Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Between 843 and 13 Feb 858; King of the Picts

Notes:

Kenneth MacAlpin

King of the Picts
Reign 843 – 13 February 858
Predecessor Drest X
Successor Donald I
Born 810 Iona, Scotland
Died 1 3 February 858 Scotland
Burial Iona

Issue among possible others
Pictish: Constantín, King of the Picts
Áed, King of the Picts
Máel Muire
Full name Kenneth MacAlpin
Pictish: Cináed mac Ailpín
House Alpin
Father Alpín mac Echdach

Kenneth MacAlpin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pictish: Cináed mac Ailpín (Modern Gaelic: Coinneach mac
Ailpein),[1] commonly anglicised as Kenneth MacAlpin and
known in most modern regnal lists as Kenneth I (810 – 13
February 858), was a king of the Picts who, according to
national myth, was the first king of Scots. He was thus later
known by the posthumous nickname of An Ferbasach, "The
Conqueror".[2] The dynasty that ruled Scotland for much of
the medieval period claimed descent from him, and the
current British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II is descended
from him through King James, Robert the Bruce and
Malcolm III.
Contents
1 Disputed kingship
2 Background
3 Reign
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Disputed kingship
The Kenneth of myth, conqueror of the Picts and founder of
the Kingdom of Alba, was born in the centuries after the real
Kenneth died. In the reign of Kenneth II (Cináed mac Maíl
Coluim), when the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba was
compiled, the annalist wrote:
So Kinadius son of Alpinus, first of the Scots,
ruled this Pictland prosperously for 16 years.
Pictland was named after the Picts, whom, as we
have said, Kinadius destroyed. ... Two years
before he came to Pictland, he had received the
kingdom of Dál Riata.
In the 15th century, Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland, a history in verse, added little to the
account in the Chronicle:
Quhen Alpyne this kyng was dede, He left a sowne wes cal'd Kyned,
Dowchty man he wes and stout, All the Peychtis he put out.
Gret bataylis than dyd he, To pwt in freedom his cuntre!
Painting of Kenneth.
When humanist scholar George Buchanan wrote his history Rerum Scoticarum Historia in the 1570s, a great
deal of lurid detail had been added to the story. Buchanan included an account of how Kenneth's father had
been murdered by the Picts and a detailed, and entirely unsupported, account of how Kenneth avenged him and
conquered the Picts. Buchanan was not as credulous as many and he did not include the tale of MacAlpin's
treason, a story from Gerald of Wales, who reused a tale of Saxon treachery at a feast in Geoffrey of
Monmouth's inventive Historia Regum Britanniae.
Later 19th-century historians, such as William Forbes Skene, brought new standards of accuracy to early
Scottish history, while Celticists, such as Whitley Stokes and Kuno Meyer, cast a critical eye over Welsh and
Irish sources. As a result, much of the misleading and vivid detail was removed from the scholarly series of
events, even if it remained in the popular accounts. Rather than a conquest of the Picts, instead, the idea of
Pictish matrilineal succession, mentioned by Bede and apparently the only way to make sense of the list of
Kings of the Picts found in the Pictish Chronicle, advanced the idea that Kenneth was a Gael, and a king of Dál
Riata, who had inherited the throne of Pictland through a Pictish mother. Other Gaels, such as Caustantín and
Óengus, the sons of Fergus, were identified among the Pictish king lists, as were Angles such as Talorcen son
of Eanfrith, and Britons such as Bridei son of Beli.[3]
Later historians would reject parts of the Kenneth produced by Skene and subsequent historians, while
accepting others. Medievalist Alex Woolf, interviewed by The Scotsman in 2004, is quoted as saying:
The myth of Kenneth conquering the Picts – it’s about 1210, 1220 that that’s first talked about.
There’s actually no hint at all that he was a Scot. ... If you look at contemporary sources there are
four other Pictish kings after him. So he’s the fifth last of the Pictish kings rather than the first
Scottish king."[4]
Many other historians could be quoted in terms similar to Woolf.[5]
A feasible synopsis of the emerging consensus may be put forward,
namely, that the kingships of Gaels and Picts underwent a process of
gradual fusion,[6] starting with Kenneth, and rounded off in the reign of
Constantine II. The Pictish institution of kingship provided the basis for
merger with the Gaelic Alpin dynasty. The meeting of King Constantine
and Bishop Cellach at the Hill of Belief near the (formerly Pictish) royal
city of Scone in 906 cemented the rights and duties of Picts on an equal
basis with those of Gaels (pariter cum Scottis). Hence the change in
styling from King of the Picts to King of Alba. The legacy of Gaelic as
the first national language of Scotland does not obscure the foundational
process in the establishment of the Scottish kingdom of Alba.
Background
Kenneth's origins are uncertain, as are his ties, if any, to previous kings of the Picts or Dál Riata. Among the
genealogies contained in the Rawlinson B 502 manuscript, dating from around 1130, is the supposed descent of
Malcolm II of Scotland. Medieval genealogies are unreliable sources, but many historians still accept Kenneth's
descent from the established Cenél nGabráin, or at the very least from some unknown minor sept of the Dál
Riata. The manuscript provides the following ancestry for Kenneth:
...Cináed son of Alpín son of Eochaid son of Áed Find son of Domangart son of Domnall Brecc
son of Eochaid Buide son of Áedán son of Gabrán son of Domangart son of Fergus Mór ...[7]
Naoi m-bliadhna Cusaintin chain,
a naoi Aongusa ar Albain,
cethre bliadhna Aodha áin,
is a tri déug Eoghanáin.
Tríocha bliadhain Cionaoith chruaidh,
The nine years of Causantín the fair,
The nine of Aongus over Alba,
The four years of Aodh the noble,
And the thirteen of Eoghanán.
The thirty years of Cionaoth the hardy,[8]
Leaving aside the shadowy kings before Áedán son of Gabrán, the genealogy is certainly flawed insofar as Áed
Find, who died c. 778, could not reasonably be the son of Domangart, who was killed c. 673. The conventional
account would insert two generations between Áed Find and Domangart: Eochaid mac Echdach, father of Áed
Find, who died c. 733, and his father Eochaid.
Although later traditions provided details of his reign and death, Kenneth's father Alpin is not listed as among
the kings in the Duan Albanach, which provides the following sequence of kings leading up to Kenneth:
It is supposed that these kings are the Constantine son of Fergus and his brother Óengus II (Angus II), who
have already been mentioned, Óengus's son Uen (Eóganán), as well as the obscure Áed mac Boanta, but this
sequence is considered doubtful if the list is intended to represent kings of Dál Riata, as it should if Kenneth
were king there.[9]
That Kenneth was a Gael is not widely rejected, but modern historiography distinguishes between Kenneth as a
Gael by culture and/or in ancestry, and Kenneth as a king of Gaelic Dál Riata. Kings of the Picts before him,
from Bridei son of Der-Ilei, his brother Nechtan as well as Óengus I son of Fergus and his presumed
descendants were all at least partly Gaelicised.[10] The idea that the Gaelic names of Pictish kings in Irish
annals represented translations of Pictish ones was challenged by the discovery of the inscription Custantin
filius Fircus(sa), the latinised name of the Pictish king Caustantín son of Fergus, on the Dupplin Cross.[11]
Other evidence, such as that furnished by place-names, suggests the spread of Gaelic culture through western
Pictland in the centuries before Kenneth. For example, Atholl, a name used in the Annals of Ulster for the year
739, has been thought to be "New Ireland", and Argyll derives from Oir-Ghàidheal, the land of the "eastern
Gaels".
Reign
Compared with the many questions on his origins, Kenneth's ascent to power and subsequent reign can be dealt
with simply. Kenneth's rise can be placed in the context of the recent end of the previous dynasty, which had
dominated Fortriu for two or four generations. This followed the death of king Uen son of Óengus of Fortriu,
his brother Bran, Áed mac Boanta "and others almost innumerable" in battle against the Vikings in 839. The
resulting succession crisis seems, if the Pictish Chronicle king-lists have any validity, to have resulted in at least
four would-be kings warring for supreme power.
Kenneth's reign is dated from 843, but it was probably not until 848 that he defeated the last of his rivals for
power. The Pictish Chronicle claims that he was king in Dál Riata for two years before becoming Pictish king
in 843, but this is not generally accepted. In 849, Kenneth had relics of Columba, which may have included the
Monymusk Reliquary, transferred from Iona to Dunkeld. Other than these bare facts, the Chronicle of the Kings
of Alba reports that he invaded Saxonia six times, captured Melrose and burnt Dunbar, and also that Vikings
laid waste to Pictland, reaching far into the interior.[12] The Annals of the Four Masters, not generally a good
source on Scottish matters, do make mention of Kenneth, although what should be made of the report is
unclear:
Gofraid mac Fergusa, chief of Airgíalla, went to Alba, to strengthen the Dal Riata, at the request of
Kenneth MacAlpin.[13]
The reign of Kenneth also saw an increased degree of Norse settlement in the outlying areas of modern
Scotland. Shetland, Orkney, Caithness, Sutherland, the Western Isles and the Isle of Man, and part of Ross were
settled; the links between Kenneth's kingdom and Ireland were weakened, those with southern England and the
continent almost broken. In the face of this, Kenneth and his successors were forced to consolidate their
position in their kingdom, and the union between the Picts and the Gaels, already progressing for several
centuries, began to strengthen. By the time of Donald II, the kings would be called kings neither of the Gaels or
the Scots but of Alba.[14]
Kenneth died from a tumour on 13 February 858 at the palace of Cinnbelachoir, perhaps near Scone. The
annals report the death as that of the "king of the Picts", not the "king of Alba". The title "king of Alba" is not
used until the time of Kenneth's grandsons, Donald II (Domnall mac Causantín) and Constantine II (Constantín
mac Áeda). The Fragmentary Annals of Ireland quote a verse lamenting Kenneth's death:
Because Cináed with many troops lives no longer
there is weeping in every house;
there is no king of his worth under heaven
as far as the borders of Rome.[15]
Kenneth left at least two sons, Constantine and Áed, who were later kings, and at least two daughters. One
daughter married Run, king of Strathclyde, Eochaid being the result of this marriage. Kenneth's daughter Máel
Muire married two important Irish kings of the Uí Néill. Her first husband was Aed Finliath of the Cenél
nEógain. Niall Glúndub, ancestor of the O'Neill, was the son of this marriage. Her second husband was Flann
Sinna of Clann Cholmáin. As the wife and mother of kings, when Máel Muire died in 913, her death was
reported by the Annals of Ulster, an unusual thing for the male-centred chronicles of the age.
See also
Website Clan Netherlands: http://www.macalpin.nl/index.htm
Siol Alpin, the kindred group of clans widely considered to be the descendants of Cináed and the House
of Alpin at large.
Scotland in the Early Middle Ages
Scotland in the High Middle Ages
Notes
1. Cináed mac Ailpín is the Mediaeval Gaelic form. A
more accurate rendering in modern Gaelic would be
Cionaodh mac Ailpein since Coinneach is historically a
separate name. However, in the modern language, both
names have converged.
2. Skene, Chronicles, p. 83.
References
For primary sources see under External links below.
Further reading
Sally Foster, Picts, Gaels and Scots (revised edition, 2005) – a broad and accessible introduction
Leslie Alcock, Society of Antiquaries of Scotland monograph Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and
Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–750 (2003) – more detail
Alex Woolf, Pictland to Alba: Scotland, 789–1070, in the New Edinburgh History of Scotland series,
published in 2007.
The Oxford Companion to Scottish History (2001) – articles by expert contributors
3. That the Pictish succession was matrilineal is doubted.
Bede in the Ecclesiastical History, I, i, writes: "when
any question should arise, they should choose a king
from the female royal race, rather than the male: which
custom, as is well known, has been observed among
the Picts to this day." Bridei and Nechtan, the sons of
Der-Ilei, were the Pictish kings in Bede's time, and are
presumed to have claimed the throne through maternal
descent. Maternal descent, "when any question should
arise" brought several kings of Alba and the Scots to
the throne, including John Balliol, Robert Bruce and
Robert II, the first of the Stewart kings.
4. Johnston, Ian. "First king of the Scots? Actually he was
a Pict" (http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id
=1149902004).The Scotsman, October 2, 2004.
5. For example, Foster, Picts, Gaels and Scots, pp. 107–
108; Broun, "Kenneth mac Alpin"; Forsyth, "Scotland
to 1100", pp. 28–32; Duncan, Kingship of the Scots,
pp. 8–10. Woolf was selected to write the relevant
volume of the new Edinburgh History of Scotland, to
replace that written by Duncan in 1975.
6. After Herbert, Rí Éirenn, Rí Alban, kingship and
identity in the ninth and tenth centuries, p. 71.
7. Genealogies from Rawlinson B 502:¶ 1696 Genelach
Ríg n-Alban (http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G10500
3/text026.html).
8. "The Duan Albanach" (http://sejh.pagesperso-orange.f
r/keltia/alba/albanic-en.html).
9. See Broun, Pictish Kings, for a discussion of this
question.
10. For the descendants of the firstÓ engus son of Fergus,
again see Broun, Pictish Kings.
11. Foster, Picts, Gaels and Scots, pp. 95–96; Fergus
would appear as Uurgu(i)st in a Pictish form.
12. Regarding Dál Riata, see Broun, "Kenneth mac Alpin";
Foster, Picts, Gaels and Scots, pp. 111–112.
13. Annals of the Four Master, for the year 835 (probably
c. 839). The history of Dál Riata in this period is
simply not known, or even if there was any sort ofD ál
Riata to have a history. Ó Corráin's Vikings in Ireland
and Scotland, available as etext, and Woolf, Kingdom
of the Isles, may be helpful.
14. Lynch, Michael, A New History of Scotland
15. Fragmentary Annals, FA 285.
John Bannerman, "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland"
in Dauvit Broun & Thomas Owen Clancy (eds.)S pes
Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and
Scotland. T & T Clark, Edinburgh, 1999. ISBN 0-567-
08682-8
Dauvit Broun, "Kenneth mac Alpin" in Michael Lynch
(ed.) The Oxford Companion to Scottish History.
Oxford: Oxford UP, ISBN 0-19-211696-7
Dauvit Broun, "Pictish Kings 761–839: Integration
with Dál Riata or Separate Development" in Sally
Foster (ed.) The St Andrews Sarcophagus Dublin: Four
Courts Press, ISBN 1-85182-414-6
Dauvit Broun, "Dunkeld and the origins of Scottish
Identity" in Dauvit Broun and Thomas Owen Clancy
(eds), op. cit.
Thomas Owen Clancy, "Caustantín son of Fergus" in
Lynch (ed.), op. cit.
A.A.M. Duncan, The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292:
Succession and Independence. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8
Katherine Forsyth, "Scotland to 1100" in Jenny
Katherine Forsyth, "Scotland to 1100" in Jenny
Wormald (ed.) Scotland: A History. Oxford: Oxford
UP, ISBN 0-19-820615-1
Sally Foster, Picts, Gaels and Scots: Early Historic
Scotland. London: Batsford, ISBN 0-7134-8874-3
Máire Herbert, "Ri Éirenn, Ri Alban: kingship and
identity in the ninth and tenth centuries" in Simon
Taylor (ed.), Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland
500–1297. Dublin: Fourt Courts Press, ISBN 1-85182-
516-9
Michael A. O'Brien (ed.) with int.r by John V. Kelleher,
Corpus genealogiarum Hiberniae. DIAS. 1976. /
partial digital edition: Donnchadh Ó Corráin (ed.),
Genealogies from Rawlinson B 502. University
College, Cork: Corpus of Electronic Texts. 1997.
Donnchadh Ó Corráin, "Vikings in Ireland and
Scotland in the ninth century" inP eritia 12 (1998),
pp. 296–339. Etext (pdf)
Alex Woolf, "Constantine II" in Lynch (ed.), op. cit.
Alex Woolf, "Kingdom of the Isles" in Lynch (ed.), op.
cit.
Kenneth by Nigel Tranter – fictional interpretation of Kenneth's life
External links
Annals of Ulster, part 1, at CELT (translated)
A poem by Robert Louis Stevenson – Heather Ale
Annals of Tigernach, at CELT (no translation presently available)
Annals of the Four Masters, part 1, at CELT (translated)
Duan Albanach, at CELT (translated)
Genealogies from Rawlinson B.502, at CELT (no translation presently available)
The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
Kenneth MacAlpin
House of Alpin
Born: after 800 Died: 13 February 858
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Drest X
King of Picts
(traditionally King of Scots)
843–858
Succeeded by
Donald (Domnall) I
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_MacAlpin&oldid=786356488"
Categories: 858 deaths 9th-century births 9th-century Scottish monarchs Founding monarchs
House of Alpin Burials at Iona Abbey
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Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Between 862 and 877; King of Picts

Notes:

Causantín mac Cináeda
18th century depiction of Causantín, son of Kenneth
MacAlpin. The depiction is highly anachronistic.

King of the Picts
Reign 862–877
Predecessor Donald I
Successor Áed
Died 877 Atholl?
Burial Iona
Issue Donald II, King of the Picts/of Alba
House Alpin
Father Kenneth I, King of the Picts

Causantín mac Cináeda
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Causantín or Constantín mac Cináeda (in Modern Gaelic:
Còiseam mac Choinnich; died 877) was a king of the Picts.
He is often known as Constantine I in reference to his place
in modern lists of kings of Scots, but contemporary sources
described Causantín only as a Pictish king. A son of Cináed
mac Ailpín ("Kenneth MacAlpin"), he succeeded his uncle
Domnall mac Ailpín as Pictish king following the latter's
death on 13 April 862. It is likely that Causantín's
(Constantine I) reign witnessed increased activity by
Vikings, based in Ireland, Northumbria and northern Britain.
He died fighting one such invasion.
Contents
1 Sources
2 Languages and names
3 Amlaíb and Ímar
4 Last days of the Pictish kingdom
5 Aftermath
6 Notes
7 References
Sources
Very few records of ninth century events in northern Britain
survive. The main local source from the period is the
Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, a list of kings from Cináed
mac Ailpín (died 858) to Cináed mac Maíl Coluim (died
995). The list survives in the Poppleton Manuscript, a
thirteenth-century compilation. Originally simply a list of
kings with reign lengths, the other details contained in the
Poppleton Manuscript version were added from the tenth century onwards.[1] In addition to this, later king lists
survive.[2] The earliest genealogical records of the descendants of Cináed mac Ailpín may date from the end of
the tenth century, but their value lies more in their context, and the information they provide about the interests
of those for whom they were compiled, than in the unreliable claims they contain.[3] The Pictish king-lists
originally ended with this Causantín, who was reckoned the seventieth and last king of the Picts.[4]
For narrative history the principal sources are the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the Irish annals. While
Scandinavian sagas describe events in 9th century Britain, their value as sources of historical narrative, rather
than documents of social history, is disputed.[5] If the sources for north-eastern Britain, the lands of the
kingdom of Northumbria and the former Pictland, are limited and late, those for the areas on the Irish Sea and
Atlantic coasts—the modern regions of north-west England and all of northern and western Scotland—are nonexistent,
and archaeology and toponymy are of primary importance.[6]
Languages and names
Writing a century before Causantín was born, Bede recorded five languages in Britain. Latin, the common
language of the church; Old English, the language of the Angles and Saxons; Irish, spoken on the western
coasts of Britain and in Ireland; Brythonic, ancestor of the Welsh language, spoken in large parts of western
Britain; and Pictish, spoken in northern Britain. By the ninth century a sixth language, Old Norse, had arrived
with the Vikings.
Amlaíb and Ímar
Viking activity in northern Britain appears to have reached a peak during Causantín's reign. Viking armies were
led by a small group of men who may have been kinsmen. Among those noted by the Irish annals, the
Chronicle of the Kings of Alba and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle are Ívarr—Ímar in Irish sources—who was
active from East Anglia to Ireland, Halfdán—Albdann in Irish, Healfdene in Old English— and Amlaíb or
Óláfr. As well as these leaders, various others related to them appear in the surviving record.[7]
Viking activity in Britain increased in 865 when the Great Heathen Army, probably a part of the forces which
had been active in Francia, landed in East Anglia.[8] The following year, having obtained tribute from the East
Anglian King Edmund, the Great Army moved north, seizing York, chief city of the Northumbrians.[9] The
Great Army defeated an attack on York by the two rivals for the Northumbrian throne, Osberht and Ælla, who
had put aside their differences in the face of a common enemy. Both would-be kings were killed in the failed
assault, probably on 21 March 867. Following this, the leaders of the Great Army are said to have installed one
Ecgberht as king of the Northumbrians.[10] Their next target was Mercia where King Burgred, aided by his
brother-in-law King Æthelred of Wessex, drove them off.[11]
While the kingdoms of East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria were under attack, other Viking armies were
active in the far north. Amlaíb and Auisle (Ásl or Auðgísl), said to be his brother, brought an army to Fortriu
and obtained tribute and hostages in 866. Historians disagree as to whether the army returned to Ireland in 866,
867 or even in 869.[12] Late sources of uncertain reliability state that Auisle was killed by Amlaíb in 867 in a
dispute over Amlaíb's wife, the daughter of Cináed. It is unclear whether, if accurate, this woman should be
identified as a daughter of Cináed mac Ailpín, and thus Causantín's sister, or as a daughter of Cináed mac
Conaing, king of Brega.[13] While Amlaíb and Auisle were in north Britain, the Annals of Ulster record that
Áed Findliath, High King of Ireland, took advantage of their absence to destroy the longphorts along the
northern coasts of Ireland.[14] Áed Findliath was married to Causantín's sister Máel Muire. She later married
Áed's successor Flann Sinna. Her death is recorded in 913.[15]
In 870, Amlaíb and Ívarr attacked Dumbarton Rock, where the River Leven meets the River Clyde, the chief
place of the kingdom of Alt Clut, south-western neighbour of Pictland. The siege lasted four months before the
fortress fell to the Vikings who returned to Ireland with many prisoners, "Angles, Britons and Picts", in 871.
Archaeological evidence suggests that Dumbarton Rock was largely abandoned and that Govan replaced it as
the chief place of the kingdom of Strathclyde, as Alt Clut was later known.[16] King Artgal of Alt Clut did not
long survive these events, being killed "at the instigation" of Causantín son of Cináed two years later. Artgal's
son and successor Run was married to a sister of Causantín.[17]
Amlaíb disappears from Irish annals after his return to Ireland in 871. According to the Chronicle of the Kings
of Alba he was killed by Causantín either in 871 or 872 when he returned to Pictland to collect further
tribute.[18] His ally Ívarr died in 873.[19]
Last days of the Pictish kingdom
In 875, the Chronicle and the Annals of Ulster again report a Viking army in Pictland. A battle, fought near
Dollar, was a heavy defeat for the Picts; the Annals of Ulster say that "a great slaughter of the Picts resulted". In
877, shortly after building a new church for the Culdees at St Andrews, Causantín was captured and executed
(or perhaps killed in battle) after defending against Viking raiders.[20] Although there is agreement on the time
and general manner of his death, it is not clear where this happened. Some believe he was beheaded on a Fife
beach, following a battle at Fife Ness, near Crail. William Forbes Skene reads the Chronicle as placing
Causantín's death at Inverdovat (by Newport-on-Tay), which appears to match the Prophecy of Berchán. The
account in the Chronicle of Melrose names the place as the "Black Cave," and John of Fordun calls it the
"Black Den". Causantín was buried on Iona.
Aftermath
Causantín's son Domnall and his descendants represented the main line of the kings of Alba and later Scotland.
Notes
References
The Annals of Ulster, AD 431–1201, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2003, retrieved 2007-10-02
Chronicon Scotorum, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2003, retrieved 2007-10-29
Lebor Bretnach (The Irish version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius), CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2002,
retrieved 2008-10-04
Anderson, Alan Orr (1990), Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500 to1 286, I (2nd ed.), Stamford: Paul Watkins,
ISBN 1-871615-03-8
Anderson, Alan Orr (1908), Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers A.D. 500 to 1286, London: D. Nutt
Anderson, M. O. (1980), Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland (2nd ed.), Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, ISBN 0-
7011-1604-8
Bannerman, John (1999), "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland and the relics of Columba", inB roun, Dauvit; Clancy,
Thomas Owen, Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotlan,d Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, pp. 71–94,
ISBN 0-567-08682-8
Broun, Dauvit (1999), "Dunkeld and the origins of Scottish Identity", iBn roun, Dauvit; Clancy, Thomas Owen, Spes
Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotlan,d Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, pp. 96–111, ISBN 0-567-08682-
8
Broun, Dauvit (1999), The Irish Identity of the Kingdom of the Scots in the wTelfth and Thirteenth Centuries,
Woodbridge: Boydell Press, ISBN 0-85115-375-5
Broun, Dauvit; Clancy, Thomas Owen (1999), Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotlan,d
Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, ISBN 0-567-08682-8
Costambeys, Marios (2004), "Hálfdan (d. 877)"O, xford Dictionary of National Biography, retrieved 2007-10-25
1. Woolf, Pictland to Alba, pp. 87–93; Dumville, "Chronicle of the Kings of Alba".
2. Anderson, Kings and Kingship, reproduces these lists and discusses their origins, further discussed by BrounIr, ish
origins.
3. Broun, Irish Identity, pp. 133–164; Woolf, Pictland to Alba, pp. 220–221.
4. Broun, Irish Identity, p. 168–169; Anderson, Kings and Kingship, p. 78
5. Woolf, Pictland to Alba, pp. 277–285; Ó Corrain, "Vikings in Scotland and Ireland"...
6. Woolf, Pictland to Alba, p. 12.
7. Downham, Smyth, Woolf.
8. Check Nelson.
9. Downham, Keynes, Woolf.
10. Downham, Higham, Keynes, O Corrain, Smyth, Woolf.
11. Keynes ...
12. Downham, O Corrain, Smyth, Woolf, AU 866.1.
13. Downham, ??, FAA.
14. Byrne? O Corrain? AU 866.4
15. Woolf, AU 913.1, Byrne p. 857, poss. same as Amlaíb's wife.
16. AU 870.6, AU 871.2, Woolf, Downham, Smyth.
17. AU 872.5, Smyth, Woolf.
18. Woolf, Downham.
19. Woolf, Downham, AU 873.3
20. Raymond Lamont-Brown, St Andrews: City by the Northern Sea (Edinburgh: Berlinn, 2006), 9.
Costambeys, Marios (2004), "Ívarr (d. 873)"O, xford Dictionary of National Biography, retrieved 2007-10-25
Crawford, Barbara (1987), Scandinavian Scotland, Studies in the Early History of Britain, Leicester: Leicester
University Press, ISBN 0-7185-1282-0
Downham, Clare (2007), Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014, Edinburgh: Dunedin,
ISBN 978-1-903765-89-0
Dumville, David (2000), "The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba", in Taylor, Simon, Kings, clerics and chronicles in
Scotland 500–1297, Dublin: Four Courts Press, pp. 73–86,I SBN 1-85182-516-9
Duncan, A. A. M. (1978), Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, The Edinburgh History of Scotland, 1 (2nd ed.),
Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0-901824-83-6
Duncan, A. A. M. (2002), The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independenc, eEdinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press, ISBN 0-7486-1626-8
Foster, Sally M. (2004) [1996], Picts, Gaels and Scots: Early Historic Scotland, London: Batsford, ISBN 0-7134-8874-
3
Herbert, Máire (2000), "Ri Éirenn, Ri Alban: kingship and identity in the ninth and tenth centuries", in aTylor, Simon,
Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297 (PDF), Dublin: Four Courts Press, pp. 62–72,I SBN 1-85182-516-9
Higham, N. J. (1993), The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–100, Stroud: Sutton, ISBN 0-86299-730-5
Hudson, Benjamin (2004), "Óláf the White (fl. 853–871)",O xford Dictionary of National Biography, retrieved
2007-10-25
MacQuarrie, Alan (1997),T he Saints of Scotland: Essays in Scottish Chucrh History AD 450–1093, Edinburgh: John
Donald, ISBN 0-85976-446-X
Murphy, Dennis, ed. (1896), The Annals of Clonmacnoise, being annals of Ierland from the earliest period to A.D. 1408,
Dublin: Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, retrieved 2007-12-01
Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1997), "Ireland, Wales, Man and the Hebrides", in Sawye,r Peter, The Oxford Illustrated History
of the Vikings, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 83–109I, SBN 0-19-285434-8
Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1998)," The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the Ninth Century "(PDF), Peritia, 12: 296–339,
retrieved 2007-12-01
Radner, Joan N., ed. (1975), Fragmentary Annals of Ireland, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, retrieved 2007-02-10
Sawyer, Peter, ed. (1997), The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings, Oxford: Oxford University Press,I SBN 0-19-
285434-8
Smyth, Alfred P. (1984), Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–100, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,
ISBN 0-7486-0100-7
Swanton, Michael (1996), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-92129-5
Taylor, Simon, ed. (2000), Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297, Dublin: Four Courts Press, ISBN 1-
85182-516-9
Woolf, Alex (2007), From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, 2, Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-1234-5
Causantín mac Cináeda
House of Alpin
Died: 877
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Domnall
King of the Picts
(traditionally King of Scots)
862–877
Succeeded by
Áed
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Causantín_mac_Cináeda&oldid=767632749"
Categories: Pictish monarchs Scottish pre-union military personnel killed in action House of Alpin
9th-century Scottish monarchs Monarchs killed in action 877 deaths Burials in Iona
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Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Donald II

King of the Picts, or of Alba
Reign 889–900
Predecessor Giric
Successor Constantine II
Died 900 Forres or Dunnottar
Burial Iona
Issue Malcolm I, King of Alba
House Alpin
Father Constantín mac Cináeda, King of the Picts

Donald II of Scotland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Domnall mac Causantín (Modern Gaelic: Dòmhnall mac
Chòiseim),[1] anglicised as Donald II (died 900) was King of
the Picts or King of Scotland (Alba) in the late 9th century.
He was the son of Constantine I (Causantín mac Cináeda).
Donald is given the epithet Dásachtach, "the Madman", by
the Prophecy of Berchán.[2]
Contents
1 Life
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Life
Donald became king on the death or deposition of Giric
(Giric mac Dúngail), the date of which is not certainly
known but usually placed in 889. The Chronicle of the Kings
of Alba reports:
Doniualdus son of Constantini held the kingdom
for 11 years [889–900]. The Northmen wasted
Pictland at this time. In his reign a battle
occurred between Danes and Scots at
Innisibsolian where the Scots had victory. He
was killed at Opidum Fother [modern
Dunnottar] by the Gentiles.[3]
It has been suggested that the attack on Dunnottar, rather than being a small raid by a handful of pirates, may be
associated with the ravaging of Scotland attributed to Harald Fairhair in the Heimskringla.[4] The Prophecy of
Berchán places Donald's death at Dunnottar, but appears to attribute it to Gaels rather than Norsemen; other
sources report he died at Forres.[5] Donald's death is dated to 900 by the Annals of Ulster and the Chronicon
Scotorum, where he is called king of Alba, rather than king of the Picts. He was buried on Iona. Like his father,
Constantine, he died a violent death at a premature age.
The change from king of the Picts to king of Alba is seen as indicating a step towards the kingdom of the Scots,
but historians, while divided as to when this change should be placed, do not generally attribute it to Donald in
view of his epithet.[6] The consensus view is that the key changes occurred in the reign of Constantine II
(Causantín mac Áeda),[7] but the reign of Giric has also been proposed.[8]
The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba has Donald succeeded by his cousin Constantine II. Donald's son Malcolm
(Máel Coluim mac Domnall) was later king as Malcolm I. The Prophecy of Berchán appears to suggest that
another king reigned for a short while between Donald II and Constantine II, saying "half a day will he take
sovereignty". Possible confirmation of this exists in the Chronicon Scotorum, where the death of "Ead, king of
the Picts" in battle against the Uí Ímair is reported in 904. This, however, is thought to be an error, referring
perhaps to Ædwulf, the ruler of Bernicia, whose death is reported in 913 by the other Irish annals.[9]
See also
Kingdom of Alba
Origins of the Kingdom of Alba
Notes
1. Domnall mac Causantín is the Mediaeval Gaelic form.
2. ESSH, p. 358; Kelly, Early Irish Law, pp. 92–93 & 308: "The dásachtach is the person with manic symptoms who is
liable to behave in a violent and destructive manne."r The dásachtach is not responsible for his actions. The same word
is used of enraged cattle.
3. ESSH, pp. 395–397.
4. ESSH, p 396, note 1 & p. 392, quotingS t Olaf's Saga, c. 96.
5. ESSH, pp. 395–398.
6. Smyth, pp. 217–218, disagrees.
7. Thus Broun and Woolf, among others.
8. Duncan, pp.14–15.
9. ESSH, p. 304, note 8; however, the Annals of Ulster, s.a. 904, report the death of Ímar ua Ímair (Ivar grandson of Ivar)
in Fortriu in 904, making it possible that Ead (Áed ?) was a king, if not the High King.
References
Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Stamford:
Paul Watkins, 1990. ISBN 1-871615-03-8
Anderson, Marjorie Ogilvie, Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland .Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, revised
edition 1980. ISBN 0-7011-1604-8
Broun, Dauvit, "National identity: 1: early medieval and the formation of Alba" in Michaely Lnch (ed.) The Oxford
Companion to Scottish History. Oxford UP, Oxford, 2001. ISBN 0-19-211696-7
Duncan, A. A. M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independenc,e E. dinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8
Kelly, Fergus (1988). A Guide to Early Irish Law. Early Irish Law Series 3. Dublin:D IAS. ISBN 0901282952.
Smyth, Alfred P., Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80-1000. Reprinted, Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1998. ISBN 0-
7486-0100-7
Sturluson, Snorri, Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway, tr. Lee M. Hollander. Reprinted University of Texas
Press, Austin, 1992. ISBN 0-292-73061-6
Woolf, Alex, "Constantine II" in Michael Lynch (ed.) op. cit.
External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork includes the Annals of Ulster, Tigernach,
the Four Masters and Innisfallen, the Chronicon Scotorum, the Lebor Bretnach (which includes the Duan
Albanach), Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in
progress.
(CKA) The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
Donald II of Scotland
House of Alpin
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Giric
with Eochaid ?
King of Scots
889–900
Succeeded by
Constantine (Causantín) II
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_II_of_Scotland&oldid=784179553"
Categories: 9th-century births 900 deaths House of Alpin 9th-century Scottish monarchs
Burials at Iona Abbey
This page was last edited on 6 June 2017, at 22:29.
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apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered
trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: LYQR-4D4

Notes:

Malcolm I
Malcolm I of Scots
King of Alba
Reign 943–954
Predecessor Constantine II
Successor Indulf
Died 954
Issue Dub, King of Scots
Kenneth II, King of Scots
House Alpin
Father Donald II, King of Scots
Malcolm I of Scotland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Máel Coluim mac Domnaill (anglicised Malcolm I) (died
954) was king of Scots (before 943 – 954), becoming king
when his cousin Causantín mac Áeda abdicated to become a
monk. He was the son of Domnall mac Causantín.
Máel Coluim was probably born during his father's reign
(889–900).[1] By the 940s, he was no longer a young man,
and may have become impatient in awaiting the throne.
Willingly or not—the 11th-century Prophecy of Berchán, a
verse history in the form of a supposed prophecy, states that
it was not a voluntary decision that Constantine II abdicated
in 943 and entered a monastery, leaving the kingdom to Máel
Coluim.[2]
Seven years later, the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba says:
[Malcolm I] plundered the English as far as the
River Tees, and he seized a multitude of people
and many herds of cattle: and the Scots called
this the raid of Albidosorum, that is, Nainndisi.
But others say that Constantine made this raid,
asking of the king, Malcolm, that the kingship
should be given to him for a week's time, so that
he could visit the English. In fact, it was
Malcolm who made the raid, but Constantine
incited him, as I have said.[3]
Woolf suggests that the association of Constantine with the
raid is a late addition, one derived from a now-lost saga or
poem.[4]
He died in the shield wall next to his men. Máel Coluim would be the third in his immediate family to die
violently, his father Donald II and grandfather Constantine I both having met similar fates 54 years earlier in
900 and 77 years earlier in 877 respectively.
In 945, Edmund I of England, having expelled Amlaíb Cuaran (Olaf Sihtricsson) from Northumbria, devastated
Cumbria and blinded two sons of Domnall mac Eógain, king of Strathclyde. It is said that he then "let" or
"commended" Strathclyde to Máel Coluim in return for an alliance.[5] What is to be understood by "let" or
"commended" is unclear, but it may well mean that Máel Coluim had been the overlord of Strathclyde and that
Edmund recognised this while taking lands in southern Cumbria for himself.[6]
The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba says that Máel Coluim took an army into Moray "and slew Cellach".
Cellach is not named in the surviving genealogies of the rulers of Moray, and his identity is unknown.[7]
Máel Coluim appears to have kept his agreement with the late English king, which may have been renewed
with the new king, Edmund having been murdered in 946 and succeeded by his brother Edred. Eric Bloodaxe
took York in 948, before being driven out by Edred, and when Amlaíb Cuaran again took York in 949–950,
Máel Coluim raided Northumbria as far south as the Tees taking "a multitude of people and many herds of
cattle" according to the Chronicle.[8] The Annals of Ulster for 952 report a battle between "the men of Alba and
the Britons [of Strathclyde] and the English" against the foreigners, i.e. the Northmen or the Norse-Gaels. This
battle is not reported by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and it is unclear whether it should be related to the
expulsion of Amlaíb Cuaran from York or the return of Eric Bloodaxe.[9]
The Annals of Ulster report that Máel Coluim was killed in 954. Other sources place this most probably in the
Mearns, either at Fetteresso following the Chronicle, or at Dunnottar following the Prophecy of Berchán. He
was buried on Iona.[10] Máel Coluim's sons Dub and Cináed were later kings.
References
1. Woolf, Pictland to Alba, p. 177.
2. Woolf, Pictland to Alba, p. 175; Anderson, Early Sources, pp. 444–448; Broun, "Constantine II".
3. Anderson, Early Sources, pp. 452–453.
4. Woolf, Pictland to Alba, pp. 178–181.
5. Early Sources, pp. 449–450.
6. ASC Ms. A, s.a. 946; Duncan, pp. 23–24; but see also Smyth, pp. 222–223 for an alternative reading.
7. It may be that Cellach was related to Cuncar, Mormaer of Angus, and that this event is connected with the apparent feud that led
to the death of Máel Coluim's son Cináedin 977.
8. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Ms. D, s.a. 948, Ms. B, s.a. 946; Duncan, p. 24.
9. Early Sources, p. 451. The corresponding entry in the Annals of the Four Masters, 950, states that the Northmen were the victors,
which would suggest that it should be associated with Eric.
10. Early Sources, pp. 452–454. Some versions of the Chronicle, and the Chronicle of Melrose, are read as placing Máel Coluim's
death at Blervie, near Forres.
Further reading
For primary sources see also External links below.
Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with
corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. ISBN 1-871615-03-8
Duncan, A.A.M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence. Edinburgh
University Press, Edinburgh, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8
Smyth, Alfred P. Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80-1000. Reprinted, Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP,
1998. ISBN 0-7486-0100-7
External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork includes the Annals of Ulster, Tigernach,
the Four Masters and Innisfallen, the Chronicon Scotorum, the Lebor Bretnach (which includes the Duan
Albanach), Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in
progress.
(CKA) The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle XML Edition by Tony Jebson and translated at the OMACL
Preceded by
Causantín mac Áeda
King of Scots
943–954
Succeeded by
Ildulb mac Causantín
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_I_of_Scotland&oldid=783102782"
Categories: 954 deaths 9th-century births 9th-century Scottish monarchs 10th-century Scottish monarchs
House of Alpin Burials at Iona Abbey
This page was last edited on 31 May 2017, at 04:25.
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apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered
trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: LDMS-5CJ
• Appointments / Titles: Between 6 Jan 971 and 5 Jan 995, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland; King of Scotland

Notes:

Kenneth II
King of Alba
Reign 971–995
Predecessor Cuilén or Amlaíb
Successor Constantine III
Died 995
Fettercairn?
Issue Malcolm II, King of Alba
Boite mac Cináeda?
Dúngal?
Suibne?
House Alpin
Father Malcolm I, King of Alba

Kenneth II of Scotland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cináed mac Maíl Coluim (Modern Gaelic: Coinneach mac
Mhaoil Chaluim[1] anglicised as Kenneth II, and nicknamed
An Fionnghalach, "The Fratricide";[2] died 995) was King
of Scots (Alba). The son of Malcolm I (Máel Coluim mac
Domnaill), he succeeded King Cuilén (Cuilén mac Iduilb) on
the latter's death at the hands of Rhydderch ap Dyfnwal in
971.
Contents
1 Primary sources
2 Children
3 Interpretation
4 Death
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Primary sources
The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba was compiled in
Kenneth's reign, but many of the place names mentioned are
entirely corrupt, if not fictitious.[3] Whatever the reality, the
Chronicle states that "[h]e immediately plundered
[Strathclyde] in part. Kenneth's infantry were slain with very
great slaughter in Moin Uacoruar." The Chronicle further
states that Kenneth plundered Northumbria three times, first
as far as Stainmore, then to Cluiam and lastly to the River
Dee by Chester. These raids may belong to around 980,
when the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records attacks on
Cheshire.[4]
In 973, the Chronicle of Melrose reports that Kenneth, with Máel Coluim I (Máel Coluim mac Domnaill), the
King of Strathclyde, "Maccus, king of very many islands" (i.e. Magnus Haraldsson (Maccus mac Arailt), King
of Mann and the Isles) and other kings, Welsh and Norse, came to Chester to acknowledge the overlordship of
the English king Edgar the Peaceable.[5] It may be that Edgar here regulated the frontier between the southern
lands of the kingdom of Alba and the northern lands of his English kingdom. Cumbria was English, the western
frontier lay on the Solway. In the east, the frontier lay somewhere in later Lothian, south of Edinburgh.[6]
The Annals of Tigernach, in an aside, name three of the Mormaers of Alba in Kenneth's reign in entry in 976:
Cellach mac Fíndgaine, Cellach mac Baireda and Donnchad mac Morgaínd. The third of these, if not an error
for Domnall mac Morgaínd, is very likely a brother of Domnall, and thus the Mormaer of Moray. The
Mormaerdoms or kingdoms ruled by the two Cellachs cannot be identified.
The feud which had persisted since the death of King Indulf (Idulb mac Causantín) between his descendants
and Kenneth's family persisted. In 977 the Annals of Ulster report that "Amlaíb mac Iduilb [Amlaíb, son of
Indulf], King of Scotland, was killed by Cináed mac Domnaill." The Annals of Tigernach give the correct name
of Amlaíb's killer: Cináed mac Maíl Coluim, or Kenneth II. Thus, even if only for a short time, Kenneth had
been overthrown by the brother of the previous king.[7]
Adam of Bremen tells that Sweyn Forkbeard found exile in Scotland at this time, but whether this was with
Kenneth, or one of the other kings in Scotland, is unknown. Also at this time, Njal's Saga, the Orkneyinga Saga
and other sources recount wars between "the Scots" and the Northmen, but these are more probably wars
between Sigurd Hlodvisson, Earl of Orkney, and the Mormaers, or Kings, of Moray.[8]
The Chronicle says that Kenneth founded a great monastery at Brechin.
Kenneth was killed in 995, the Annals of Ulster say "by deceit" and the Annals of Tigernach say "by his
subjects". Some later sources, such as the Chronicle of Melrose, John of Fordun and Andrew of Wyntoun
provide more details, accurately or not. The simplest account is that he was killed by his own men in
Fettercairn, through the treachery of Finnguala (also called Fimberhele or Fenella), daughter of Cuncar,
Mormaer of Angus, in revenge for the killing of her only son.[9]
The Prophecy of Berchán adds little to our knowledge, except that it names Kenneth "the kinslayer", and states
he died in Strathmore.[10]
Children
Kenneth's son Malcolm II (Máel Coluim mac Cináeda) was later king of Alba. Kenneth may have had a second
son, named either Dúngal or Gille Coemgáin.[11] Sources differ as to whether Boite mac Cináeda should be
counted a son of Kenneth II or of Kenneth III (Cináed mac Duib).[12] Another son of Kenneth may have been
Suibne mac Cináeda, a king of the Gall Gaidheil who died in 1034.
Interpretation
Kenneth's rival Amlaíb, King of Scotland is omitted by the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba and later Scottish
king-lists. The Irish Annals of Tigernach appear to better reflect contemporary events. Amlaíb could be a direct
predecessor of Kenneth who suffered damnatio memoriae, or the rival king recognized in parts of Scotland. A
period of divided kingship appears likely.[13]
Amlaíb was the heir of his brother Cuilén, who was killed in a hall-burning. He might have served as a regent
north of the River Forth, during the absence of his brother. Kenneth was brother to the deceased Dub, King of
Scotland and was most likely an exile. He could claim the throne due to the support of friends and maternal kin.
He was likely older and more experienced than his rival king.[13] Amlaíb is the Gaelic form of Óláfr,
suggesting maternal descent from Norsemen. He could possibly claim descent from the Uí Ímair dynasty. Alex
Woolf suggests he was a grandson of Amlaíb Cuarán, King of Dublin or his cousin Olaf Guthfrithson, which
suggests his own group of supporters.[13]
Death
According to John of Fordun (14th century), Kenneth II of Scotland (reigned 971-995) attempted to change the
succession rules, allowing "the nearest survivor in blood to the deceased king to succeed", thus securing the
throne for his own descendants. He reportedly did so to specifically exclude Constantine (III) and Kenneth
(III), called Gryme in this source. The two men then jointly conspired against him, convincing Finnguala,
daughter of Cuncar, Mormaer of Angus, to kill the king. She reportedly did so to achieve personal revenge, as
Kenneth II had killed her own son. Entries in the Chronicles of the Picts and Scots, collected by William Forbes
Skene, provide the account of Finnguala killing Kenneth II in revenge, but not her affiliation to Constantine or
his cousins. These entries date to the 12th and 13th centuries.[14][15] The Annals of Ulster simply record
"Cinaed son of Mael Coluim [Kenneth, son of Malcolm], king of Scotland, was deceitfully killed", with no
indication of who killed him.[16][17]
In the account of John of Fordun, Constantine the Bald, son of King Cullen and Gryme were "plotting
unceasingly the death of the king and his son". One day, Kenneth II and his companions went hunting into the
woods, "at no great distance from his own abode". The hunt took him to Fettercairn, where Finella resided. She
approached him to proclaim her loyalty and invited him to visit her residence, whispering into his ear that she
had information about a conspiracy plot. She managed to lure him to "an out-of-the-way little cottage", where a
booby trap was hidden. Inside the cottage was a statue, connected by strings to a number of crossbows. If
anyone touched or moved the statue, he would trigger the crossbows and fall victim to their arrows. Kenneth II
gently touched the statue and "was shot though by arrows sped from all sides, and fell without uttering another
word." Finella escaped through the woods and managed to join her abettors, Constantine III and Gryme. The
hunting companions soon discovered the bloody king. They were unable to locate Finella, but burned
Fettercairn to the ground.[18] Smyth dismisses the elaborate plotting and the mechanical contraption as mere
fables, but accepts the basic details of the story, that the succession plans of Kenneth II caused his
assassination.[19] Alan Orr Anderson raised his own doubts concerning the story of Finella, which he
considered "semi-mythical". He noted that the feminine name Finnguala or Findguala means "white shoulders",
but suggested it derived from "find-ela" (white swan). The name figures in toponyms such as Finella Hill (near
Fordoun) and Finella Den (near St Cyrus), while local tradition in The Mearns (Kincardineshire) has Finella
walking atop the treetops from one location to the other. Anderson thus theorized that Finella could be a
mythical figure, suggesting she was a local stream-goddess.[20] A later passage of John of Fordun mentions
Finele as mother of Macbeth, King of Scotland (reigned 1040–1057), but this is probably an error based on the
similarity of names. Macbeth was son of Findláech of Moray, not of a woman called Finella.[20][21]
Notes
1. Cináed mac Maíl Coluim is the Mediaeval Gaelic
form.
2. Skene, Chronicles, p. 96.
3. Duncan, p. 21.
4. ESSH, p. 512; Duncan, p.25.
5. ESSH, pp. 478–479; SAEC, pp. 75–78.
6. Duncan, pp.24–25.
7. Duncan, pp. 21–22; ESSH, p. 484.
8. See ESSH, pp. 483–484 & 495–502.
9. The name of Cuncar's daughter is given as Fenella,
Finele or Sibill in later sources. John of Fordun credits
Constantine III (Causantín mac Cuilén) and Kenneth
III (Cináed mac Duib) with the planning, claiming that
Kenneth II planned to change the laws of succession.
See ESSH, pp. 512–515.
10. ESSH, p. 516.
11. Annals of the Four Masters, s.a. 998: "Dúngal Cináed's
son, was killed by Gille Coemgáin, Cináed's son." It is
not clear if the Cináeds (Kenneths) referred to are
Cináed mac Maíl Coluim (Kenneth II) or his nephew
and namesake Cináed mac Duib (Kenneth III). Smyth,
pp. 221–222, makes Dúngal followingE SSH p. 580.
12. Compare Duncan, p.345 and Lynch (ed), Genealogies,
at about p. 680. See also ESSH, p. 580.
13. Woolf (2007), p. 205-206
14. Cawley 2011, Malcolm (http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLa
nds/SCOTLAND.htm#_Toc253996179).Listing
includes all kings descended from him, excluding
Kenneth III.
15. The name of Cuncar's daughter is given as Fenella,
15. The name of Cuncar's daughter is given as Fenella,
Finele or Sibill in later sources. John of Fordun credits
Constantine III (Causantín mac Cuilén) and Kenneth
III (Cináed mac Duib) with the planning, claiming that
Kenneth II planned to change the laws of succession.
See ESSH, pp. 512–515.
16. Cawley 2011, Malcolm I (http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedL
ands/SCOTLAND.htm#_Toc253996179).Listing
includes all kings descended from him, excluding
Kenneth III.
17. Annals of Ulster, online translation. Entry U995.1 (htt
p://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100001A/)
18. Skene, John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish
nation, Book IV, Chapters XXXII-XXXIV (32-34),
pages 165-169 (https://archive.org/details/johnoffordun
schr00fordrich)
19. Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80-
1000, p. 224-225 (https://books.google.com/books?id=
mxxwmg48bFgC&pg=PA226)
20. Anderson, Early sources of Scottish history, A.D. 500
to 1286, p. 515 (https://archive.org/details/cu31924028
144313)
21. Skene, John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish
nation, Book IV, Chapters XLIV (44), pages 180 (http
s://archive.org/details/johnoffordunschr00fordrich)
References
For primary sources see also External links below.
Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul
Watkins, Stamford, 1990. ISBN 1-871615-03-8
Anderson, Alan Orr, Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers. D. Nutt, London, 1908.
Anon., Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkne,y tr. Hermann Pálsson and Paul Edwards. Penguin, London,
1978. ISBN 0-14-044383-5
Duncan, A.A.M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independenc eE.dinburgh University Press,
Edinburgh, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8
Lynch, Michael (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford UP, Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-211696-7
Smyth, Alfred P. Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80-1000. Reprinted, Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1998. ISBN 0-
7486-0100-7
Woolf, Alex. (2007), "Amlaíb son of Ildulb and Cinaed Son of Mael Coluim",F rom Pictland to Alba: 789 - 1070,
Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0748612345
External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork The Corpus of Electronic Texts includes
the Annals of Ulster, Tigernach and the Four Masters, the Chronicon Scotorum, as well as Genealogies,
and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress
The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
Kenneth II of Scotland
House of Alpin
Died: 995
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Cuilén1
Amlaíb mac Illuilb
King of Alba
971–995
Succeeded by
Constantine III
Notes and references
1. The succession after Cuilén's death is uncertain. Whilst Kenneth may have succeeded and faced a later challenge from Amlaíb, it is
also possible that Kenneth and Amlaíb shared the kingship before the latter's death.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_II_of_Scotland&oldid=782000616"
Categories: 10th-century births 995 deaths House of Alpin Burials in Iona
10th-century Scottish monarchs
This page was last edited on 24 May 2017, at 11:30.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may
apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered
trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Nickname: The Destroyer
• Name: Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, Rí na h'Alb

Notes:

Malcolm II

King of Scots
Reign 1005–1034
Predecessor Kenneth III
Successor Duncan I
Born c. 954
Died 25 November 1034
Glamis
Burial Iona
Issue Bethóc
Donada
Olith
House Alpin
Father Kenneth II
Malcolm II of Scotland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Malcolm (Gaelic: Máel Coluim; c. 954 - 25 November
1034)[1] was King of the Scots from 1005 until his death.[2]
He was a son of King Kenneth II; the Prophecy of Berchán
says that his mother was a woman of Leinster and refers to
him as Forranach, "the Destroyer".[3]
To the Irish annals which recorded his death, Malcolm was
ard rí Alban, High King of Scotland. In the same way that
Brian Bóruma, High King of Ireland, was not the only king
in Ireland, Malcolm was one of several kings within the
geographical boundaries of modern Scotland: his fellow
kings included the king of Strathclyde, who ruled much of
the south-west, various Norse-Gael kings on the western
coast and the Hebrides and, nearest and most dangerous
rivals, the kings or Mormaers of Moray. To the south, in the
Kingdom of England, the Earls of Bernicia and Northumbria,
whose predecessors as kings of Northumbria had once ruled
most of southern Scotland, still controlled large parts of the
southeast.[4]
Contents
1 Early years
2 Children
3 Bernicia
4 Cnut
5 Orkney and Moray
6 Strathclyde and the succession
7 Death and posterity
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Early years
Malcolm II was born to Kenneth II of Scotland. He was grandson of Malcolm I of Scotland. In 997, the killer
of Constantine is credited as being Kenneth, son of Malcolm. Since there is no known and relevant Kenneth
alive at that time (King Kenneth having died in 995), it is considered an error for either Kenneth III, who
succeeded Constantine, or, possibly, Malcolm himself, the son of Kenneth II.[5] Whether Malcolm killed
Constantine or not, there is no doubt that in 1005 he killed Constantine's successor Kenneth III in battle at
Monzievaird in Strathearn.[6]

John of Fordun writes that Malcolm defeated a Norwegian army "in almost the first days after his coronation",
but this is not reported elsewhere. Fordun says that the Bishopric of Mortlach (later moved to Aberdeen) was
founded in thanks for this victory over the Norwegians.[7]
Children
Malcolm demonstrated a rare ability to survive among early Scottish kings by reigning for twenty-nine years.
He was a clever and ambitious man. Brehon tradition provided that the successor to Malcolm was to be selected
by him from among the descendants of King Aedh, with the consent of Malcolm's ministers and of the church.
Ostensibly in an attempt to end the devastating feuds in the north of Scotland, but obviously influenced by the
Norman feudal model, Malcolm ignored tradition and determined to retain the succession within his own line.
But since Malcolm had no son of his own, he undertook to negotiate a series of dynastic marriages of his three
daughters to men who might otherwise be his rivals, while securing the loyalty of the principal chiefs, their
relatives. First he married his daughter Bethoc to Crinan, Thane of The Isles, head of the house of Atholl and
secular Abbot of Dunkeld; then his youngest daughter, Olith, to Sigurd, Earl of Orkney. His middle daughter,
Donada, was married to Finlay, Earl of Moray, Thane of Ross and Cromarty and a descendant of Loarn of
Dalriada. This was risky business under the rules of succession of the Gael, but he thereby secured his rear and,
taking advantage of the renewal of Viking attacks on England, marched south to fight the English. He defeated
the Angles at Carham in 1018 and installed his grandson, Duncan, son of the Abbot of Dunkeld and his choice
as Tanist, in Carlisle as King of Cumbria that same year.[8]
Bernicia
The first reliable report of Malcolm II's reign is of an invasion of Bernicia in 1006, perhaps the customary crech
ríg (literally royal prey, a raid by a new king made to demonstrate prowess in war), which involved a siege of
Durham. This appears to have resulted in a heavy defeat by the Northumbrians, led by Uhtred of Bamburgh,
later Earl of Bernicia, which is reported by the Annals of Ulster.[9]
A second war in Bernicia, probably in 1018, was more successful. The Battle of Carham, by the River Tweed,
was a victory for the Scots led by Malcolm II and the men of Strathclyde led by their king, Owen the Bald. By
this time Earl Uchtred may have been dead, and Eiríkr Hákonarson was appointed Earl of Northumbria by his
brother-in-law Cnut the Great, although his authority seems to have been limited to the south, the former
kingdom of Deira, and he took no action against the Scots so far as is known.[10] The work De obsessione
Dunelmi (The siege of Durham, associated with Symeon of Durham) claims that Uchtred's brother Eadwulf
Cudel surrendered Lothian to Malcolm II, presumably in the aftermath of the defeat at Carham. This is likely to
have been the lands between Dunbar and the Tweed as other parts of Lothian had been under Scots control
before this time. It has been suggested that Cnut received tribute from the Scots for Lothian, but as he had
likely received none from the Bernician Earls this is not very probable.[11]
Cnut
Cnut, reports the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, led an army into Scotland on his return from pilgrimage to Rome.
The Chronicle dates this to 1031, but there are reasons to suppose that it should be dated to 1027.[12]
Burgundian chronicler Rodulfus Glaber recounts the expedition soon afterwards, describing Malcolm as
"powerful in resources and arms … very Christian in faith and deed."[13] Ralph claims that peace was made
between Malcolm and Cnut through the intervention of Richard, Duke of Normandy, brother of Cnut's wife
Emma. Richard died in about 1027 and Rodulfus wrote close in time to the events.[14]
It has been suggested that the root of the quarrel between Cnut and Malcolm lies in Cnut's pilgrimage to Rome,
and the coronation of Holy Roman Emperor Conrad II, where Cnut and Rudolph III, King of Burgundy had the
place of honour. If Malcolm were present, and the repeated mentions of his piety in the annals make it quite
possible that he made a pilgrimage to Rome, as did Mac Bethad mac Findláich ("Macbeth") in later times, then
the coronation would have allowed Malcolm to publicly snub Cnut's claims to overlordship.[15]
Cnut obtained rather less than previous English kings, a promise of peace and friendship rather than the
promise of aid on land and sea that Edgar and others had obtained. The sources say that Malcolm was
accompanied by one or two other kings, certainly Mac Bethad, and perhaps Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of
Mann and the Isles, and of Galloway.[16] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle remarks of the submission "but he
[Malcolm] adhered to that for only a little while".[17] Cnut was soon occupied in Norway against Olaf
Haraldsson and appears to have had no further involvement with Scotland.
Orkney and Moray
Olith a daughter of Malcolm, married Sigurd Hlodvisson, Earl of Orkney.[18] Their son Thorfinn Sigurdsson
was said to be five years old when Sigurd was killed on 23 April 1014 in the Battle of Clontarf. The
Orkneyinga Saga says that Thorfinn was raised at Malcolm's court and was given the Mormaerdom of
Caithness by his grandfather. Thorfinn, says the Heimskringla, was the ally of the king of Scots, and counted on
Malcolm's support to resist the "tyranny" of Norwegian King Olaf Haraldsson.[19] The chronology of
Thorfinn's life is problematic, and he may have had a share in the Earldom of Orkney while still a child, if he
was indeed only five in 1014.[20] Whatever the exact chronology, before Malcolm's death a client of the king of
Scots was in control of Caithness and Orkney, although, as with all such relationships, it is unlikely to have
lasted beyond his death.
If Malcolm exercised control over Moray, which is far from being generally accepted, then the annals record a
number of events pointing to a struggle for power in the north. In 1020, Mac Bethad's father Findláech mac
Ruaidrí was killed by the sons of his brother Máel Brigte.[21] It seems that Máel Coluim mac Máil Brigti took
control of Moray, for his death is reported in 1029.[22]
Despite the accounts of the Irish annals, English and Scandinavian writers appear to see Mac Bethad as the
rightful king of Moray: this is clear from their descriptions of the meeting with Cnut in 1027, before the death
of Malcolm mac Máil Brigti. Malcolm was followed as king or earl by his brother Gillecomgan, husband of
Gruoch, a granddaughter of King Kenneth III. It has been supposed that Mac Bethad was responsible for the
killing of Gille Coemgáin in 1032, but if Mac Bethad had a cause for feud in the killing of his father in 1020,
Malcolm too had reason to see Gille Coemgáin dead. Not only had Gillecomgan's ancestors killed many of
Malcolm's kin, but Gillecomgan and his son Lulach might be rivals for the throne. Malcolm had no living sons,
and the threat to his plans for the succession was obvious. As a result, the following year Gruoch's brother or
nephew, who might have eventually become king, was killed by Malcolm.[23]
Strathclyde and the succession
It has traditionally been supposed that King Owen the Bald of Strathclyde died at the Battle of Carham and that
the kingdom passed into the hands of the Scots afterwards. This rests on some very weak evidence. It is far
from certain that Owen died at Carham, and it is reasonably certain that there were kings of Strathclyde as late
as 1054, when Edward the Confessor sent Earl Siward to install "Malcolm son of the king of the Cumbrians".
The confusion is old, probably inspired by William of Malmesbury and embellished by John of Fordun, but
there is no firm evidence that the kingdom of Strathclyde was a part of the kingdom of the Scots, rather than a
loosely subjected kingdom, before the time of Malcolm II of Scotland's great-grandson Malcolm Canmore.[24]
By the 1030s Malcolm's sons, if he had any, were dead. The only evidence that he did have a son or sons is in
Rodulfus Glaber's chronicle where Cnut is said to have stood as godfather to a son of Malcolm.[25] His
grandson Thorfinn would have been unlikely to be accepted as king by the Scots, and he chose the sons of his
other daughter, Bethóc, who was married to Crínán, lay abbot of Dunkeld, and perhaps Mormaer of Atholl. It
may be no more than coincidence, but in 1027 the Irish annals had reported the burning of Dunkeld, although
no mention is made of the circumstances.[26] Malcolm's chosen heir, and the first tánaise ríg certainly known in
Scotland, was Duncan.
19th-century engraving of "King
Malcolm's grave stone" (Glamis no.
2) at Glamis
It is possible that a third daughter of Malcolm married Findláech mac Ruaidrí and that Mac Bethad was thus his
grandson, but this rests on relatively weak evidence.[27]
Death and posterity
Malcolm died in 1034, Marianus Scotus giving the date as 25
November 1034. The king lists say that he died at Glamis, variously
describing him as a "most glorious" or "most victorious" king. The
Annals of Tigernach report that "Malcolm mac Cináeda, king of
Scotland, the honour of all the west of Europe, died." The Prophecy of
Berchán, perhaps the inspiration for John of Fordun and Andrew of
Wyntoun's accounts where Malcolm is killed fighting bandits, says that
he died by violence, fighting "the parricides", suggested to be the sons
of Máel Brigte of Moray.[28]
Perhaps the most notable feature of Malcolm's death is the account of
Marianus, matched by the silence of the Irish annals, which tells us that
Duncan I became king and ruled for five years and nine months. Given
that his death in 1040 is described as being "at an immature age" in the
Annals of Tigernach, he must have been a young man in 1034. The
absence of any opposition suggests that Malcolm had dealt thoroughly
with any likely opposition in his own lifetime.[29]
Tradition, dating from Fordun's time if not earlier, knew the Pictish
stone now called "Glamis 2" as "King Malcolm's grave stone". The stone is a Class II stone, apparently formed
by re-using a Bronze Age standing stone. Its dating is uncertain, with dates from the 8th century onwards
having been proposed. While an earlier date is favoured, an association with accounts of Malcolm's has been
proposed on the basis of the iconography of the carvings.[30]
On the question of Malcolm's putative pilgrimage, pilgrimages to Rome, or other long-distance journeys, were
far from unusual. Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Cnut and Mac Bethad have already been mentioned. Rognvald Kali
Kolsson is known to have gone crusading in the Mediterranean in the 12th century. Nearer in time, Dyfnwal of
Strathclyde died on pilgrimage to Rome in 975 as did Máel Ruanaid uá Máele Doraid, King of the Cenél
Conaill, in 1025.
Not a great deal is known of Malcolm's activities beyond the wars and killings. The Book of Deer records that
Malcolm "gave a king's dues in Biffie and in Pett Meic-Gobraig, and two davochs" to the monastery of Old
Deer.[31] He was also probably not the founder of the Bishopric of Mortlach-Aberdeen. John of Fordun has a
peculiar tale to tell, related to the supposed "Laws of Malcolm MacKenneth", saying that Malcolm gave away
all of Scotland, except for the Moot Hill at Scone, which is unlikely to have any basis in fact.[32]
Notes
1. Skene, Chronicles, pp. 99–100.
2. Malcolm's birth date is not known, but must have been around 980 if thFel ateyjarbók is right in dating the marriage of
his daughter and Sigurd Hlodvisson to the lifetime of Olaf Tryggvason; Early Sources, p. 528, quoting Olaf
Tryggvason's Saga.
3. Early Sources, pp. 574–575.
4. Higham, pp. 226–227, notes that the kings of the English had neither lands nor mints north of thTee es.
5. Early Sources, pp. 517–518. John of Fordun has Malcolm as the killer; Duncan, p. 46, creditKs enneth MacDuff with
the death of Constantine.
6. Chronicon Scotorum, s.a. 1005; Early Sources, pp. 521–524; Fordun, IV, xxxviii. Berchán places Cináed's death by the
Earn.
7. Early Sources, p. 525, note 1; Fordun, IV, xxxix–xl.
References
For primary sources see also External links below.
Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul
Watkins, Stamford, 1990. ISBN 1-871615-03-8
Anon., Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkne,y tr. Hermann Pálsson and Paul Edwards. Penguin, London,
1978. ISBN 0-14-044383-5
8. 1. BETHOC [Beatrix Beatrice Betoch] "Genealogy of King William the Lyon" dated 1175 names "Betoch filii
Malcolmi" as parent of "Malcolmi filii Dunecani". The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated1 717 names "Cran
Abbatis de Dunkelden et Bethok filia Malcolm mac Kynnet" as parents of King Duncan. source Beatrice who married
Crynyne Abthane of Dul and Steward of the Isles 2. DONADA [Dovada Duada Doada Donalda] R alph Holinshed's
1577 Chronicle of Scotland names "Doada" as second daughter of Malcolm II King of Scotland and adds that she
married "Sinell the thane of Glammis, by whom she had issue one Makbeth". 3. OLITH [Alice Olith Anlite] Orkneyinga
Saga records that "Earl Sigurd" married "the daughter of Malcolm King of Scots". Snorre records the marriage of
"Sigurd the Thick" and "a daughter of the Scottish king Malcolm". Ulster journal of archaeolo,g Vyolume 6 By Ulster
Archaeological Society names her as (Alice) wife of Sygurt and daughter of Malcolm II. The American historical
magazine, Volume 2 By Publishing Society of New York, Americana Society pg 529 names her Olith or Alice.
9. Duncan, pp. 27–28; Smyth, pp. 236–237; Annals of Ulste, rs.a. 1006.
10. Duncan, pp. 28–29 suggests that Earl Uchtred may not have died until 1018. Fletcher accepts that he died in Spring
1016 and the Eadwulf Cudel was Earl of Bernicia when Carham was fought in 1018; Higham, pp. 225–230, agrees.
Smyth, pp. 236–237 reserves judgement as to the date of the battle, 1016 or 1018, and whether Uchtred was still living
when it was fought. See also Stenton, pp. 418–419.
11. Early Sources, p. 544, note 6; Higham, pp. 226–227.
12. ASC, Ms D, E and F; Duncan, pp. 29–30.
13. Early Sources, pp. 545–546.
14. Ralph was writing in 1030 or 1031; Duncan, p. 31.
15. Duncan, pp. 31–32; the alternative, he notes, that Cnut was concerned about support foOrl af Haraldsson, "is no better
evidenced."
16. Duncan, pp. 29–30. St. Olaf's Saga, c. 131 says "two kings came south from Fife in Scotland" to meet Cnut, suggesting
only Malcolm and Mac Bethad, and that Cnut returned their lands and gave them gifts. That Echmarcach was king of
Galloway is perhaps doubtful; the Annals of Ulster record the death oSf uibne mac Cináeda, rí Gall-Gáedel ("King of
Galloway") by Tigernach, in 1034.
17. ASC, Ms. D, s.a. 1031.
18. Early Sources, p. 528; Orkneyinga Saga, c. 12.
19. Orkneyinga Saga, cc. 13–20 & 32; St. Olaf's Saga, c. 96.
20. Duncan, p.42; reconciling the various dates of Thorfinn's life appears impossible on the face of it. Either he was born
well before 1009 and must have died long before 1065, or the accounts in thOe rkneyinga Saga are deeply flawed.
21. Annals of Tigernach, s.a. 1020; Annals of Ulste,r s.a. 1020, but the killers are not named. The Annals of Ulstern ad the
Book of Leinster call Findláech "king of Scotland".
22. Annals of Ulster and Annals of Tigernach, s.a. 1029. Malcolm's death is not said to have been by violence and he too is
called king rather than mormaer.
23. Duncan, pp. 29–30, 32–33 and compare HudsonP, rophecy of Berchán, pp. 222–223. Early Sources, p.571; Annals of
Ulster, s.a. 1032 & 1033; Annals of Loch Cé, s.a. 1029 & 1033. The identity of theM . m. Boite killed in 1033 is
uncertain, being reading as "the son of the son of Boite" or as "M. son of Boite", Gruoch's brother or nephew
respectively.
24. Duncan, pp. 29 and 37–41; Oram,D avid I, pp. 19–21.
25. Early Sources, p. 546; Duncan, pp. 30–31, understands Rodulfus Glaber as meaning that Duke Richard was godfather to
a son of Cnut and Emma.
26. Annals of Ulster and Annals of Loch Cé, s.a. 1027.
27. Hudson, pp. 224–225 discusses the question and the reliability oAf ndrew of Wyntoun's chronicle, on which this rests.
28. Early Sources, pp. 572–575; Duncan, pp. 33–34.
29. Duncan, pp. 32–33.
30. Laing, Lloyd (2001), "The date and context of the Glamis, Angus, carved Pictish stones ("http://webarchive.nationalarch
ives.gov.uk/20090809004407/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_311/131_223_239.pdf) (PDF),
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Edinburgh, 131: 223–239, archived from the original (http://ads.a
hds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_131/131_223_239.pd f()PDF) on 2009-08-09
31. Gaelic Notes in the Book of Deer.
32. Fordun, IV, xliii and Skene's notes; Duncan, p. 150; Barrow, Kingdom of the Scots, p. 39.
Barrow, G.W.S., The Kingdom of the Scots. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2003. ISBN 0-7486-1803-1
Clarkson, Tim, Strathclyde and the Anglo-Saxons in the Viking Age, Birlinn, Edinburgh, 2014, ISBN 9781906566784
Duncan, A.A.M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independenc eE.dinburgh University Press,
Edinburgh, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8
Fletcher, Richard, Bloodfeud: Murder and Revenge in Anglo-Saxon England. Penguin, London, 2002. ISBN 0-14-
028692-6
John of Fordun, Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, ed. William Forbes Skene, tr. Felix J.H. Skene, 2 vols. Reprinted,
Llanerch Press, Lampeter, 1993. ISBN 1-897853-05-X
Higham, N.J., The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–100. Sutton, Stroud, 1993. ISBN 0-86299-730-5
Hudson, Benjamin T., The Prophecy of Berchán: Irish and Scottish High-Kings of the Early Middle Age sG. reenwood,
London, 1996.
Smyth, Alfred P. Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–100. Reprinted, Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1998. ISBN 0-
7486-0100-7
Stenton, Sir Frank, Anglo-Saxon England .3rd edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1971IS BN 0-19-280139-2
Sturluson, Snorri, Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway, tr. Lee M. Hollander. Reprinted University of Texas
Press, Austin, 1992. ISBN 0-292-73061-6
External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork includes the Annals of Ulster, Tigernach,
the Four Masters and Innisfallen, the Chronicon Scotorum, the Lebor Bretnach (which includes the Duan
Albanach), Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in
progress.
Heimskringla at World Wide School
"icelandic sagas" at Northvegr
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle an XML edition by Tony Jebson (translation at OMACL)
Malcolm II, King of Alba 1005 – 1034. Scotland's History. BBC.
Malcolm II of Scotland
House of Alpin
Born: c. 980 Died: 25 November 1034
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Kenneth III
King of Scots
1005–1034
Succeeded by
Duncan I
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_II_of_Scotland&oldid=787161720"
Categories: 1034 deaths House of Alpin 11th-century Scottish monarchs Burials at Iona Abbey
954 births
This page was last edited on 23 June 2017, at 20:16.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may
apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered
trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: LRXC-XHH
• Birth: Between 6 Jan 984 and 5 Jan 985, Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland
• Death: Between 7 Jan 1045 and 6 Jan 1046, Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland

Notes:

Bethóc

Spouse Crínán, Abbot of Dunkeld
Issue Duncan I, King of Alba
Maldred of Allerdale
House House of Alpin (by birth)
House of Dunkeld (by marriage)
Father Malcolm II, King of Alba

Bethóc
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bethóc ingen Maíl Coluim meic Cináeda was the elder daughter of Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots, and the mother of his successor, Duncan I.

Biography
Bethóc was the eldest daughter of the Malcolm II of Scotland, who had no known surviving sons. She married Crínán, Abbot of Dunkeld. Their older son, Donnchad I, ascended to the throne of Scotland around 1034. Malcolm's youngest daughter married Sigurd Hlodvirsson, Earl of Orkney.[1] Early writers have asserted that Máel Coluim also designated Donnchad as his successor under the rules of tanistry because there were other possible claimants to the throne.

In this period, the Scottish throne still passed in Picto-Gaelic matrilineal fashion, from brother to brother, uncle to nephew, and cousin to cousin.

References
1. Knox, James. The topography of the basin of the Tay, Andrew Shorteed, Edinburgh, 1831 (https://books.google.com/books?id=mp4HAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA133&dq=beth%C3%B3c+biography&hl=en&sa=X&ve=d0CEoQ6AEwCTgKahUKEwiTu_bmmfnGAhVKVz4KHZdlBEw#v=onepage&q=beth%C3%B3c%20biography&fa=lfse)

Sources
Anderson, Marjorie Ogilvy. Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland, 1973 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bethóc&oldid=744558067"
Categories: 10th-century births 11th-century deaths House of Dunkeld Women of medieval Scotland 11th-century Scottish people Scottish princesses Scottish royalty stubs
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Family/Spouse: of Dunkeld, Crínán. Crínán was born in 987 in Scotland; died in 1045 in Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Earl of Northumberland
• Appointments / Titles: King of Scotland

Notes:

Donnchad mac Crinain (Modern Gaelic: Donnchadh mac Crìonain), anglicized as Duncan I, and nicknamed An t-Ilgarach, "the Diseased" or "the Sick" (ca. 1001 – 14 August 1040) was king of Scotland (Alba) from 1034 to 1040. He is the historical basis of the King Duncan in Shakespeare's play "Macbeth". He was son of Crínán, hereditary lay abbot of Dunkeld, and Bethóc, daughter of king Máel Coluim mac Cináeda (Malcolm II). Unlike the "King Duncan" of Shakespeare's Macbeth, the historical Duncan appears to have been a young man. He followed his grandfather Malcolm as king after the latter's death on 25 November 1034. He may have been Malcolm's acknowledged successor, or tánaise, as the succession appears to have been unopposed.

An earlier source, a variant of the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba (CK-I), gives Duncan's wife the Gaelic name Suthen. Whatever his wife's name may have been, Duncan had at least two sons. The eldest, Malcolm III (Máel Coluim mac Donnchada) was king from 1058 to 1093, the second Donald III (Domnall Bán, or "Donalbane") was king afterwards. Máel Muire, Earl of Atholl is a possible third son of Duncan, although this is uncertain.

The early period of Duncan's reign was apparently uneventful, perhaps a consequence of his youth. Macbeth (Mac Bethad mac Findláich) is recorded as having been his dux, today rendered as "duke" and meaning nothing more than the rank between prince and marquess, but then still having the Roman meaning of "war leader". In context, "dukes of Francia" had half a century before replaced the Carolingian kings of the Franks, and in England the over-mighty Godwin of Wessex was called a dux. This suggests that Macbeth may have been the power behind the throne.

In 1039, Duncan led a large Scots army south to besiege Durham, but the expedition ended in disaster. Duncan survived, but the following year he led an army north into Moray, Macbeth's domain, apparently on a punitive expedition against Moray. There he was killed in action, at Bothnagowan, now Pitgaveny, near Elgin, by the men of Moray led by Macbeth, probably on 14 August 1040. He is thought to have been buried at Elgin before being later relocated to the Isle of Iona.

Duncan I
Anachronistic depiction of Duncan I by Jacob de
Wet, 17th Century
King of Alba
Reign 1034–1040
Predecessor Malcolm II
Successor Macbeth
Born c. 1001
Died 14 August 1040[1]
Pitgaveny, near Elgin
Burial Iona ?
Spouse Suthen
Issue Malcolm III, King of Alba
Donald III, King of Alba
Máel Muire, Earl of Atholl
House Dunkeld
Father Crinan of Dunkeld
Mother Bethoc
Duncan I of Scotland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Donnchad mac Crinain (Modern Gaelic: Donnchadh mac
Crìonain;[2] anglicised as Duncan I, and nicknamed An t-
Ilgarach, "the Diseased" or "the Sick";[3] ca. 1001 – 14
August 1040)[1] was king of Scotland (Alba) from 1034 to
1040. He is the historical basis of the "King Duncan" in
Shakespeare's play Macbeth.
Contents
1 Life
2 Depictions in fiction
3 Ancestry
4 Notes
5 References
Life
He was son of Crínán, hereditary lay abbot of Dunkeld, and
Bethóc, daughter of king Máel Coluim mac Cináeda
(Malcolm II).
Unlike the "King Duncan" of Shakespeare's Macbeth, the
historical Duncan appears to have been a young man. He
followed his grandfather Malcolm as king after the latter's
death on 25 November 1034, without apparent opposition.
He may have been Malcolm's acknowledged successor or
Tànaiste as the succession appears to have been
uneventful.[4] Earlier histories, following John of Fordun,
supposed that Duncan had been king of Strathclyde in his
grandfather's lifetime, between 1018 and 1034, ruling the
former Kingdom of Strathclyde as an appanage. Modern
historians discount this idea.[5]
An earlier source, a variant of the Chronicle of the Kings of
Alba (CK-I), gives Duncan's wife the Gaelic name Suthen.[6]
Whatever his wife's name may have been, Duncan had at
least two sons. The eldest, Malcolm III (Máel Coluim mac Donnchada) was king from 1058 to 1093, the
second Donald III (Domnall Bán, or "Donalbane") was king afterwards. Máel Muire, Earl of Atholl is a
possible third son of Duncan, although this is uncertain.[7]
The early period of Duncan's reign was apparently uneventful, perhaps a consequence of his youth. Macbeth
(Mac Bethad mac Findláich) is recorded as having been his dux, today rendered as "duke" and meaning nothing
more than the rank between prince and marquess, but then still having the Roman meaning of "war leader". In
context — "dukes of Francia" had half a century before replaced the Carolingian kings of the Franks and in
England the over-mighty Godwin of Wessex was called a dux — this suggests that Macbeth may have been the
power behind the throne.[8]
In 1039, Duncan led a large Scots army south to besiege Durham, but the expedition ended in disaster. Duncan
survived, but the following year he led an army north into Moray, Macbeth's domain, apparently on a punitive
expedition against Moray.[9] There he was killed in action, at Bothnagowan, now Pitgaveny, near Elgin, by the
men of Moray led by Macbeth, probably on 14 August 1040.[10] He is thought to have been buried at Elgin[11]
before later relocation to the Isle of Iona.
Depictions in fiction
Duncan is depicted as an elderly King in the play Macbeth (1606) by William Shakespeare. He is killed in his
sleep by the protagonist, Macbeth.
In the historical novel Macbeth the King (1978) by Nigel Tranter, Duncan is portrayed as a schemer who is
fearful of Macbeth as a possible rival for the throne. He tries to assassinate Macbeth by poisoning and then
when this fails, attacks his home with an army. In self-defence Macbeth meets him in battle and kills him in
personal combat.
In the animated television series Gargoyles he is depicted as a weak and conniving king who assassinates those
who he believes threaten his rule.[12] He even tries to assassinate Macbeth, forcing Demona to ally with the
Moray nobleman, with Duncan's resulting death coming from attempting to strike an enchanted orb of energy
that one of the Weird Sisters gave to Macbeth to take Duncan down.
Ancestry
2. Crínán of Dunkeld
1. Duncan I of Scotland
24. Malcolm I of Scotland
12. Kenneth II of Scotland
6. Malcolm II of Scotland
3. Bethóc
Notes
1. Broun, "Duncan I (d. 1040)".
2. Donnchad mac Crínáin is the Mediaeval Gaelic form.
3. Skene, Chronicles, p. 101.
4. Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, p. 33.
5. Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, p. 40.
6. Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, p. 37.
Ancestors of Duncan I of Scotland
References
Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History AD 500 to 1286, volume one. Republished with
corrections, Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. ISBN 1-871615-03-8
Broun, Dauvit, "Duncan I (d. 1040)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press,
2004 accessed 15 May 2007
Duncan, A. A. M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence. Edinburgh
University Press, Edinburgh, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8
Oram, Richard, David I: The King Who Made Scotland. Tempus, Stroud, 2004. ISBN 0-7524-2825-X
Duncan I of Scotland
House of Dunkeld
Born: unknown 14 August
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Malcolm II
King of Scots
1034–1040
Succeeded by
Macbeth
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duncan_I_of_Scotland&oldid=784258539"
Categories: Monarchs killed in action House of Dunkeld 11th-century births 1040 deaths
11th-century Scottish monarchs Burials at Iona Abbey
Scottish pre-union military personnel killed in action
This page was last edited on 7 June 2017, at 09:36.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may
apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered
trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
7. Oram, David I, p. 233, n. 26: the identification is from theO rkneyinga saga but Máel Muire's grandsonM áel Coluim,
Earl of Atholl is known to have married Donald III's granddaughter Hextilda.
8. Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, pp. 33–34.
9. G. W. S. Barrow, Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000–1306, Edinburgh University Press, 1981, p.26.
10. Broun, "Duncan I (d. 1040)"; the date is fromM arianus Scotus and the killing is recorded by theA nnals of Tigernach.
11. "I Never Knew That About Scotland", Christopher Winn, p. 165.
12. Bishansky, Greg (March 13, 2013). "Station Eight : Gargoyles : Ask Greg Archive : Duncan" (http://www.s8.org/gargoy
les/askgreg/archives.php?lid=531&qid=17989&ppp=1. )S8.org. Retrieved April 18, 2017. "Duncan: This guy was a
jerk. I mean, really. A paranoid tyrant who thought the world was out to get him. Well, not the world so much as his
cousin, Macbeth. I suppose I can understand seeing Macbeth as a threat to the throne, but he just seemed to go out of his
way to make Macbeth miserable. He reveled in it. When he died, we were all happy to see him bite" it.

Family/Spouse: mac Siward, Sybilla Suthen. Sybilla was born in 1009 in Northumberland, England; died on 14 Aug 1040 in Elgin, Moray, Scotland; was buried in Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Canmore or "Big Head"
• Appointments / Titles: Long-neck
• House: House of Dunkeld
• FSID: KN4J-P1M
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1058 and 1093; King of Scotland

Notes:

Malcolm III of Scotland
From Life Sketch
Called in most Anglicised regnal lists Malcolm III, and in later centuries nicknamed Canmore, "Big Head", either literally or in reference to his leadership, "Long-neck"; died 13 November 1093), was King of Scots. He was the eldest son of King Duncan I (Donnchad mac Crínáin).

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Malcolm III
Margaret and Malcolm Canmore (Wm Hole).JPG
Victorian depiction of Malcolm and his second wife, St. Margaret of Scotland
King of Alba (Scots)
Reign 1058–1093
Coronation 25 April 1058?, Scone, Perth and Kinross
Predecessor Lulach
Successor Donald III
Born c. 26 March 1031
Scotland
Died 13 November 1093
Alnwick, Northumberland, England
Burial Tynemouth Castle and Priory, Tynemouth, Tyne and Wear, England; reinterred in the reign of Alexander I in Dunfermline Abbey in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland in a shrine with his second wife, St. Margaret of Scotland
Spouse Ingibiorg Finnsdottir
St. Margaret of Scotland
Issue Duncan II, King of Scots
Edward, Prince of Scotland
Edmund
Ethelred
Edgar, King of Scots
Alexander I, King of Scots
David I, King of Scots
Edith (Matilda), Queen of England
Mary, Countess of Boulogne
House Dunkeld
Father Duncan I, King of Scots
Mother Suthen
Malcolm (Gaelic: Máel Coluim; c. 26 March 1031 – 13 November 1093) was King of Scots from 1058 to 1093. He was later nicknamed "Canmore" ("ceann mòr", Gaelic for "Great Chief": "ceann" denotes "leader", "head" (of state) and "mòr" denotes "pre-eminent", "great", and "big"). Malcolm's long reign of 35 years preceded the beginning of the Scoto-Norman age.

Malcolm's kingdom did not extend over the full territory of modern Scotland: the north and west of Scotland remained under Scandinavian, Norse-Gael, and Gaelic rule, and the territories under the rule of the Kings of Scots did not extend much beyond the limits established by Malcolm II until the 12th century. Malcolm III fought a series of wars against the Kingdom of England, which may have had as its objective the conquest of the English earldom of Northumbria. These wars did not result in any significant advances southward. Malcolm's primary achievement was to continue a lineage that ruled Scotland for many years, although his role as founder of a dynasty has more to do with the propaganda of his youngest son David I and his descendants than with history.

Malcolm's second wife, St. Margaret of Scotland, is Scotland's only royal saint. Malcolm himself had no reputation for piety; with the notable exception of Dunfermline Abbey in Fife he is not definitely associated with major religious establishments or ecclesiastical reforms.

Contents [hide]
1 Background
2 Malcolm and Ingibiorg
3 Malcolm and Margaret
4 Malcolm and William Rufus
5 Death
6 Issue
7 Depictions in fiction
8 Ancestry
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Background
Main article: Scotland in the High Middle Ages
Malcolm's father Duncan I became king in late 1034, on the death of Malcolm II, Duncan's maternal grandfather and Malcolm's great-grandfather. According to John of Fordun, whose account is the original source of part at least of William Shakespeare's Macbeth, Malcolm's mother was a niece of Siward, Earl of Northumbria, but an earlier king-list gives her the Gaelic name Suthen. Other sources claim that either a daughter or niece would have been too young to fit the timeline, thus the likely relative would have been Siward's own sister Sybil, which may have translated into Gaelic as Suthen.

Duncan's reign was not successful and he was killed by Macbeth on 15 August 1040. Although Shakespeare's Macbeth presents Malcolm as a grown man and his father as an old one, it appears that Duncan was still young in 1040, and Malcolm and his brother Donalbane were children. Malcolm's family did attempt to overthrow Macbeth in 1045, but Malcolm's grandfather Crínán of Dunkeld was killed in the attempt.

Soon after the death of Duncan his two young sons were sent away for greater safety—exactly where is the subject of debate. According to one version, Malcolm (then aged about nine) was sent to England, and his younger brother Donalbane was sent to the Isles. Based on Fordun's account, it was assumed that Malcolm passed most of Macbeth's seventeen-year reign in the Kingdom of England at the court of Edward the Confessor.

According to an alternative version, Malcolm's mother took both sons into exile at the court of Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Earl of Orkney, an enemy of Macbeth's family, and perhaps Duncan's kinsman by marriage.[16]

An English invasion in 1054, with Siward, Earl of Northumbria in command, had as its goal the installation of one "Máel Coluim, son of the king of the Cumbrians". This Máel Coluim has traditionally been identified with the later Malcolm III.[17] This interpretation derives from the Chronicle attributed to the 14th-century chronicler of Scotland, John of Fordun, as well as from earlier sources such as William of Malmesbury.[18] The latter reported that Macbeth was killed in the battle by Siward, but it is known that Macbeth outlived Siward by two years.[19] A. A. M. Duncan argued in 2002 that, using the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry as their source, later writers innocently misidentified "Máel Coluim" with the later Scottish king of the same name.[20] Duncan's argument has been supported by several subsequent historians specialising in the era, such as Richard Oram, Dauvit Broun and Alex Woolf.[21] It has also been suggested that Máel Coluim may have been a son of Owain Foel, British king of Strathclyde[22] perhaps by a daughter of Malcolm II, King of Scotland.[23]

In 1057 various chroniclers report the death of Macbeth at Malcolm's hand, on 15 August 1057 at Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire.[24][25] Macbeth was succeeded by his stepson Lulach, who was crowned at Scone, probably on 8 September 1057. Lulach was killed by Malcolm, "by treachery",[26] near Huntly on 23 April 1058. After this, Malcolm became king, perhaps being inaugurated on 25 April 1058, although only John of Fordun reports this.[27]

Malcolm and Ingibiorg

Late medieval depiction of Malcolm with MacDuff, from an MS (Corpus Christi MS 171) of Walter Bower's Scotichronicon
If Orderic Vitalis is to be relied upon, one of Malcolm's earliest actions as king may have been to travel south to the court of Edward the Confessor in 1059 to arrange a marriage with Edward's kinswoman Margaret, who had arrived in England two years before from Hungary.[28] If he did visit the English court, he was the first reigning king of Scots to do so in more than eighty years. If a marriage agreement was made in 1059, it was not kept, and this may explain the Scots invasion of Northumbria in 1061 when Lindisfarne was plundered.[29] Equally, Malcolm's raids in Northumbria may have been related to the disputed "Kingdom of the Cumbrians", reestablished by Earl Siward in 1054, which was under Malcolm's control by 1070.[30]

The Orkneyinga saga reports that Malcolm married the widow of Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Ingibiorg, a daughter of Finn Arnesson.[31] Although Ingibiorg is generally assumed to have died shortly before 1070, it is possible that she died much earlier, around 1058.[32] The Orkneyinga Saga records that Malcolm and Ingibiorg had a son, Duncan II (Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim), who was later king.[33] Some Medieval commentators, following William of Malmesbury, claimed that Duncan was illegitimate, but this claim is propaganda reflecting the need of Malcolm's descendants by Margaret to undermine the claims of Duncan's descendants, the Meic Uilleim.[34] Malcolm's son Domnall, whose death is reported in 1085, is not mentioned by the author of the Orkneyinga Saga. He is assumed to have been born to Ingibiorg.[35]

Malcolm's marriage to Ingibiorg secured him peace in the north and west. The Heimskringla tells that her father Finn had been an adviser to Harald Hardraade and, after falling out with Harald, was then made an Earl by Sweyn Estridsson, King of Denmark, which may have been another recommendation for the match.[36] Malcolm enjoyed a peaceful relationship with the Earldom of Orkney, ruled jointly by his stepsons, Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson. The Orkneyinga Saga reports strife with Norway but this is probably misplaced as it associates this with Magnus Barefoot, who became king of Norway only in 1093, the year of Malcolm's death.[37]

Malcolm and Margaret

Malcolm and Margaret as depicted in a 16th-century armorial. Anachronistically, Malcolm's surcoat is embroidered with the royal arms of Scotland, which probably did not come into use until the time of William the Lion. Margaret's kirtle displays the supposed arms of her great-uncle Edward the Confessor, which were in fact invented in the 13th century, though they were based on a design which appeared on coins from his reign
Although he had given sanctuary to Tostig Godwinson when the Northumbrians drove him out, Malcolm was not directly involved in the ill-fated invasion of England by Harald Hardraade and Tostig in 1066, which ended in defeat and death at the battle of Stamford Bridge.[38] In 1068, he granted asylum to a group of English exiles fleeing from William of Normandy, among them Agatha, widow of Edward the Confessor's nephew Edward the Exile, and her children: Edgar Ætheling and his sisters Margaret and Cristina. They were accompanied by Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria. The exiles were disappointed, however, if they had expected immediate assistance from the Scots.[39]

In 1069 the exiles returned to England, to join a spreading revolt in the north. Even though Gospatric and Siward's son Waltheof submitted by the end of the year, the arrival of a Danish army under Sweyn Estridsson seemed to ensure that William's position remained weak. Malcolm decided on war, and took his army south into Cumbria and across the Pennines, wasting Teesdale and Cleveland then marching north, loaded with loot, to Wearmouth. There Malcolm met Edgar and his family, who were invited to return with him, but did not. As Sweyn had by now been bought off with a large Danegeld, Malcolm took his army home. In reprisal, William sent Gospatric to raid Scotland through Cumbria. In return, the Scots fleet raided the Northumbrian coast where Gospatric's possessions were concentrated.[40] Late in the year, perhaps shipwrecked on their way to a European exile, Edgar and his family again arrived in Scotland, this time to remain. By the end of 1070, Malcolm had married Edgar's sister Margaret of Wessex, the future Saint Margaret of Scotland.[41]

The naming of their children represented a break with the traditional Scots regal names such as Malcolm, Cináed and Áed. The point of naming Margaret's sons—Edward after her father Edward the Exile, Edmund for her grandfather Edmund Ironside, Ethelred for her great-grandfather Ethelred the Unready and Edgar for her great-great-grandfather Edgar and her brother, briefly the elected king, Edgar Ætheling—was unlikely to be missed in England, where William of Normandy's grasp on power was far from secure.[42] Whether the adoption of the classical Alexander for the future Alexander I of Scotland (either for Pope Alexander II or for Alexander the Great) and the biblical David for the future David I of Scotland represented a recognition that William of Normandy would not be easily removed, or was due to the repetition of Anglo-Saxon royal name—another Edmund had preceded Edgar—is not known.[43] Margaret also gave Malcolm two daughters, Edith, who married Henry I of England, and Mary, who married Eustace III of Boulogne.

In 1072, with the Harrying of the North completed and his position again secure, William of Normandy came north with an army and a fleet. Malcolm met William at Abernethy and, in the words of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle "became his man" and handed over his eldest son Duncan as a hostage and arranged peace between William and Edgar.[44] Accepting the overlordship of the king of the English was no novelty, as previous kings had done so without result. The same was true of Malcolm; his agreement with the English king was followed by further raids into Northumbria, which led to further trouble in the earldom and the killing of Bishop William Walcher at Gateshead. In 1080, William sent his son Robert Curthose north with an army while his brother Odo punished the Northumbrians. Malcolm again made peace, and this time kept it for over a decade.[45]

Malcolm faced little recorded internal opposition, with the exception of Lulach's son Máel Snechtai. In an unusual entry, for the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle contains little on Scotland, it says that in 1078:

Malcholom [Máel Coluim] seized the mother of Mælslæhtan [Máel Snechtai] ... and all his treasures, and his cattle; and he himself escaped with difficulty.[46]

Whatever provoked this strife, Máel Snechtai survived until 1085.[47]

Malcolm and William Rufus

William Rufus, "the Red", king of the English (1087–1100)
When William Rufus became king of England after his father's death, Malcolm did not intervene in the rebellions by supporters of Robert Curthose which followed. In 1091, William Rufus confiscated Edgar Ætheling's lands in England, and Edgar fled north to Scotland. In May, Malcolm marched south, not to raid and take slaves and plunder, but to besiege Newcastle, built by Robert Curthose in 1080. This appears to have been an attempt to advance the frontier south from the River Tweed to the River Tees. The threat was enough to bring the English king back from Normandy, where he had been fighting Robert Curthose. In September, learning of William Rufus's approaching army, Malcolm withdrew north and the English followed. Unlike in 1072, Malcolm was prepared to fight, but a peace was arranged by Edgar Ætheling and Robert Curthose whereby Malcolm again acknowledged the overlordship of the English king.[48]

In 1092, the peace began to break down. Based on the idea that the Scots controlled much of modern Cumbria, it had been supposed that William Rufus's new castle at Carlisle and his settlement of English peasants in the surrounds was the cause. It is unlikely that Malcolm controlled Cumbria, and the dispute instead concerned the estates granted to Malcolm by William Rufus's father in 1072 for his maintenance when visiting England. Malcolm sent messengers to discuss the question and William Rufus agreed to a meeting. Malcolm travelled south to Gloucester, stopping at Wilton Abbey to visit his daughter Edith and sister-in-law Cristina. Malcolm arrived there on 24 August 1093 to find that William Rufus refused to negotiate, insisting that the dispute be judged by the English barons. This Malcolm refused to accept, and returned immediately to Scotland.[49]

It does not appear that William Rufus intended to provoke a war,[50] but, as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports, war came:

For this reason therefore they parted with great dissatisfaction, and the King Malcolm returned to Scotland. And soon after he came home, he gathered his army, and came harrowing into England with more hostility than behoved him ....[51]

Malcolm was accompanied by Edward, his eldest son by Margaret and probable heir-designate (or tánaiste), and by Edgar.[52] Even by the standards of the time, the ravaging of Northumbria by the Scots was seen as harsh.[53]

Death

Memorial cross said to mark the spot where King Malcolm III of Scotland was killed while besieging Alnwick Castle in 1093.
While marching north again, Malcolm was ambushed by Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumbria, whose lands he had devastated, near Alnwick on 13 November 1093. There he was killed by Arkil Morel, steward of Bamburgh Castle. The conflict became known as the Battle of Alnwick.[54] Edward was mortally wounded in the same fight. Margaret, it is said, died soon after receiving the news of their deaths from Edgar.[55] The Annals of Ulster say:

Mael Coluim son of Donnchad, over-king of Scotland, and Edward his son, were killed by the French [i.e. Normans] in Inber Alda in England. His queen, Margaret, moreover, died of sorrow for him within nine days.[56]

Malcolm's body was taken to Tynemouth Priory for burial. The king's body was sent north for reburial, in the reign of his son Alexander, at Dunfermline Abbey, or possibly Iona.[57]

On 19 June 1250, following the canonisation of Malcolm's wife Margaret by Pope Innocent IV, Margaret's remains were disinterred and placed in a reliquary. Tradition has it that as the reliquary was carried to the high altar of Dunfermline Abbey, past Malcolm's grave, it became too heavy to move. As a result, Malcolm's remains were also disinterred, and buried next to Margaret beside the altar.[58]

Issue
Malcolm and Ingibiorg had three sons:

Duncan II of Scotland, succeeded his father as King of Scotland
Donald, died ca.1094
Malcolm, died ca.1085
Malcolm and Margaret had eight children, six sons and two daughters:

Edward, killed 1093
Edmund of Scotland
Ethelred, abbot of Dunkeld
King Edgar of Scotland
King Alexander I of Scotland
King David I of Scotland
Edith of Scotland, also called Matilda, married King Henry I of England
Mary of Scotland, married Eustace III of Boulogne
Depictions in fiction
Malcolm appears in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth as Malcolm. He is the son of King Duncan and heir to the throne. He first appears in the second scene where he is talking to a sergeant, with Duncan. The sergeant tells them how the battle was won thanks to Macbeth. Then Ross comes and Duncan decides that Macbeth should take the title of Thane of Cawdor. Then he later appears in Act 1.4 talking about the execution of the former Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth then enters and they congratulate him on his victory. He later appears in Macbeth’s castle as a guest. When his father is killed he is suspected of the murder so he escapes to England. He later makes an appearance in Act 4.3, where he talks to Macduff about Macbeth and what to do. They both decide to start a war against him. In Act 5.4 he is seen in Dunsinane getting ready for war. He orders the troops to hide behind branches and slowly advance towards the castle. In Act 5.8 he watches the battle against Macbeth and Macduff with Siward and Ross. When eventually Macbeth is killed, Malcolm takes over as king.

The married life of Malcolm III and Margaret has been the subject of two historical novels: A Goodly Pearl (1905) by Mary H. Debenham, and Malcolm Canmore's Pearl (1907) by Agnes Grant Hay. Both focus on court life in Dunfermline, and the Margaret helping introduce Anglo-Saxon culture in Scotland. The latter novel covers events to 1093, ending with Malcolm's death.[59][60]

Canmore appears in the third and fourth episodes of the four-part series "City of Stone" in Disney's Gargoyles, as an antagonist of Macbeth. After witnessing his father Duncan's death, the young Canmore swears revenge on both Macbeth and his gargoyle ally, Demona. After reaching adulthood, he overthrows Macbeth with English allies. Canmore is also the ancestor of the Hunters, a family of vigilantes who hunt Demona through the centuries. Canmore was voiced in the series by J.D. Daniels as a boy and Neil Dickson as an adult.

In The Tragedy of Macbeth Part II, Malcolm appears as the anti-hero of this 2009-written (by Noah Lukeman), and historically very inaccurate, successor-play. Malcom, who has succeeded from MacBeth, and ruled well for ten years, is led by the witches down MacBeth's path to perdition—killing his brother Donalbain as well as MacDuff before finally being killed by Fleance (supposedly the ancestor of Stuart king James).

Malcolm married Aetheling, Queen of Scotland and Saint Margaret in 1070 in Scotland. Margaret (daughter of Aetheling, Edward and Aetheling, Princess of England Agatha) was born on 8 Sep 1045 in Castle Reka, Mecseknádasd, Baranya, Hungary; died on 16 Nov 1093 in Edinburgh Castle and Portsburgh, Midlothian, Scotland; was buried on 18 Nov 1093 in Dunfermline Abbey, Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: [Atheling]
• Appointments / Titles: Princess
• Appointments / Titles: Queen of England
• Appointments / Titles: Queen of England
• FSID: KHP1-CFX
• Name: Eadgyth "Matilda"Ætheling Dunkeld of Scotland Queen of England
• Name: Eadgyth (Edith)
• Name: Matilda Atheling Canmore
• Name: Matilda of England
• Name: Matilda of Scotland
• Name: Matilda of Scotland
• Name: Matilda of Scotland or Adelya
• Appointments / Titles: Between 11 and 14 Nov 1100; Queen Consort of England
• Birth: Oct 1079, Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland
• Death: 8 May 1118, Westminster Palace, Westminster, London, England

Notes:

Matilda of Scotland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Edith of Scotland)
Matilda of Scotland
Matylda zena.jpg
Queen consort of England
Tenure 11 November 1100 – 1 May 1118
Coronation 11 November 1100
Born c. 1080
Dunfermline, Scotland
Died 1 May 1118 (aged 38)
Westminster Palace
Burial Westminster Abbey
Spouse Henry I of England
Issue Matilda, Holy Roman Empress
William Adelin
House House of Dunkeld
Father Malcolm III of Scotland
Mother Saint Margaret of Scotland
Matilda of Scotland (c. 1080 – 1 May 1118), originally christened Edith, was Queen of England as the first wife of King Henry I.

Matilda was the daughter of the English princess Saint Margaret and the Scottish king Malcolm III. At the age of about six Matilda was sent with her sister to be educated in a convent in southern England, where her aunt Cristina was abbess. It is not clear if she spent much time in Scotland thereafter. In 1093, when she was about 13, she was engaged to an English nobleman when her father and brother Edward were killed in a minor raid into England, and her mother died soon after; her fiance then abandoned the proposed marriage. In Scotland a messy succession conflict followed between Matilda's uncle Donald III, her half-brother Duncan II and brother Edgar until 1097. Matilda's whereabouts during this no doubt difficult period are uncertain.

But after the suspicious death of William II of England in 1100 and accession of his brother Henry I, Matilda's prospects improved. Henry moved quickly to propose to her. It is said that he already knew and admired her, and she may indeed have spent time at the English court. Edgar was now secure on the Scottish throne, offering the prospect of better relations between the two countries, and Matilda also had the considerable advantage of Anglo-Saxon royal blood, which the Norman dynasty largely lacked. There was a difficulty about the marriage; a special church council was called to be satisfied that Matilda had not taken vows as a nun, which her emphatic testimony managed to convince them of.

Matilda and Henry married in late 1100. They had two children who reached adulthood and two more who died young. Matilda led a literary and musical court, but was also pious. She embarked on building projects for the church, and took a role in government when her husband was away; many surviving charters are signed by her. Matilda lived to see her daughter Matilda become Holy Roman Empress but died two years before the drowning of her son William. Henry remarried, but had no further legitimate children, which caused a succession crisis known as The Anarchy. Matilda is buried in Westminster Abbey and was fondly remembered by her subjects as "Matilda the Good Queen" and "Matilda of Blessed Memory". There was an attempt to have her canonized, which was not pursued.

Contents [hide]
1 Early life
2 Marriage
3 Queen
3.1 Works
4 Death
5 Legacy
6 Issue
7 Appearance and character
8 Notes and sources
9 References
10 External links
Early life
Matilda was born around 1080 in Dunfermline, the daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland and Saint Margaret. She was christened (baptised) Edith, and Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, stood as godfather at the ceremony. The English queen Matilda of Flanders was also present at the baptismal font and served as her godmother. Baby Matilda pulled at Queen Matilda's headdress, which was seen as an omen that the younger Matilda would be queen one day.

The Life of St Margaret, Queen of Scotland was later written for Matilda possibly by Turgot of Durham. It refers to Matilda's childhood and her relationship with her mother. In it, Margaret is described as a strict but loving mother. She did not spare the rod when it came to raising her children in virtue, which the author presupposed was the reason for the good behaviour Matilda and her siblings displayed, and Margaret also stressed the importance of piety.

When she was about six years old, Matilda of Scotland (or Edith as she was then probably still called) and her sister Mary were sent to Romsey Abbey, near Southampton in southern England, where their aunt Cristina was abbess. During her stay at Romsey and, some time before 1093, at Wilton Abbey, both institutions known for learning, the Scottish princess was much sought-after as a bride; refusing proposals from William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey, and Alan Rufus, Lord of Richmond. Hériman of Tournai claimed that William Rufus considered marrying her. Her education went beyond the standard feminine pursuits. This was not surprising as her mother was a great lover of books. Her daughters learned English, French, and some Latin, and were sufficiently literate to read St. Augustine and the Bible.

In 1093, her parents betrothed her to Alan Rufus, Lord of Richmond, one of her numerous suitors. However, before the marriage took place, her father entered into a dispute with William Rufus. In response, he marauded the English king's lands where he was surprised by Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumbria and killed along with his son, Edward. Upon hearing of her husband and son's death, Margaret, already ill, died on 16 November. Edith was now an orphan. She was abandoned by her betrothed who ran off with a daughter of Harold Godwinson, Gunhild of Wessex. However, he died before they could be married.

She had left the monastery by 1093, when Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, wrote to the Bishop of Salisbury ordering that the daughter of the King of Scotland be returned to the monastery that she had left. She did not return to Wilton and until 1100, is largely unaccounted for in chronicles.

Marriage
After William II's death in the New Forest in August 1100, his brother, Henry, immediately seized the royal treasury and crown. His next task was to marry and Henry's choice was Matilda. Because Matilda had spent most of her life in a convent, there was some controversy over whether she was a nun and thus canonically ineligible for marriage. Henry sought permission for the marriage from Archbishop Anselm, who returned to England in September 1100 after a long exile. Professing himself unwilling to decide so weighty a matter on his own, Anselm called a council of bishops in order to determine the canonical legality of the proposed marriage. Matilda testified that she had never taken holy vows, insisting that her parents had sent her and her sister to England for educational purposes, and her aunt Cristina had veiled her to protect her "from the lust of the Normans." Matilda claimed she had pulled the veil off and stamped on it, and her aunt beat and scolded her for this act. The council concluded that Matilda was not a nun, never had been and her parents had not intended that she become one, giving their permission for the marriage.

Matilda and Henry seem to have known one another for some time before their marriage — William of Malmesbury states that Henry had "long been attached" to her, and Orderic Vitalis says that Henry had "long adored" her character. It is possible that Matilda had spent some time at William Rufus's court and that the pair had met there. It is also possible Henry was introduced to his bride by his teacher Bishop Osmund. Whatever the case, it is clear that the two at least knew each other prior to their wedding. Additionally, the chronicler William of Malmesbury suggests that the new king loved his bride.

Matilda's mother was the sister of Edgar the Ætheling, proclaimed but uncrowned King of England after Harold, and, through her mother, Matilda was descended from Edmund Ironside and thus from the royal family of Wessex, which in the 10th century had become the royal family of a united England. This was extremely important because although Henry had been born in England, he needed a bride with ties to the ancient Wessex line to increase his popularity with the English and to reconcile the Normans and Anglo-Saxons. In their children, the two factions would be united, further unifying the new regime. Another benefit was that England and Scotland became politically closer; three of Matilda's brothers became kings of Scotland in succession and were unusually friendly towards England during this period of unbroken peace between the two nations: Alexander married one of Henry I's illegitimate daughters and David lived at Henry's court for some time before his accession.

Matilda had a small dower but it did incorporate some lordship rights. Most of her dower estates were granted from lands previously held by Edith of Wessex. Additionally, Henry made numerous grants on his wife including substantial property in London. Generosity aside, this was a political move in order to win over the unruly Londoners who were vehement supporters of the Wessex kings.

Queen

The seal of Matilda
After Matilda and Henry were married on 11 November 1100 at Westminster Abbey by Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury, she was crowned as "Matilda," a hallowed Norman name. By courtiers, however, she and her husband were soon nicknamed 'Godric and Godiva'. These two names were typical English names from before The Conquest and mocked their more rustic style, especially when compared to the flamboyance of William II.

She gave birth to a daughter, Matilda, born in February 1102, and a son, William, called "Adelin", in November 1103. As queen, she resided primarily at Westminster, but accompanied her husband on his travels around England, and, circa 1106–1107, probably visited Normandy with him. Matilda was the designated head of Henry's curia and acted as regent during his frequent absences.

During the English investiture controversy (1103-07), she acted as intercessor between her husband and archbishop Anselm. She wrote several letters during Anselm's absence, first asking him for advice and to return, but later increasingly to mediate.

Works
Matilda had great interest in architecture and instigated the building of many Norman-style buildings, including Waltham Abbey and Holy Trinity Aldgate.[16] She also had the first arched bridge in England built, at Stratford-le-Bow, as well as a bathhouse with piped-in water and public lavatories at Queenhithe.[17]

Her court was filled with musicians and poets; she commissioned a monk, possibly Thurgot, to write a biography of her mother, Saint Margaret. She was an active queen and, like her mother, was renowned for her devotion to religion and the poor. William of Malmesbury describes her as attending church barefoot at Lent, and washing the feet and kissing the hands of the sick. Matilda exhibited a particular interest in leprosy, founding at least two leper hospitals, including the institution that later became the parish church of St Giles-in-the-Fields.[18] She also administered extensive dower properties and was known as a patron of the arts, especially music.

She was patroness of the monk Bendeit's version of The Voyage of Saint Brendan, c.1106-1118.[19]

Death
After Matilda died on 1 May 1118 at Westminster Palace, she was buried at Westminster Abbey. The death of her son, William Adelin, in the tragic disaster of the White Ship (November 1120) and Henry's failure to produce a legitimate son from his second marriage led to the succession crisis of The Anarchy.

Legacy
After her death, she was remembered by her subjects as "Matilda the Good Queen" and "Matilda of Blessed Memory", and for a time sainthood was sought for her, though she was never canonized. Matilda is also thought to be the identity of the "Fair Lady" mentioned at the end of each verse in the nursery rhyme London Bridge Is Falling Down. The post-Norman conquest English monarchs to the present day are related to the Anglo-Saxon House of Wessex monarchs via Matilda of Scotland as she was the great-granddaughter of King Edmund Ironside, see House of Wessex family tree.

Issue
Matilda and Henry had issue

Euphemia (July/August 1101), died young
Matilda of England (c. February 1102 – 10 September 1167), Holy Roman Empress, Countess consort of Anjou, called Lady of the English
William Adelin, (5 August 1103 – 25 November 1120), sometimes called Duke of Normandy, who married Matilda (d.1154), daughter of Fulk V, Count of Anjou.
Elizabeth (August/September 1104), died young
Appearance and character
"It causes pleasure to see the queen whom no woman equals in beauty of body or face, hiding her body, nevertheless, in a veil of loose clothing. Here alone, with new modesty, wishes to conceal it, but what gleams with its own light cannot be hidden and the sun, penetrating his clouds, hurls his rays." She also had "fluent, honeyed speech." From a poem of Marbodius of Rennes.

Notes and sources
Jump up ^ She is known to have been given the name "Edith" (the Old English Eadgyth, meaning "Fortune-Battle") at birth, and was baptised under that name. She is known to have been crowned under a name favoured by the Normans, "Matilda" (from the Germanic Mahthilda, meaning "Might-Battle"), and was referred to as such throughout her husband's reign. It is unclear, however, when her name was changed, or why. Accordingly, her later name is used in this article. Historians generally refer to her as "Matilda of Scotland"; in popular usage, she is referred to equally as "Matilda" or "Edith".
Jump up ^ Though Matilda of Flanders, wife of William the Conqueror and Henry's mother, was descended from Alfred the Great
Jump up ^ Huneycutt, Lois (2003). Matilda of Scotland: a Study in Medieval Queenship. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. p. 10.
Jump up ^ "The Life of St Margaret, Queen of Scotland". Retrieved 14 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Hollister 2001:128.
Jump up ^ Hilton, Lisa (2010). Queen Consort. New York City, New York: Pegasus Books LLC. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-60598-105-5.
Jump up ^ Hilton, Lisa (2010). Queen Consort. pp. 42–43.
Jump up ^ Hilton, Lisa (2010). Queen Consort. p. 43.
Jump up ^ Hilton, Lisa (2010). Queen Consort. p. 45.
Jump up ^ Hilton, Lisa (2010). Queen Consort. pp. 44–45.
Jump up ^ Hollister 2001:126.
Jump up ^ Hilton, Lisa (2010). Queen Consort. pp. 46–47.
Jump up ^ Huneycutt. Matilda of Scotland: a Study in Medieval Queenship. p. 73.
Jump up ^ Hilton, Lisa (2010). Queen Consort. p. 50.
Jump up ^ Huneycutt. Matilda of Scotland: a Study in Medieval Queenship. p. 76.
Jump up ^ Hilton, Lisa (2010). Queen Consort. p. 53.
Jump up ^ Hilton, Lisa (2010). Queen Consort. p. 63.
Jump up ^ Hilton, Lisa (2010). Queen Consort. pp. 47–48.
Jump up ^ closed access publication – behind paywall Ritchie, R.L.G. (1950). The Date of the "Voyage of St Brendan". Medium Ævum. Oxford, UK: Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature. 19: 64–66. doi:10.2307/43626381. ISSN 0025-8385. JSTOR 43626381. OCLC 6733541455. (Registration required (help)).

Matilda married Beauclerc, King of England Henry ILondon, London, England. Henry (son of Beauclerc, King of England William and of Flanders, Matilda) was born in Sep 1068 in Selby, Yorkshire, England; was christened on 12 Aug 1100 in Selby, Yorkshire, England; died on 8 Dec 1135 in London, London, England; was buried on 4 Jan 1136 in Reading Abbey, Reading, Berkshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• House: House of Dunkeld
• FSID: L8WY-WD4
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1124 and 1153; King of Scotland
• Appointments / Titles: 25 Apr 1124, Scotland; King

Notes:

“Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
“DAVID I, King of Scots, youngest son by his father's 2nd marriage, probably born about 1085. He married before Midsummer 1113 MAUD OF NORTHUMBERLAND, widow of Simon de Senlis, Earl of Huntingdon and Northampton (living 8 August 1111) [see BEAUCHAMP 3], and daughter and co-heiress of Waltheof, Earl of Northumberland, by Judith, daughter of Lambert, Count of Lens [see BEAUCHAMP 2 for her ancestry]. She was born about 1072 (aged 18 in 1090). They had two sons, Malcolm and Henry [Earl of Northumberland], and two daughters, Clarice and Hodierne. David was recognized as Earl of Huntingdon to the exclusion of his step-son, Simon; the earldom of Northampton reverted to the crown. As Earl of Huntingdon, he made various grants to St. Andrew's, Northampton. In 1113 he founded an abbey at Selkirk, afterwards removed to Kelso, and gave it land at Hardingstone and Northampton. He founded another abbey at Jedworth in 1118. He succeeded his brother, Alexander I, as King of Scotland 25 April 1124. In 1127 he joined in the Barons' recognition of Empress Maud to succeed her father on the throne of England. When Stephen seized the crown, David took arms against him. His wife, Queen Maud, died 1130 or 1131, and was buried at Scone. About 1132 he gave the church of Tottenham, Middlesex to the canons of the church of Holy Trinity, London. In 1136 King David I resigned the earldom of Huntingdon to his son, Henry, who did homage to Stephen. David was defeated at the Battle of Standard 22 August 1138. DAVID I, King of Scots, died at Carilie 24 May 1153; and was buried at Dunfermline, Fife.
[References match those with his wife’s entry.]
Children of King David I, by Maud of Northumberland:
i. MALCOLM OF SCOTLAND, said to have been strangled when aged two. Scots Peerage 1 (1904): 3-5 (sub Kings of Scotland). Dunbar Scottish Kings (1906): 58-70.
ii. HENRY OF SCOTLAND, Earl of Northumberland [see next].
iii. CLARICE OF SCOTLAND, died unmarried. Scots Peerage 1 (1904): 3-5 (sub Kings of Scotland). Dunbar Scottish Kings (1906): 58-70. Tanner Fams., Friends, & Allies (2004): 313 (Scotland ped.).
iv. HODIERNE OF SCOTLAND, died unmarried. Scots Peerage 1 (1904): 3-5 (sub Kings of Scotland). Dunbar Scottish Kings (1906): 58-70. Tanner Fams., Friends, & Allies (2004): 313 (Scotland ped.).“
______________________
Scottish Monarch and Saint. Son of Malcolm III Canmore and Saint Margaret of Scotland. He succeeded his brother Alexander in 1124. David accelerated the process, begun by his mother, of introducing the Roman Catholic church into Scotland, displacing the Celtic church. He founded many abbeys, including Melrose, Holyrood, Paisley, and Dryburgh. He also introduced the orders of the Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller into Scotland. He married his queen, Matilda in 1114. They had 2 sons and 2 daughters, all of whom pre-deceased their father. At the time of David's death at the old age of 73, Scotland stretched further south than ever before or since. Though never formally canonized, David is recognized on both Catholic and Protestant calendars. His feast day is May 24. He was succeeded by his grandson, William I "The Lion."
Bio by: Kristen Conrad

David married of Huntingdon, Matilda in 1113 in Scotland. Matilda (daughter of Siwardsson, Waltheof of Northumbria and of Lens, Countess of Lens Judith) was born on 2 Jul 1072 in Huntingdon, Huntingdonshire, England; was christened in 1080 in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland; died on 23 Apr 1131 in Old Scone, Perthshire, Scotland; was buried after 23 Apr 1131 in Scone Abbey, Old Scone, Perthshire, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Burial: Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England
• Appointments / Titles: Empress
• Appointments / Titles: Queen of England
• FSID: LRRR-5KK
• Birth: 1102, Oxfordshire, England
• Birth: 7 Feb 1102, Winchester, Hampshire, England
• Birth: 14 Feb 1102, London, London, England
• Appointments / Titles: Between 14 Jan 1114 and 30 May 1125; German Queen
• Appointments / Titles: Between 14 Jan 1114 and 30 May 1125; Holy Roman Empress
• Appointments / Titles: Between 14 Jan 1114 and 30 May 1125; Queen of Italy
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Jan 1126 and 7 Jan 1127; declared heiress-presumptive, throne disputed with Stephen of Blois
• Appointments / Titles: Between 14 Apr 1141 and 7 Jan 1149; Lady of the English (disputed)
• Death: 1167, Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France
• Death: 1167, Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France
• Death: 10 Sep 1167, Cathédral Notre-Dame de Rouen, Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France
• Death: 17 Sep 1167, Cathédral Notre-Dame de Rouen, Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France

Notes:

READ ONLY -- HENRY II IS LOCKED.

Empress Matilda (c. 7 February 1102 – 10 September 1167), also known as the Empress Maude, was the claimant to the English throne during the civil war known as the Anarchy. The daughter of King Henry I of England, she moved to Germany as a child when she married the future Holy Roman Emperor Henry V. She travelled with her husband into Italy in 1116, was controversially crowned in St. Peter's Basilica, and acted as the imperial regent in Italy. Matilda and Henry had no children, and when he died in 1125, the crown was claimed by Lothair II, one of his political enemies.

Meanwhile, Matilda's younger brother, William Adelin, died in the White Ship disaster of 1120, leaving England facing a potential succession crisis. On Henry V's death, Matilda was recalled to Normandy by her father, who arranged for her to marry Geoffrey of Anjou to form an alliance to protect his southern borders. Henry I had no further legitimate children and nominated Matilda as his heir, making his court swear an oath of loyalty to her and her successors, but the decision was not popular in the Anglo-Norman court. Henry died in 1135 but Matilda and Geoffrey faced opposition from the Norman barons and were unable to pursue their claims. The throne was instead taken by Matilda's cousin Stephen of Blois, who enjoyed the backing of the English Church. Stephen took steps to solidify his new regime, but faced threats both from neighbouring powers and from opponents within his kingdom.

In 1139 Matilda crossed to England to take the kingdom by force, supported by her half-brother, Robert of Gloucester, and her uncle, King David I of Scotland, while Geoffrey focused on conquering Normandy. Matilda's forces captured Stephen at the Battle of Lincoln in 1141, but the Empress's attempt to be crowned at Westminster collapsed in the face of bitter opposition from the London crowds. As a result of this retreat, Matilda was never formally declared Queen of England, and was instead titled the Lady of the English. Robert was captured following the Rout of Winchester in 1141, and Matilda agreed to exchange him for Stephen. Matilda became trapped in Oxford Castle by Stephen's forces that winter, and was forced to escape across the frozen River Isis at night to avoid capture. The war degenerated into a stalemate, with Matilda controlling much of the south-west of England, and Stephen the south-east and the Midlands. Large parts of the rest of the country were in the hands of local, independent barons.

Matilda returned to Normandy, now in the hands of her husband, in 1148, leaving her eldest son to continue the campaign in England; he eventually succeeded to the throne as Henry II in 1154. She settled her court near Rouen and for the rest of her life concerned herself with the administration of Normandy, acting on Henry's behalf when necessary. Particularly in the early years of her son's reign, she provided political advice and attempted to mediate during the Becket controversy. She worked extensively with the Church, founding Cistercian monasteries, and was known for her piety. She was buried under the high altar at Bec Abbey after her death in 1167.

Family/Spouse: Plantagenet, Duke Geoffrey V. Geoffrey (son of of Anjou, Fulk V and du Maine, Countess Ermentrude) was born on 31 Aug 1113 in Anjou, Isère, Rhône-Alpes, France; died on 14 Sep 1151 in Château-du-Loir, Sarthe, Pays de la Loire, France; was buried after 14 Sep 1151 in St Julian Church, Le Mans, Sarthe, Pays de la Loire, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Physical Description: suffered from blepharoptosis, a drooping or falling of the upper eyelid, apparently his left eyelid
• Appointments / Titles: Count of Anjou
• Appointments / Titles: Count of Bar-Le-Duc
• Appointments / Titles: Count of Maine
• Appointments / Titles: Count of Nantes
• Appointments / Titles: Duke of Maine
• Appointments / Titles: Duke of Normandy
• Appointments / Titles: King
• Appointments / Titles: King of England
• Appointments / Titles: Lord of Ireland
• Appointments / Titles: Lord of Ireland
• Occupation: Reigned 1154-1189. First ruler of the House of Plantagenet.
• Religion: Catholic
• Birth: 5 Mar 1133, Le Mans, Sarthe, Pays de la Loire, France
• Birth: 19 Mar 1133, Le Mans, Sarthe, Pays de la Loire, France
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Jan 1154 and 7 Jan 1190; King of England
• Appointments / Titles: 26 Dec 1154; Ascended to the throne
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Jan 1216 and 7 Jan 1217; Duke of Aquitaine
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Jan 1216 and 7 Jan 1220; His Regent was William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Jan 1219 and 7 Jan 1228; His Regent was Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent

Notes:

Known for his piety, holding lavish religious ceremonies and giving generously to charities; he was particularly devoted to the figure of Edward the Confessor, whom he adopted as his patron saint.

bio by: Kristen Conrad
Maintained by: Find A Grave
Record added: Jan 01, 2001
Find A Grave Memorial# 1951

English Monarch. The son of Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou and Queen Matilda, Henry was born in LeMans France, and acceded the throne of England in 1154, where he was crowned on December 19. He was the first of the Angevin kings, and one of England's most effective monarchs. He refined the government and created a self-standing bureaucracy. Henry was ambitious, intelligent, and energetic, and it is said he spoke every language used in Europe, though it is unlikely he spoke English. He married Eleanor of Aquitaine on May 18, 1152. This marriage brought under his rule the French counties of Brittany, Maine, Poitou, Touraine, Gascony, Anjou, Aquitaine, and Normandy - meaning Henry had more land and more power than the King of France. In 1162, Henry's best friend and chancellor, Thomas Beckett, was named Archbishop of Canterbury. Beckett distanced himself from Henry and angered the king when he opposed the coronation of young Prince Henry. In a fit of frustration, Henry publicly conveyed his wish to be free of Beckett. Four knights took the king at his word and murdered the archbishop in his cathedral. Henry endured a limited storm of protest over the incident, but the controvery quickly passed. As a result of the treachery of his sons, often with the encouragement of their mother, Henry was defeated in 1189 and forced to accept humiliation and peace. He died at Chinon, France at the age of 56.

Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (French: Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, ruled as Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Nantes, King of England (1154–89)

Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272), also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of England, Lord of Ireland and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death. The son of King John and Isabella of Angoulême, Henry assumed the throne when he was only nine in the middle of the First Barons' War. Cardinal Guala declared the war against the rebel barons to be a religious crusade and Henry's forces, led by William Marshal, defeated the rebels at the battles of Lincoln and Sandwich in 1217. Henry promised to abide by the Great Charter of 1225, which limited royal power and protected the rights of the major barons. His early rule was dominated first by Hubert de Burgh and then Peter des Roches, who re-established royal authority after the war. In 1230 the King attempted to reconquer the provinces of France that had once belonged to his father, but the invasion was a debacle. A revolt led by William Marshal's son, Richard, broke out in 1232, ending in a peace settlement negotiated by the Church.

Following the revolt, Henry ruled England personally, rather than governing through senior ministers. He travelled less than previous monarchs, investing heavily in a handful of his favourite palaces and castles. He married Eleanor of Provence, with whom he had five children. Henry was known for his piety, holding lavish religious ceremonies and giving generously to charities; the King was particularly devoted to the figure of Edward the Confessor, whom he adopted as his patron saint. He extracted huge sums of money from the Jews in England, ultimately crippling their ability to do business, and as attitudes towards the Jews hardened, he introduced the Statute of Jewry, attempting to segregate the community. In a fresh attempt to reclaim his family's lands in France, he invaded Poitou in 1242, leading to the disastrous Battle of Taillebourg. After this, Henry relied on diplomacy, cultivating an alliance with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. Henry supported his brother Richard in his bid to become King of the Romans in 1256, but was unable to place his own son Edmund on the throne of Sicily, despite investing large amounts of money. He planned to go on crusade to the Levant, but was prevented from doing so by rebellions in Gascony.

By 1258, Henry's rule was increasingly unpopular, the result of the failure of his expensive foreign policies and the notoriety of his Poitevin half-brothers, the Lusignans, as well as the role of his local officials in collecting taxes and debts. A coalition of his barons, initially probably backed by Eleanor, seized power in a coup d'état and expelled the Poitevins from England, reforming the royal government through a process called the Provisions of Oxford. Henry and the baronial government enacted a peace with France in 1259, under which Henry gave up his rights to his other lands in France in return for King Louis IX of France recognising him as the rightful ruler of Gascony. The baronial regime collapsed but Henry was unable to reform a stable government and instability across England continued.

In 1263 one of the more radical barons, Simon de Montfort, seized power, resulting in the Second Barons' War. Henry persuaded Louis to support his cause and mobilised an army. The Battle of Lewes occurred in 1264, where Henry was defeated and taken prisoner. Henry's eldest son, Edward, escaped from captivity to defeat de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham the following year and freed his father. Henry initially enacted a harsh revenge on the remaining rebels, but was persuaded by the Church to mollify his policies through the Dictum of Kenilworth. Reconstruction was slow and Henry had to acquiesce to various measures, including further suppression of the Jews, to maintain baronial and popular support. Henry died in 1272, leaving Edward as his successor. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, which he had rebuilt in the second half of his reign, and was moved to his current tomb in 1290. Some miracles were declared after his death but he was not canonised.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England#Children

Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (French: Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, ruled as Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Nantes, King of England (1154–89) and Lord of Ireland; at various times, he also controlled Wales, Scotland and Brittany. Henry was the son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England. He became actively involved by the age of 14 in his mother's efforts to claim the throne of England, then occupied by Stephen of Blois, and was made Duke of Normandy at 17. He inherited Anjou in 1151 and shortly afterwards married Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose marriage to Louis VII of France had recently been annulled. Stephen agreed to a peace treaty after Henry's military expedition to England in 1153: Henry inherited the kingdom on Stephen's death a year later

Henry married Plantagenet, Agnes in Mistress. Agnes was born in 1135; died in 1185. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: of Aquitaine, Queen Eleanor. Eleanor (daughter of of Aquitaine, WIlliam X and de Châtellerault, Elaeanor) was born on 13 Dec 1122 in Bordeaux, Gironde, Aquitaine, France; was christened in Fontevrault Abbey, Fontevrault, Maine-et-Loire, Pays de la Loire, France; died on 7 Apr 1204 in Mirabell Castle, Tarn-et-Garonne, Midi-Pyrénées, France; was buried after 7 Apr 1204 in Fontevrault Abbey, Fontevrault, Maine-et-Loire, Pays de la Loire, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Hamelin de Warenne, Earl of Surrey (sometimes Hamelin of Anjou and, anachronistically, Hamelin Plantagenet[a] (c.1129—1202) was an English nobleman who was prominent at the courts of the Angevin kings of England, Henry II, Richard I, and John. He was an

Family/Spouse: de Warenne, Isabella. Isabella was born in 1137 in Surrey, England; died on 20 Jul 1199 in Lewes, Sussex, England; was buried after 20 Jul 1199 in Lewes Priory (Historical), Lewes, Sussex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]