married de Bourgogne, Conrad I in 834. Conrad was born in 800; died in 862. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: de Neustria, Margrave of Neustria Robert V. Robert was born in 821 in Kingdom of Neustria (Historical); died on 2 Jul 866 in Brissarthe, Maine-et-Loire, Pays de la Loire, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• House: Etichonen
• FSID: G7RR-THH

Notes:

Ermengarde of Tours
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ermengarde of Tours (d. 20 March 851) was the daughter of Hugh of Tours, a member of the Etichonen family.[1] In October 821 in Thionville, she married the Carolingian Emperor Lothair I of the Franks (795–855).[1]

In 849, two years before her death, she made a donation to the abbey Erstein in the Elsass, in which she is buried.

Lothair and Ermengarde had eight children:

Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor (c. 825–875).
Helletrud (Hiltrud) (c. 826–after 865/866) m. Count Berengar (d. before 865/866)
Bertha (c. 830–after 7 May 852, probably 877), became before 847 Abbess of Avenay, perhaps Äbtissin of Faremoutiers
A daughter of unknown name (b. probably 826/830), called Ermengarde in later sources, kidnapped 846 by Gilbert, Count of the Maasgau, who then married her
Gisla (c. 830–860) 851–860 Abbess of San Salvatore in Brescia
Lothair II of Lotharingia (c. 835–869) king of Lorraine m. 855 Teutberga, daughter of Count Boso of Arles
Rotrud (baptized 835/840 in Pavia) m. around 850/851 Lambert, Margrave of Brittany, Count of Nantes (Widonen), who died 1 May 852
Charles of Provence (c. 845–25 January 863 in the monastery St-Pierre-les-Nonnains, modern Lyon), King in Burgundy

Appearance
"Her voice is as pure as gold and clear as the note of zither. Her skin is as roses mixed in snow. Her blonde hair circles her head like a chrysolith. Her eyes are lively, her white neck like milk, lillies, ivory. Her graceful hands are like the snow."[2]

Kaiserin und Klosterstifterin und wird in der römisch-katholischen
Kirche als Heilige verehrt.

Ermengarde married of Bavaria, Lotharius I in Oct 821 in Thionville, Moselle, Lorraine, France. Lotharius (son of de France, King Louis I and de Hesbaye, Empress Ermengarde) was born on 19 May 795 in Altdorf, Eichstatt, Bayern, Germany; was christened on 19 May 795 in Basilica of St Denis, Paris, Île-de-France, France; died on 29 Sep 855 in Prüm, Bitburg-Prum, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany; was buried after 29 Sep 855 in Abbey of Prüm, Prüm, Bitburg-Prum, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: 9HXY-TD8

Heilwig married of Bavaria, Duke Welf I in 799 in Bayern, Germany. Welf was born in 765 in Bayern, Germany; died in 825 in Bayern, Germany; was buried in 825 in Weingarten Abbey, Ravensburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: L87F-RDY
• Name: Konrad of Bourgogne II
• Birth: 835
• Appointments / Titles: Between 858 and 864; Duke of Transjurane Burgundy
• Appointments / Titles: Between 864 and 876; Count of Auxerre

Notes:

Conrad II, Duke of Transjurane Burgundy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Conrad II the Younger was the Count of Auxerre from 864 until his death in 876. He was a son of Conrad I of Auxerre, and Adelaide of Tours; an older brother of Hugh the Abbot; and a member of the Bavarian branch of the Welfs.

In 858, at the coaxing of Charles the Bald, his cousin, he and his brother betrayed Louis the German when he sent them on an espionage mission and went over to Charles, who rewarded them handsomely because he had lost his Bavarian honores. He acted as Duke of Transjurane (Upper) Burgundy from then until about 864.

He married Waldrada of Worms, by whom he left a son, Rudolf,[1] who later became King of Transjurane Burgundy, and a daughter, Adelaide of Auxerre, who married Richard, Duke of Burgundy, and had issue. Some online family trees may have him also married to Judith of Friuli, but there is no source for this, and she is not known to have married to anyone.

Family/Spouse: d'Orleans, Waldrada. Waldrada (daughter of d'Orléans, Adrien and d'Autun, Waldrade) was born in 801 in Orléans, Loiret, Centre, France; died in 880 in France; was buried in Apr 869 in Saint-Étienne Cathedral, Sens, Yonne, Bourgogne, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: King of The Franks
• FSID: 9H6Q-VVW

Notes:

https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/CAPET.htm#RobertIdied923B

Robert married du Maine, Aélis in 888. Aélis was born in UNKNOWN; died in DECEASED. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: LTY4-Y72
• Appointments / Titles: Between 839 and 840; König von Italien
• Appointments / Titles: 844; König der Langobarden
• Appointments / Titles: 844; König der Langobarden
• Appointments / Titles: 850; Römischer Mitkaiser
• Appointments / Titles: 850; Römischer Mitkaiser

Ludwig married d'Alsazia, Engelberga on 5 Oct 851. Engelberga was born in 830; died on 2 Apr 900 in San Salvatore, Brescia, Brescia, Lombardia, Italy; was buried after 2 Apr 900 in Parma, Parma, Emilia-Romagna, Italy. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Brescia, Brescia, Lombardia, Italy; Abbess to Saint Salvador of Brescia
• Appointments / Titles: Duchess of Moselle
• Appointments / Titles: Gräfin von Lothringen und Maasgau
• Appointments / Titles: Princess of Italy
• Appointments / Titles: Princess of Russia
• FSID: L87F-PT1

Notes:

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmengarde_de_Germanie

Family/Spouse: de Maasgau, Giselbert II. Giselbert was born in 825 in Hainaut, Belgium; died on 6 Sep 885 in Reims, Marne, Champagne-Ardenne, France; was buried after 6 Sep 885. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: King of Italy
• FSID: LHJC-WKM
• Appointments / Titles: Between 855 and 869; King of Lotharingia (Lorraine)

Lothaire married de Lorraine, Waldrada on 25 Dec 862. Waldrada was born in 835; died on 9 Apr 869. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Duchess of Bavaria
• Appointments / Titles: Empress of The Roman Empire
• Appointments / Titles: Queen of The Franks
• House: Welf
• FSID: LZT6-KBL

Notes:

Judith of Bavaria was the daughter of Count Welf of Bavaria and Saxon noblewoman, Hedwig. She was born about 797 in Alamannia. Her birth date is based upon the fact that she was 22 years old in December 819 when she became the second wife of Louis the Pious, Carolingian emperor and king of the Franks. Upon her marriage she became Queen of the Franks and Empress of the Romans. Judith and Louis had two children:
- Gisela, b. 820 married Eberhard of Friuli
- Charles the Bald, b. 13 June 823

In 830 while Emperor Louis was campaigning in Brittany, his sons from his first marriage moved to overthrow him. They removed their step-mother Judith from the throne, placed her in the convent of St Radegund at Poitiers, made accusations against her and tried for her 'crimes'. No one could be found to actually file charges against her, however, and she was purged of her charges. Even so she was exiled to Tortona in Italy. Louis attempted to prevent the revolt against him but was captured in 833 and held captive by his sons in Aachen. While he was imprisoned an attempted to murder Judith was prevented. Louis was restored to his throne in 834, with Judith by his side. Louis died in Ingelheim in 840. The widowed Empress supported her son Charles in his military campaigns and saw him crowned in 841. After Charles' marriage, Judith was forced into retirement, her health began to fail in 842 and she died on 19 April 843 in Tours, at about the age of 45. She was buried at the Basilica of Saint Martin, Tours. Her son Charles' first child born in 844 was a daughter, which he named Judith after his mother.
--------------------------------------------------
“Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):

“LOUIS the Pious, King of Aquitaine, 781-813, Joint emperor, Emperor, 813-814, 834-840, legitimate son, born at Chasseneuil-du-Poitou in Aquitaine in 778, between 16 April and September. He married (1st) about 794 ERMENGARDE OF HASPENGAU, daughter of Ingram, Count of Haspengau. They had Lothair (I) [King of Bavaria, joint Emperor, Emperor], Pépin (or Pippin) (I) [King of Aquitaine], and Ludwig (II) [King of Bavaria, King of the Eastern Franks], and two daughters, Rotrude and Hildegarde. His wife, Ermengarde, died 3 October 818. He married (2nd) in February 819 JUDITH, daughter of Welf I, Count of Altorf, by his wife, Eigilwi (or Heilwich). She was born about 805. They had one son, Charles the Bald [King of the Western Franks, Emperor], and one daughter, Gisela (wife of Eberhard, Margrave of Friuli). By an unknown mistress, he also had one illegitimate son, Arnulf. LOUIS the Pious (or LUDWIG der Fromme) died on an island in the Rhine near Ingelheim 20 June 840, and was buried in the church of the abbey of Saint Arnoul at Metz. His widow, Judith, died at Tours 19 April 843.

Viollet Prières et Fragments religieux (1870): 47-63. Monumenta Germaniæ Historica SS XIII (1881): 219. (Annales Necrologici Prumienses [necrology of Prüm]: "Anno 840. Ludvicus imperator 12 Kal. Iulii diem obiit."). Monumenta Germaniæ Historica (Necrologia Germaniæ 1) (1888): 275 (Necrologium Augiæ Divitis: "XIII kal. May [19 April] - Judit regina"), 277 (Necrologium Augiæ Divitis: "XI kal. July [21 June] - Hludowicus imperator augustus") Birch Cat. Seals in the British Museum 5 (1898): 112 (seal of Emperor Louis I dated A.D. 816 - Oval: a bust, in profile to the right, crowned with laurel. Legend: + XPE PROTEGE HLVDOVVICVM IMPERATORE.), 112 (undated seal of Emperor Louis I - Oval: bust in profile to the right, crowned with laurel. The drapery fastened on the right shoulder with a button. Legend: + XPE PROTEGE HLVDOVVICVM IMPERATORE.). Halphen Recueil d'Annales Angevines et Vendômoises (1903): 53 (Annales de Vendôme sub A.D 840: "Hludowicus imperator moritur."). Brandenburg Die Nachkommen Karls des Großen (1935) II 6. Schwennicke Europäische Stammtafeln 1 (1980): 2 (sub Die Karolinger); 3(4) (1989): 736 (sub Welfen). Winter Descs. of Charlemagne (800-1400) (1987): II.5, III.9-III.15. Settipani & von Kerrebrouck La Préhistoire des Capetians (1993).
Children of Louis I (or Ludwig I), by Ermengarde of Haspengau:
i. LOTHAIR, King of Bavaria, King of Italy, Emperor, married ERMENGARDE OF TOURS [see Line C, Gen. 3].
Children of Louis I (or Ludwig I), by Judith of Altorf:
i. CHARLES II the Bald, King of Neustria, King of the West Franks, King of Italy, Emperor [see next].
ii. GISELA, married EBERHARD, Margrave of Friuli [see Line D, Gen. 3 below].”

Judith married de France, King Louis I in Feb 819. Louis (son of of the Holy Roman Empire, King Charlemagne and von Vinzgau, Hildegard) was born on 16 Apr 778 in Casseneuil, Lot-et-Garonne, Aquitaine, France; was christened on 10 Oct 778 in Casseneuil, Lot-et-Garonne, Aquitaine, France; died on 20 Jun 840 in Ingelheim am Rhein, Mainz-Bingen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany; was buried on 1 Jul 840 in Abbey of Saint-Arnould, Metz, Moselle, Lorraine, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• House: Welf
• FSID: LYX6-GC4
• Appointments / Titles: Between 888 and 912; King of Haute-Bourgogne

Notes:

Rudolph I (859-October 25, 912) was King of Upper Burgundy from his election in 888 until his death.

Rudolph belonged to the elder Welf family and was the son of Conrad, Count of Auxerre and Waldrada of Worms. From his father he inherited the lay abbacy of St Maurice en Valais, making him the most powerful magnate in Upper Burgundy - present-day western Switzerland and the Franche-Comté.
After the deposition and death of Charles the Fat, the nobles and leading clergy of Upper Burgundy met at St Maurice and elected Rudolph as king. Apparently on the basis of this election, Rudolph claimed the whole of Lotharingia, taking much of modern Lorraine and Alsace - but his claim was contested by Arnulf of Carinthia, the new king of East Francia or Germany, who rapidly forced Rudolph to abandon Lotharingia in return for recognition as king of Burgundy. However, hostilities between Rudolph and Arnulf seem to have continued intermittently until 894.

Rudolph's relationships with his other neighbours were friendlier. His sister Adelaide married Richard the Justiciar, duke of Burgundy (the present day Burgundy, part of west Francia). His daughter another Adelaide married Louis the Blind of Provence (Lower Burgundy), and his daughter Willa married Boso of Tuscany.

Rudolph was succeeded as king of Burgundy by his son, Rudolph II. Rudolf I's widow, queen Guilla, married in 912 Hugh of Arles.

This Rudolph is frequently confused with his nephew Rudolph of France, who was the second duke of Burgundy and ninth king of France.

Rudolph married de Provence, Guilla in 888 in France. Guilla (daughter of de Provence, Boson and de Italy, Queen of Burgundy Ermengarde) was born in 873 in Vienne, Poitou-Charentes, France; died on 14 Feb 929 in Vienne, Poitou-Charentes, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Duchess of Burgundy
• FSID: 9C44-MQP

Family/Spouse: de Bourgogne, Duke Richard. Richard (son of of Gorze, Bivin and d'Arles, Dame Richilde) was born in 858 in Champagne, Dordogne, Aquitaine, France; died on 1 Sep 921 in Auxerre, Yonne, Bourgogne, France; was buried on 1 Sep 921 in Saint-Étienne Cathedral, Sens, Yonne, Bourgogne, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• House: Carolingian
• FSID: LDHS-6S3

Notes:

https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/CAPET.htm#AdelaMHeribertIIVermandois
https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/nfravalver.htm#HeribertIIdied943B

Family/Spouse: de Vermandois, Hérbert II. Hérbert (son of de Vermandois, Hérbert I) was born in 880 in Vermandois (Historical), Picardie, France; died on 23 Feb 943 in Saint-Quentin, Aisne, Picardie, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Regent of Bavaria during minority of son Henry the Wrangler
• House: Liutpolding
• FSID: GMJ7-4VN

Notes:

http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ITALY,%20Kings%20to%20962.htm#Ermengardisdied896

Ermengarde is the second daughter of the Western Emperor Louis II the Younger and Engelberge.

Ermengarde (852 / 855-896 in Vienna 1 ) is the second daughter of the Western Emperor Louis II the Younger and Engelberge .

Summary
1 Biography
1.1 Boson's wife
1.2 Regent of the Kingdom of Provence
2 Offspring
3 Notes and references
4 See as well
4.1 Sources and bibliography
4.2 external links
Biography
Boson's wife
In 876 , she married, Duke Boson V of Provence - with Ermengarde, a branch of the Carolingians was founded in the Bosonides - and gave him two daughters and a son, Louis , future emperor of the West .

In May 878 , Pope John VIII, threatened by the Saracens and Italian nobles, took refuge in Arles with her and her husband, Duke Boson.

After the coup d'état of Boson in October 879 , she participated in the defense of Provence against the attempts of the Carolingian kings to reconquer . At the end of 880 , she successfully defended the city of Vienne , in the Rhône valley , capital of the kingdom of Burgondia that her husband Boson had tried to restore, and besieged by the troops of the alliance of the Carolingian kings Charles III the Fat , Louis III of France and Carloman II of France .

In August 881 , during the second siege of Vienna , the troops of Charles III the Fat , newly elected West Germanic Emperor , succeeded in taking the city which was pillaged and burned down. Richard the Justice , brother of Boson, then takes under his protection his sister-in-law and his niece and takes them to Autun , while her husband Boson takes refuge in Provence.

His genealogy on the FMG website [ archive ]
René Poupardin , The Kingdom of Provence under the Carolingians , p. 162-163.
See also
Sources and bibliography
René Poupardin , The Kingdom of Provence under the Carolingians , Lafitte Reprints, 1974.
External links
Notices in general dictionaries or encyclopedias :Dizionario biografico degli italiani [ archive ]Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana [ archive ]
(en) Charles Cawley, “ Italy, emperors & kings - Chapter 4. Kins of Italy 774-887 (Carolingians) ” [ archive ] , at fmg.ac/MedLands (Foundation for Medieval Genealogy) (consulted inapril 2020) , including the dedicated leaflet [ archive ]

Ermengarde married de Provence, Boson in 876. Boson (son of of Gorze, Bivin and d'Arles, Dame Richilde) was born in 841 in Metz, Haute-Savoie, Rhône-Alpes, France; died on 11 Jan 887 in Vienne, Isère, Rhône-Alpes, France; was buried after 11 Jan 887 in Vienne, Isère, Rhône-Alpes, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Count of Hainaut
• Appointments / Titles: Count of Henegouwen
• Appointments / Titles: Count of Maasgau
• Appointments / Titles: Duke of Lorraine
• Appointments / Titles: Duke of Lothringen
• House: House of Reginar
• FSID: L8YG-8PB

Notes:

Reginar Longneck
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Reginar Longneck
Duke of Lorraine
Count of Hainaut
Died 915
Noble family House of Reginar
Spouse(s) Hersinda
Alberada

Issue
Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine
Reginar II, Count of Hainaut
Frederick, Archbishop of Mainz[citation needed]

Reginar Longneck or Reginar I (c. 850 – 915), Latin: Rainerus or Ragenerus Longicollus, was a leading nobleman in the kingdom of Lotharingia, variously described in contemporary sources with the titles of count, margrave, missus dominicus and duke. He stands at the head of a Lotharingian dynasty known to modern scholarship as the Reginarids, because of their frequent use of the name "Reginar".

Background
Reginar was probably the son of Gilbert, count of the Maasgau, and a daughter of Lothair I whose name is not known (Hiltrude, Bertha, Irmgard, and Gisela are candidate names). In an 877 charter in the Capitulary of Quierzy, he possibly already appears as "Rainerus", alongside his probable father as one of the regents of the kingdom during Charles the Bald's absence on campaign in Italy.[1]

Career
Reginar was lay abbot of important abbeys stretching from the Maas to the Moselle through the Ardennes, Saint-Servais in Maastricht, Echternach, Stavelot-Malmedy, and Saint-Maximin in Trier. All these abbeys lay on or near the boundary negotiated between the Eastern and Western Frankish kingdoms in the Treaty of Meerssen in 870, during a period when the Western Kingdom controlled much of Lotharingia. In Echternach, he was referred to as "Rainerus iunior" because the lay abbot before him, a probable relative, had the same name.

Reginar's secular titles and activities are mainly only known from much later sources which are considered to be of uncertain reliability. Dudo of Saint-Quentin, in describing the great deeds of the early Normans, calls Reginar I (who, along with a prince of the Frisians named Radbod, was an opponent of Rollo, the founder of Normandy) a duke of both Hainaut and Hesbaye.[2] Centuries later William of Jumièges, and then later still, Alberic de Trois Fontaines followed Dudo using the same titles when describing the same events. He was variously referred to as duke, count, marquis, missus dominicus, but historians doubt that these titles were connected to a particular territory. That he called himself a duke is known from a charter at Stavelot 21 July 905, but this was during a period when Gebhard was duke of Lotharingia.[3]

Reginar was originally a supporter of Zwentibold in 895, but he broke with the king in 898. He and some other magnates who had been key to Zwentibold's election three years earlier then took the opportunity provided by the death of Odo of France to invite Charles the Simple to become king in Lotharingia. His lands were confiscated, but he refused to give them up and entrenched himself at Durfost, downstream from Maastricht. Representatives of Charles, Zwentibold, and the Emperor Arnulf met at Sankt Goar and determined that the succession should go to Louis the Child. Zwentibold was killed by Reginar in battle in August 900.

Louis appointed Gebhard as his duke in Lotharingia. In 908, Reginar recuperated Hainaut after the death of Sigard. Then, after the death of Gebhard in 910, in battle with the Magyars, Reginar led the magnates in opposing Conrad I of Germany and electing Charles the Simple their king. He never appears as the duke of Lorraine, but he was probably the military commander of the region under Charles. He was succeeded by his son Gilbert; however, the Reginarids did not succeed in establishing their supremacy in Lotharingia like the Liudolfings or Liutpoldings did in the duchies of Saxony and Bavaria.

Family
By his wife Alberada, who predeceased him and was probably a second wife, Reginar left the following children:

Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine
Reginar II, Count of Hainaut
a daughter, who married Berengar, Count of Namur

Family/Spouse: de Hainaut, Countess Alberada. Alberada (daughter of de Hainaut, Comte Alban II and de Namur, Hildeberge) was born in 854 in Reims, Marne, Champagne-Ardenne, France; died in 916 in Reims, Marne, Champagne-Ardenne, France; was buried in 916 in Champagne-Ardenne, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Countess of Arles
• Appointments / Titles: Margravine of Tuscany
• House: Carolingian
• FSID: LYZB-L4Y

Notes:

Bertha, daughter of Lothair II
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bertha (863-8 – March 925 in Lucca) was countess of Arles by marriage to Theobald of Arles, and margravine of Tuscany by marriage to Adalbert II of Tuscany. She served as regent of Lucca and Tuscany from 915 until 916 during the minority of her son Guy of Tuscany. She was described as beautiful, spirited, and courageous, and her influence over her spouse was, coupled with ambition, attributed to have involved her husbands in many wars.

She was the second illegitimate daughter of Lothair II, King of Lotharingia, by his concubine Waldrada.[1]

Life
Between 879 and 880, Bertha married her first husband, Theobald of Arles. A Bosonid, his father was Hucbert. Hucbert's brother-in-law was Lothair II.

Bertha is also known for her curious correspondence to Caliph al-Muktafi in 906, in which she described herself rather grandly as "Queen of the Franks." Bertha's letter is of interest in that she appears to have little knowledge of Baghdad politics or culture, and it is for this reason that details of her correspondence were recorded by one of the Muslim chroniclers. Bertha was seeking a marriage alliance between herself and the Emir of Sicily, unaware that al-Mukfati had little influence over the Aghlabid colony in Sicily. Moreover, the letter was written in a language unfamiliar to the Caliph's translators, and the accompanying gifts (among them a multicoloured woollen coat) which no doubt indicated largesse on Bertha's part, were unlikely to have impressed al-Muktafi beyond their novelty value.[2]

After the death of Adalbert II in 915, her son Guy became count and duke of Lucca and margrave of Tuscany. Bertha, as his mother, was his regent. She stepped down from regency in 916.

Bertha died on 8 March 925 in Lucca.

Issue
Bertha and Theobald of Arles had four children with :

Hugh (882 – 10 April 947);[3]
Boso (885–936)
Theutberga of Arles (890–948), married Warner, viscount of Sens[4]
An unknown daughter (d. after 924)
Bertha and Adalbert II of Tuscany had three children:

Guy (d. 3 February 929);[5]
Lambert (d. after 938);
Ermengarde (d. 932).

Bertha married d'Arles, Théobald in 880 in Arles, Bouches-du-Rhône, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France. Théobald (son of d'Arles, Hucbert and d'Arles, Andaberta) was born on 5 Jan 850 in Arles, Bouches-du-Rhône, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France; died in Jun 895 in Orbé, Deux-Sèvres, Poitou-Charentes, France; was buried in Jun 895 in Cathedral of Lucca, Lucca, Lucca, Toscana, Italy. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: G8V9-R5Y
• Name: Gisela Of The Roman Empire
• Birth: 819

Notes:

Gisela (Gisèle) was the daughter of Louis the Pious and his second wife, Judith of Bavaria, born about 820. She was named after her great-aunt Gisela, the sister of Charlemagne, who chose a religious life from girlhood. Like her ancestress Gisela was renowned for her piety and virtue and eventually became an Abbess.

About 835 Gisela married Eberhard, Duke of Friuli, later canonized as Saint Eberhard. Gisela was Louis the Pious' reward to Count Eberhard for his loyal service. Eberhard and Gisela were likeminded and well suited to each other.
Together they had 9 children:
-Eberhard (c. 837 – 840)
-Ingeltrude (837 or 840 – 870), possibly married Henry, Margrave of the Franks
-Unruoch III (c. 840 – 874)
-Bèrenger (c. 845 – 924), King of Italy
-Adélard (d. 874)
-Rudolf (d. 892)
-Heilwise (b. 860)
-Gisèle (d. 863)
-Judith of Friuli (died ca. 881), first married Arnulf I of Bavaria, second married Conrad II of Auxerre

As dowry Gisela was given many rich domains including the Royal Fisc of Cysoing; located at the center of the country of Pèvele, Cysoing was one of the most beautiful fiscs in the region and became one of her and Eberhard's regular residences. They founded a monastery there, which was not completed until after their deaths.

The nunnery San Salvatore was given to her after Ermengarde, wife of Lothair I. For a time she served as both abbess and rectrix.

She dedicated herself to the education of her and Eberhard's many children.

Gisela's husband Eberhard died 16 December, 867. She survived him, her date of death is not known.

“Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
“GISELA, born 819-822. She married about 836 EBERHARD (or EVRARD), Margrave of Friuli, before 836? - 864/865, son of Hunroch (or Unroch), Count of Teinois, by Angiltrud, daughter, perhaps, of Begue, Count of Paris. They had five sons, Eberhard, Hunroch (or Unroch) [Margrave of Friuli], Berengario (or Bérenger) (I) [Duke of Friuli, King of Italy, Emperor], Adalard, and Raoul (or Rodolfe) [Abbot of Saint-Vaast and Saint-Bertin], and four daughters, Engeltrude, Heilwig (or Hélvide) (wife of Hucbald, Count of Ostrevant, and Roger I, Count of Laon), Gisela (nun in Brescia), and Judith (wife of Heinrich, Margrave in Frisia). He received the marquessate of Friuli from Lothair I, and held it with his wife in addition to his possessions in Italy and in Germany, his large holdings bordering the river Meuse, Hesbaye, Condroz, Texandrie and the pagus Moilla, and also other lands in the vicinity of Arras and Tournai, in Ostrevant, Cysoing and elsewhere. His wealth and political influence made him one of the most important men of his time. He was said to be highly cultured, and his testament enumerated many religious works. He maintained friendships with Hraban Maur, archbishop of Mayence, Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims, and with other men of letters. He founded Cysoing Abbey in the diocese of Noyon, and he transported to the abbey the relics of St. Calixtus, which he obtained from the pope. He made his testament about 863-864, and died [?16 Dec.] 865-866, and was buried at Cysoing. In 869 his widow, Gisela, gave Somain in Ostrevant to her son, Adalard. In 870 she and her son, Raoul, confirmed and augmented donations to Cysoing towards her burial and that of her daughter, Engeltrude. Gisela was living 1 July 874, when she made another grant to Cysoing.
Études d'Histoire de Moyen Age dediées el Gabrielle Monod (1896): 155-162. Brandenburg Die Nachkommen Karls des Großen (1935) III 14, IV 24-32 and also p. 86, notes concerning Nov. 28 and 30). Decker-Hauff (1955): 293. Schwennicke Europäische Stammtafeln 2 (1984): 188A (sub Italy). Winter Descs. of Charlemagne (800-1400) (1987): III.14, IV.32-38c. Settipani & von Kerrebrouck La Préhistoire des Capetians (1993).”

Gisèle married of Friuli, Saint Eberardo in 836 in France. Eberardo (son of Count Unruoch and de Paris, Engeltrude) was born in 815 in Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy; died on 16 Dec 866 in Cysoing, Nord, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France; was buried on 24 Dec 866 in Cysoing, Nord, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• House: House of Carolingian
• Nickname: The Bald
• FSID: 2QBY-PCY
• Military: Between 840 and 843; Carolingian Civil War
• Life Event: 14 Feb 842; Alliance between Charles the Bald and Louis the German against their brother Lothair I
• Life Event: 843; Restricted the powers of the king and guaranteed rights of the nobility and clergy.
• Life Event: 860; King of the West Franks
• Life Event: 876; King of Italy and the Roman Empire

Notes:

King of the Franks, Emperor of the Roman Empire
Oaths of Strasbourg: 14 Feb 842 AD; Alliance between Charles the Bald and Louis the German against their brother Lothair I
Charles ΙΙ, also known as Charles the Bald was the youngest son of Louis the Pious and his second wife Judith. He was also a grandson of Charlemagne. Charles was born June 13, 823 in Frankfurt am Main, and was named Charles after his famous and powerful grandfather. His older brothers are Lothair I, Pepin of Aquitaine, and Louis the German.
Charles married Ermentrude of Orléans, daughter of Odo I, Count of Orléansin, in 842 and they had 10 children: Judith of Flanders, Louis the Stammerer, Charles the Child, Lothair the Lame, Carloman, Rotrude and Ermentrud (both who became nuns), Hildegarde, Gisela, and Godehilde.
Ermentrude died October 6 869 and in 870 Charles married Richilde of the Ardennes, daughter of Bivin of Gorze, Count of the Ardennes. Together they had 5 more children: Rothilde, Drogo, Pippin, a son who died an infant in 875, and Charles. Unfortunately out of these 5 only Rothilde survived to adulthood.

Charles the Bald was not bald, he is pictured with a full head of hair. 'The Bald' rather refers to his lack of lands when he was young.

Charles father Louis the Pious was King of Aquitaine, Emperor of Rome and King of the Franks. Although Charles was his youngest son, Louis named him his heir in 837. Charles would spend most of his life in a power struggle with his older brothers over the lands conquered by their grandfather. Charles older brother Pepin died in 838 and Charles was made King of Aquitaine. His father Louis the Pious died in 840 and war erupted between his sons. Oldest son Lothair consolidated control of Middle Francia and became Emperor of Rome. Charles allied with his brother Louis against their older brother. Louis became King of East Francia (King of Germany) and Charles King of West Francia (King of France)
After the death of his brother Lothair and then his brothers son Emperor Louis II, Charles traveled to Rome and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John VIII on December 25, 875.

Charles died on 6 October 877 in Brides-les-Bains while crossing the pass of Mont Cenis. He was buried initially at the abbey of Nantua, Burgundy but a few years later, his remains were transferred to the Abbey of Saint-Denis where he had long wished to be buried.

Charles and Ermentrude had the following children:
-Judith (c.843–after 866), married first King Ethelwulf of Wessex, second his son King Ethelbald, and third Baldwin I, Margrave of Flanders
-Louis the Stammerer (846–879)
-Charles the Child (847–866)
-Lothair the Lame (848–866), monk in 861, became Abbot of Saint-Germain
-Carloman (849–876)
-Rotrude (852–912), a nun, Abbess of Saint-Radegunde
-Ermentrud (854–877), a nun, Abbess of Hasnon
-Hildegarde (born 856, died young)
-Gisela (857–874)
-Godehilde (864–907)

The children of Charles and Richilde are:
-Rothilde (871–929), married Hugues, Count of Bourges and 2nd Roger, Count of Maine.
-Drogo (872–873)
-Pippin (873–874)
-a son (born and died 875)
-Charles (876–877)
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“Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
“CHARLES II the Bald, King of Neustria, 838-840, King of the West Franks, 840-877, King of (western) Lorraine, 870-877, King of Italy, 875-877, Emperor, 875-877, son by his father's 2nd marriage, born at Frankfurt-am-Main 13 June 823. He married (1st) at Quierzy, Aisne 13 Dec. 842 ERMENTRUDE OF ORLÉANS, daughter of Eudes, Count of Orléans, by his wife, Engeltrude. She was born 27 Sept., about 830. They had six sons, Louis (II) [King of Neustria, King of Aquitaine, King of France], Charles [King of Aquitaine], Karlmann (or Carloman) [Abbot of St.-Germain of Auxerre], Lothair [Abbot of St.-Germain of Auxerre], Dreux, and Pépin, and four daughters, Judith, Hildegarde, Ermentrude [Abbess of Hasnon], and Gisela (or Gisele). His wife, Ermentrude, died 6 October 869. He married (2nd) 12 October 869, confirmed at Aix-la-Chapelle 22 Jan. 870 RICHILDE OF GORZE, daughter of Bivin, Count and Abbot of Gorze, by daughter of Boson l'Ancien, count in Italy. They had three children, including one son, Charles, and one daughter, Rothilde (wife of Rodgar [or Roger], Count of Maine). CHARLES II the Bald, Emperor, King of the West Franks, died at Brides-les-Bains (Savoie, Fr.) 6 October 877, and was buried at Nantua monastery, later at St. Denis. His widow, Richilde, living 910, and died before 3 Feb. 911.
Monumenta Germaniæ Historica SS XIII (1881): 219. (Annales Necrologici Prumienses [necrology of Prüm]: "Anno Domini inc. 877. Karolus, frater eius, Nonas Octob. feliciter obit.”) Birch Cat. Seals in the British Museum 5 (1898): 112 (seal of King Charles II dated A.D. 843 - Oval: bust of a youthful personage, in profile to the right, head crowned with laurel. Legend: + KAROLVS GRATIA DI REX.). Halphen Recueil d'Annales Angevines et Vendômoises (1903): 54-55 (Annales de Vendôme sub A.D. 877: "Karolus imperator obiit, id est Calvus, et filius ejus Hludowicus regnum recepit."). Brandenburg Die Nachkommen Karls des Großen (1935) III 15. Schwennicke Europäische Stammtafeln 1 (1980): 2 (sub Die Karolinger); 2 (1984): 1 (sub Kings of the West Franks). Winter Descs. of Charlemagne (800-1400) (1987): III.15, IV.39-IV.52. Online resource: http.//www.mittelalter-genealogie.de/mittelalter/koenige/frankenreich/karl_2_der_kahle_koenig_von_frankreich_877.html.”

Charles married d'Orléans, Queen Ermentrude on 13 Dec 842 in France. Ermentrude (daughter of d'Orléans, Count Eudes and de Fézensac, Engeltrude) was born on 27 Sep 823 in Orléans, Loiret, Centre, France; died on 6 Oct 869 in France; was buried after 6 Oct 869 in Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]