Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Between 6 Jan 958 and 5 Jan 988; Comte d'Anjou

Family/Spouse: de Vermandois, Countess Adelaide. Adelaide was born on 12 Dec 934 in Meaux, Seine-et-Marne, Île-de-France, France; died on 13 Apr 982 in Anjou, Isère, Rhône-Alpes, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: LHWS-BFW
• Birth: 11 Nov 956, Anjou, Isère, Rhône-Alpes, France
• Appointments / Titles: 973; Countess of Rennes
• Appointments / Titles: 990; Duchess of Bretagne
• Burial: 1024, Anjou, Isère, Rhône-Alpes, France
• Death: 1024, Bretagne, France

Notes:

Ermengarde of Anjou may refer to:

Ermengarde-Gerberga of Anjou, Duchess of Brittany, daughter of Geoffrey I, Count of Anjou, wife first of Conan I of Rennes; secondly of William II of Angoulême
Ermengarde of Anjou, Duchess of Burgundy (1018–1076), daughter of Count Fulk III, wife of Geoffrey, Count of Gâtinais and Robert I, Duke of Burgundy
Ermengarde de Bourbon-Dampierre (fl. 1070), Countess of Anjou, third wife of Fulk IV, Count of Anjou
Ermengarde of Anjou (d. 1146) (1068–1146), Duchess of Aquitaine and Brittany, daughter of Count Fulk IV, wife of William IX, Duke of Aquitaine and Alan IV, Duke of Brittany
Ermengarde, Countess of Maine (1096-1126), Countess of Anjou, first wife of Fulk V

Ermengarde-Gerberga was born c. 956, the daughter of Geoffrey I, Count of Anjou and Adele of Meaux. She married Conan I of Rennes, Count of Rennes, in 973. Her husband Conan of Rennes opposed her father and brother Fulk even though the marriage was apparently designed to form a political alliance between Anjou and Brittany. Even after Conan had been killed by Fulk at the battle of Battle of Conquereuil in 992, and during the period 992-994 when Ermengarde was Regent for their son Geoffrey, she remained loyal to her brother Fulk III, Count of Anjou. In 992, following the interests of her brother, and functioning as Regent, she accepted Capetian over-lordship for Rennes while rejecting that of Odo I, Count of Blois.
About 1000 her brother Fulk III arranged his widowed sister to marry, secondly, William II of Angoulême, one of his close allies. Per http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com

Ermangarde married of Berenger, Sir Conan I in 973 in Bretagne, France. Conan (son of Berenger, Count Judicael and Berenger, Countess Gerberge) was born in 927 in Rennes, Ille-et-Vilaine, Bretagne, France; was christened in 927 in Bretagne, France; died on 27 Jun 992 in Conquereuil, Loire-Atlantique, Pays de la Loire, France; was buried on 29 Jun 992 in Mont Saint-Michel Abbey, Bretagne, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Duchess of Normandy
• Appointments / Titles: Princess of Brittany
• FSID: LDS9-GGV
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1000 and 1017, Normandy, France; Duchess of Normandy

Notes:

Judith of Brittany
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Judith of Brittany

Sarcophage de Judith de Bretagne.jpg
Leaden sarcophagus of Judith of Brittany a.k.a. Judith de Conan (982–1017). The sarcophagus was made in the 11th century and found in the 19th century in the foundations of the church of the abbey Notre-Dame in Bernay. The skeleton in the sarcophagus was that of an important woman of small body height with a congenital deformation of the haunch. Deformations of this kind were common among women of Brittany, sometimes, but not always, making it impossible for them to give birth to children.

Spouse(s) Richard II, Duke of Normandy
Noble family House of Rennes
Father Conan I, Duke of Brittany
Mother Ermengarde of Anjou
Born 982
Died 1017
Buried Abbey of Bernay
Judith of Brittany also called Judith of Rennes (982–1017) Duchess of Normandy from c. 1000 until her death.

Life

Judith, born in 982, was the daughter of Conan I, Duke of Brittany and Ermengarde-Gerberga of Anjou. She was the mother of Robert I, Duke of Normandy and paternal grandmother of William the Conqueror.

She was a part of an important double marriage alliance between Normandy and Brittany first recorded by William of Jumièges. In 996 her brother Geoffrey I, Duke of Brittany married Hawise of Normandy, daughter of Richard I, Duke of Normandy while in c. 1000 Judith married Richard II, Duke of Normandy, Hawise's brother. The duchess Judith died on 28 August 1017 and was buried in the abbey of Bernay, which she had founded in 1013.

Family

Judith married Richard II, Duke of Normandy c. 1000. They had six children:

Richard (c. 1002/4), duke of Normandy.
Alice of Normandy (c. 1003/5), married Renaud I, Count of Burgundy.
Robert (c. 1005/7), duke of Normandy.
William (c. 1007/9), monk at Fécamp, d. 1025.
Eleanor (c. 1011/3), married to Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders.
Matilda (c. 1013/5), nun at Fecamp, d. 1033. She died young and unmarried.

From Life Sketch:

Judith de Bretagne ([982] -16 Jun 1017) . Guillaume of Jumièges records the marriage of " the leader of Richard " and " ... the sister of the count of the Britons ... goiffredus Judith " at " the threshold of the Archangel Michael " [130] . Orderic Vitalis records that " the Britons Richard Gunnorides ... Geoffrey, earl of his wife, sister, and Judith " founded " in honor of the Holy Virgin and of Mary cœnobium with Bernaïcum " [131] . An agreement between the abbots of Jumieges and Bougeuil concerning an exchange of land in Poitou, by charter dated [13 Apr / May 4] 1012, is subscribed by " the prince of the great son of Richard ... Richard ... Judith ... " [132] . The Chronicle of Saint-Etienne Caen records the death in 1017 of " Judita countess " [133] . M (Mont Saint-Michel [1000]) as his first wife, Richard 2 "Le Bon / l'Irascible" Comte de Normandie , son of Richard 1 "Sans-Peur" Comte [de France] & his second wife Gunnora (-28 Dec 1027).
[130] William Gemmetencis history (Du Chesne, 1619), The Book of 5, 13, p. 255.
[131] Le Prevost, A. (1845) Orderici Vitalis historiae Ecclesiasticæ (Paris) ( "Orderic Vitalis (Prévost)"), Vol. 2, Book 3, 1, p. 10.
[132] Vernier, JJ (Ed.) (1916) Charles de l'abbaye de Jumièges, Tome 1 c 825-1169 (Rouen, Paris), 7, p. 16.
[133] Giles, IA (ed.) (1845) Scriptores rerum achievements of William the Conqueror (London) The history of a short suve Chronica of the monastery of St. Stephen in Caen book of his Annals , p. 165.
http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BRITTANY.htm#_ftn130 [Latin translated to English]

Buried:
Bernay Abbley

Judith married de Normandie, Sir Richard II in 1000 in Normandy, France. Richard (son of de Normandie, Richard I and de Crepon, Gunnora) was born on 23 Aug 963 in Fécamp, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France; died on 28 Aug 1026 in Fécamp, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France; was buried after 28 Aug 1026 in Abbey of Holy Trinity, Fécamp, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• House: House of Normandy
• Nickname: The Magnificent
• FSID: LRCQ-X3Y
• Appointments / Titles: 1026; Count of Évreux (Hiémois)
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1027 and 1035, Normandy, France; Duke of Normandie

Notes:

Robert I, Duke of Normandy
For Robert I’s ancestor who took the baptismal name
“Robert”, see Rollo .
Robert the Magnificent (French : le Magni-
Family tree
fique )[lower-alpha 1] (22 June 1000 – 1–3 July 1035), was the
Duke of Normandy from 1027 until his death in 1035.
Owing to uncertainty over the numbering of the Dukes of
Normandy he is usually called Robert I, but sometimes
Robert II with his ancestor Rollo as Robert I. He was the
father of William the Conqueror who became in 1066
King of England and founded the House of Normandy.
1 Life
Robert was the son of Richard II of Normandy and
Judith , daughter of Conan I, Duke of Brittany . He was
also grandson of Richard I of Normandy , great-grandson
of William I of Normandy and great-great grandson of
Rollo , the Viking who founded Normandy. Before he
died, Richard II had decided his elder son Richard III
would succeed him while his second son Robert would
become Count of Hiémois .[1] In August 1026 their father,
Richard II, died and Richard III became duke, but
very soon afterwards Robert rebelled against his brother,
was subsequently defeated and forced to swear fealty to
his older brother Richard.[2]
1.1 Early reign
When Richard III died a year later, there were suspicions
that Robert had something to do with his death. Although
nothing could be proved, Robert had the most to gain.[3]
The civil war Robert I had brought against his brother
Richard III was still causing instability in the duchy.[3]
Private wars raged between neighbouring barons. This
resulted in a new aristocracy arising in Normandy during
Robert’s reign.[3] It was also during this time that many of
the lesser nobility left Normandy to seek their fortunes in
southern Italy and elsewhere.[3] Soon after assuming the
dukedom, possibly in revenge for supporting his brother
against him, Robert I assembled an army against his uncle,
Robert , Archbishop of Rouen and Count of Évreux.
A temporary truce allowed his uncle to leave Normandy
in exile but this resulted in an edict excommunicating
all of Normandy, which was only lifted when Archbishop
Robert was allowed to return and his countship
was restored.[4] Robert also attacked another powerful
churchman, his cousin Hugo III d'Ivry, Bishop of Bayeux,
banishing him from Normandy for an extended period of
time.[5] Robert also seized a number of church properties
belonging to the Abbey of Fecamp.[6]
1.2 Outside of Normandy
Despite his domestic troubles Robert decided to intervene
in the civil war in Flanders between Baldwin V, Count of
Flanders and his father Baldwin IV whom the younger
Baldwin had driven out of Flanders.[7] Baldwin V, supported
by king Robert II of France , his father-in-law, was
persuaded to make peace with his father in 1030 when
Duke Robert promised the elder Baldwin his considerable
military support.[7] Robert gave shelter to Henry I
of France against his mother, Queen Constance , who favored
her younger son Robert to succeed to the French
throne after his father Robert II.[8] For his help Henry I
rewarded Robert with the French Vexin.[8] In the early
1030s Alan III, Duke of Brittany began expanding his influence
from the area of Rennes and appeared to have
designs on the area surrounding Mont Saint-Michel[9]
After sacking Dol and repelling Alan’s attempts to raid
Avranches, Robert mounted a major campaign against
his cousin Alan III.[9] However, Alan appealed to their
uncle, Archbishop Robert of Rouen, who then brokered
a peace between Duke Robert and his vassal Alan III.[9]
His cousins, the Athelings Edward and Alfred , sons of his
aunt Emma of Normandy and Athelred, King of England
1
2 4 REFERENCES
had been living at the Norman Court and at one point
Robert, on their behalf, attempted to mount an invasion
of England but was prevented in doing so, it was said, by
unfavorable winds,[10] that scattered and sank much of the
fleet. Robert made a safe landing in Guernsey. Gesta Normannorum
Ducum stated that King Cnut sent envoys to
Duke Robert offering to settle half the Kingdom of England
on Edward and Alfred. After postponing the naval
invasion he chose to also postpone the decision until after
he returned from Jerusalem.[11]
1.3 The Church and his pilgrimage
Robert’s attitude towards the Church had changed noticeably
certainly since his reinstating his uncle’s position as
Archbishop of Rouen.[12] In his attempt to reconcile his
differences with the Church he restored property that he
or his vassals had confiscated, and by 1034 had returned
all the properties he had earlier taken from the abbey of
Fecamp.[13]
After making his illegitimate son William his heir, he
set out on pilgrimage to Jerusalem .[14] According to
the Gesta Normannorum Ducum he travelled by way of
Constantinople , reached Jerusalem, fell seriously ill and
died[lower-alpha 2] on the return journey at Nicaea on 2 July
1035.[14] His son William, aged about eight, succeeded
him.[15]
According to the historian William of Malmesbury ,
decades later his son William sent a mission to Constantinople
and Nicaea, charging it with bringing his father’s
body back to Normandy for burial.[16] Permission
was granted, but, having travelled as far as Apulia (Italy)
on the return journey, the envoys learned that William
himself had meanwhile died.[16] They then decided to reinter
Robert’s body in Italy.[16]
2 Issue
By his mistress, Herleva of Falaise,[17] he was father of:
 William the Conqueror (c. 1028–1087).[18]
By Herleva or possibly another concubine,[lower-alpha 3][19]
he was the father of:
 Adelaide of Normandy , who married firstly,
Enguerrand II, Count of Ponthieu .[20] She married
secondly, Lambert II, Count of Lens , and thirdly,
Odo II of Champagne .[21]
3 Notes
[1] He was also, although erroneously, said to have been
called 'Robert the Devil' (French: le Diable). Robert I was
never known by the nickname 'the devil' in his lifetime.
'Robert the Devil' was a fictional character who was confused
with Robert I, Duke of Normandy sometime near
the end of the Middle Ages. See: François Neveux, A
Brief History of the Normans, trans. Howard Curtis (Constable
& Robinson, Ltd. London, 2008), p. 97 & n. 5.
[2] It was reported by William of Malmesbury (Gesta regum
Anglorum, Vol. i, pp. 211-12) and Wace (pt. iii, II, 3212–
14) that Robert died of poisoning. William of Malmsebury
pointed to a Ralplh Mowin as the instigator. See:
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges,
Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni, Ed. & Trans. Elizabeth
M.C. Van Houts, Vol. I (Clarendon Press, Oxford,
1992), pp. 84–5, n. 2. However it was common in Normandy
during the eleventh century to attribute any sudden
and unexplained death to poisoning. See: David C.
Douglas, William the Conqueror (University of California
Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1964), p. 411
[3] The question of who her mother was seems to remain unsettled.
Elisabeth Van Houts ['Les femmes dans l'histoire
du duché de Normandie', Tabularia « Études », n° 2, 2002,
(10 July 2002), p. 23, n. 22] makes the argument that
Robert of Torigny in the GND II, p. 272 (one of three
mentions in this volume of her being William’s sister) calls
her in this instance William’s 'uterine' sister' (soror uterina)
and is of the opinion this is a mistake similar to one
he made regarding Richard II, Duke of Normandy and his
paternal half-brother William, Count of Eu (calling them
'uterine' brothers). Based on this she concludes Adelaide
was a daughter of Duke Robert by a different concubine.
Kathleen Thompson ["Being the Ducal Sister: The Role
of Adelaide of Aumale”, Normandy and Its Neighbors,
Brepols, (2011) p. 63] cites the same passage in GND as
did Elisabeth Van Houts, specifically GND II, 270–2, but
gives a different opinion. She noted that Robert de Torigni
stated here she was the uterine sister of Duke William “so
we might perhaps conclude that she shared both mother
and father with the Conqueror.” But as Torigni wrote a
century after Adelaide’s birth and in that same sentence
in the GND made a genealogical error, she concludes that
the identity of Adelaide’s mother remains an open question.
4 References
[1] The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumieges,
Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni, Vol. II, Books VVIII,
ed. Elisabeth M.C. Van Houts (Clarendon Press,
Oxford, 1995), pp. 40–1
[2] David Crouch, The Normans, The History of a Dynasty
(Hambledon Continuum, London, New York, 2002), p.
46
[3] David C. Douglas, William the Conqueror (University of
California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1964), p. 32
[4] David Crouch, The Normans, The History of a Dynasty
(Hambledon Continuum, London, New York, 2002), p.
48
3
[5] François Neveux. A Brief History of The Normans (Constable
& Robbinson, Ltd, London, 2008), p. 100
[6] David Crouch, The Normans, The History of a Dynasty
(Hambledon Continuum, London, New York, 2002), p.
49
[7] David Crouch, The Normans, The History of a Dynasty
(Hambledon Continuum, London, New York, 2002), pp.
49–50
[8] Elisabeth M C Van Houts, The Normans in Europe
(Manchester University Press, Manchester and New York,
2000), p. 185
[9] David Crouch, The Normans, The History of a Dynasty
(Hambledon Continuum, London, New York, 2002), p.
50
[10] Christopher Harper-Bill; Elisabeth Van Houts, A Companion
to the Anglo-Norman World (Boydell Press, Woodbridge,
UK, 2003), p. 31
[11] The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges,
Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni, Ed. & Trans. Elizabeth
M.C. Van Houts, Vol. I (Clarendon Press, Oxford,
1992), pp. 78–80
[12] François Neveux. A Brief History of The Normans (Constable
& Robbinson, Ltd, London, 2008), p. 102
[13] François Neveux. A Brief History of The Normans (Constable
& Robbinson, Ltd, London, 2008), p. 103
[14] The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges,
Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni, Ed. & Trans. Elizabeth
M.C. Van Houts, Vol. I (Clarendon Press, Oxford,
1992), pp. 80-5
[15] François Neveux, A Brief History of the Normans, trans.
Howard Curtis (Constable & Robinson, Ltd. London,
2008), p. 110
[16] William M. Aird, Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy:
C. 1050–1134 (Boydell Press, Woodbridge, UK, 2008),
p. 159 n. 38
[17] The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges,
Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni, Ed. & Trans. Elizabeth
M.C. Van Houts, Vol. I (Clarendon Press, Oxford,
1992), p. lxxv
[18] David C. Douglas, William the Conqueror (University of
California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1964), p. 15,
passim
[19] David C. Douglas, William the Conqueror (University of
California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1964), pp.
380–1 noting she may or may not be Herleva’s daughter
but probably is
[20] George Edward Cokayne, The Complete Peerage of England
Scotland Ireland Great Britain and the United Kingdom,
Extant Extinct or Dormant, Vol. I, ed. Vicary Gibbs
(The St. Catherine Press, Ltd., London, 1910), p. 351
[21] David C. Douglas, William the Conqueror (University of
California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1964), p. 380
4 5 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
5 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
5.1 Text
 Robert I, Duke of Normandy Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I%2C_Duke_of_Normandy?oldid=769821280 Contributors:
Ktsquare, Stan Shebs, John K, Adam Bishop, Tpbradbury, Itai, Mksmith, Wetman, Dimadick, Donarreiskoffer, Henrygb, Everyking, Klemen
Kocjancic, Rich Farmbrough, Furius, Imars, Falastur, A2Kafir, Grutness, Wtmitchell, VivaEmilyDavies, Gene Nygaard, FeanorStar7,
PatGallacher, Mississippienne, LadyofHats, Cuchullain, Porcher, Scafloc, RebelScum, Kmorozov, YurikBot, RussBot, Kauffner, Chaser,
Tvarnoe~enwiki, Allens, SmackBot, Vald, Eskimbot, Srnec, GoodDay, Tamfang, Interfector, Downwards, Clicketyclack, Andrew Dalby,
Grblomerth, Hawkestone, Carpenoctem, WeggeBot, Thijs!bot, Andyjsmith, Tmutant, Maed, Tehem, AntiVandalBot, Txomin, Bearpatch,
Parsecboy, Xn4, Mclay1, Momoboy, JoergenB, MartinBot, Agricolae, Vortimer, Kansas Bear, VolkovBot, Arigato1, FinnWiki, Amcfadgen,
Martarius, Sun Creator, RogDel, Surtsicna, Addbot, Halle23, Favonian, The Quill, Lightbot, Luissilveira, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Rubinbot,
LilHelpa, Xqbot, Sketchmoose, RibotBOT, FrescoBot, Serols, TobeBot, Chnou, Brianann MacAmhlaidh, Weijiya, DASHBot, EmausBot,
John of Reading, ZéroBot, Eyadhamid, L1A1 FAL, NYMets2000, ClueBot NG, Rich Smith, Frietjes, Widr, Mwyandt, Iamthecheese44,
Dainomite, Rory-the-roman, David.moreno72, Makecat-bot, Lugia2453, Baracs, Knedwelb, Mehransabeti, Ânes-pur-sàng, KasparBot and
Anonymous: 47
5.2 Images
 File:Cronological_tree_william_I.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Cronological_tree_william_I.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
 File:Flag_of_Basse-Normandie.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Flag_of_Basse-Normandie.svg
License: GFDL Contributors: own work + alt='Haute-Normandie flag.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Haute-Normandie_flag.svg/
30px-Haute-Normandie_flag.svg.png' width='30' height='18' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/
Haute-Normandie_flag.svg/45px-Haute-Normandie_flag.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/
Haute-Normandie_flag.svg/60px-Haute-Normandie_flag.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='500' data-file-height='300' /> Original artist:
Zorlot
 File:P_vip.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/69/P_vip.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
5.3 Content license
 Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
Robert I, Duke of Normandy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Robert I

Duke of Normandy
Reign 1027–1035
Predecessor Richard III
Successor William II
Born 22 June 1000
Normandy, France
Died 3 July 1035 (aged 35)
Nicaea
Issue William the Conqueror
Adelaide of Normandy
House House of Normandy
Father Richard II, Duke of Normandy
Mother Judith of Brittany

Family tree
Robert the Magnificent (French: le Magnifique)[a] (22 June 1000 – 1–3 July 1035), was the Duke of Normandy from 1027 until his death in 1035.

Owing to uncertainty over the numbering of the Dukes of Normandy he is usually called Robert I, but sometimes Robert II with his ancestor Rollo as Robert I. He was the father of William the Conqueror who became in 1066 King of England and founded the House of Normandy.

Contents

[hide]
1 Life
1.1 Early reign
1.2 Outside of Normandy
1.3 The Church and his pilgrimage
2 Issue
3 Notes
4 References
Life

Robert was the son of Richard II of Normandy and Judith, daughter of Conan I, Duke of Brittany. He was also grandson of Richard I of Normandy, great-grandson of William I of Normandy and great-great grandson of Rollo, the Viking who founded Normandy. Before he died, Richard II had decided his elder son Richard III would succeed him while his second son Robert would become Count of Hiémois. In August 1026 their father, Richard II, died and Richard III became duke, but very soon afterwards Robert rebelled against his brother, was subsequently defeated and forced to swear fealty to his older brother Richard.

Early reign

When Richard III died a year later, there were suspicions that Robert had something to do with his death. Although nothing could be proved, Robert had the most to gain. The civil war Robert I had brought against his brother Richard III was still causing instability in the duchy. Private wars raged between neighbouring barons. This resulted in a new aristocracy arising in Normandy during Robert’s reign. It was also during this time that many of the lesser nobility left Normandy to seek their fortunes in southern Italy and elsewhere. Soon after assuming the dukedom, possibly in revenge for supporting his brother against him, Robert I assembled an army against his uncle, Robert, Archbishop of Rouen and Count of Évreux. A temporary truce allowed his uncle to leave Normandy in exile but this resulted in an edict excommunicating all of Normandy, which was only lifted when Archbishop Robert was allowed to return and his countship was restored. Robert also attacked another powerful churchman, his cousin Hugo III d'Ivry, Bishop of Bayeux, banishing him from Normandy for an extended period of time. Robert also seized a number of church properties belonging to the Abbey of Fecamp.

Outside of Normandy

Despite his domestic troubles Robert decided to intervene in the civil war in Flanders between Baldwin V, Count of Flanders and his father Baldwin IV whom the younger Baldwin had driven out of Flanders. Baldwin V, supported by king Robert II of France, his father-in-law, was persuaded to make peace with his father in 1030 when Duke Robert promised the elder Baldwin his considerable military support. Robert gave shelter to Henry I of France against his mother, Queen Constance, who favored her younger son Robert to succeed to the French throne after his father Robert II. For his help Henry I rewarded Robert with the French Vexin. In the early 1030s Alan III, Duke of Brittany began expanding his influence from the area of Rennes and appeared to have designs on the area surrounding Mont Saint-Michel After sacking Dol and repelling Alan's attempts to raid Avranches, Robert mounted a major campaign against his cousin Alan III. However, Alan appealed to their uncle, Archbishop Robert of Rouen, who then brokered a peace between Duke Robert and his vassal Alan III. His cousins, the Athelings Edward and Alfred, sons of his aunt Emma of Normandy and Athelred, King of England had been living at the Norman Court and at one point Robert, on their behalf, attempted to mount an invasion of England but was prevented in doing so, it was said, by unfavorable winds, that scattered and sank much of the fleet. Robert made a safe landing in Guernsey. Gesta Normannorum Ducum stated that King Cnut sent envoys to Duke Robert offering to settle half the Kingdom of England on Edward and Alfred. After postponing the naval invasion he chose to also postpone the decision until after he returned from Jerusalem.

The Church and his pilgrimage

Robert's attitude towards the Church had changed noticeably certainly since his reinstating his uncle's position as Archbishop of Rouen. In his attempt to reconcile his differences with the Church he restored property that he or his vassals had confiscated, and by 1034 had returned all the properties he had earlier taken from the abbey of Fecamp.

After making his illegitimate son William his heir, he set out on pilgrimage to Jerusalem. According to the Gesta Normannorum Ducum he travelled by way of Constantinople, reached Jerusalem, fell seriously ill and died[b] on the return journey at Nicaea on 2 July 1035. His son William, aged about eight, succeeded him.

According to the historian William of Malmesbury, decades later his son William sent a mission to Constantinople and Nicaea, charging it with bringing his father's body back to Normandy for burial.[16] Permission was granted, but, having travelled as far as Apulia (Italy) on the return journey, the envoys learned that William himself had meanwhile died.[16] They then decided to re-inter Robert's body in Italy.[16]

Issue

By his mistress, Herleva of Falaise,[17] he was father of:

William the Conqueror (c. 1028–1087).[18]
By Herleva or possibly another concubine,[c][19] he was the father of:

Adelaide of Normandy, who married firstly, Enguerrand II, Count of Ponthieu.[20] She married secondly, Lambert II, Count of Lens, and thirdly, Odo II of Champagne.[21]
Notes

He was also, although erroneously, said to have been called 'Robert the Devil' (French: le Diable). Robert I was never known by the nickname 'the devil' in his lifetime. 'Robert the Devil' was a fictional character who was confused with Robert I, Duke of Normandy sometime near the end of the Middle Ages. See: François Neveux, A Brief History of the Normans, trans. Howard Curtis (Constable & Robinson, Ltd. London, 2008), p. 97 & n. 5.
It was reported by William of Malmesbury (Gesta regum Anglorum, Vol. i, pp. 211-12) and Wace (pt. iii, II, 3212–14) that Robert died of poisoning. William of Malmsebury pointed to a Ralplh Mowin as the instigator. See: The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni, Ed. & Trans. Elizabeth M.C. Van Houts, Vol. I (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992), pp. 84–5, n. 2. However it was common in Normandy during the eleventh century to attribute any sudden and unexplained death to poisoning. See: David C. Douglas, William the Conqueror (University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1964), p. 411
The question of who her mother was seems to remain unsettled. Elisabeth Van Houts ['Les femmes dans l'histoire du duché de Normandie', Tabularia « Études », n° 2, 2002, (10 July 2002), p. 23, n. 22] makes the argument that Robert of Torigny in the GND II, p. 272 (one of three mentions in this volume of her being William's sister) calls her in this instance William's 'uterine' sister' (soror uterina) and is of the opinion this is a mistake similar to one he made regarding Richard II, Duke of Normandy and his paternal half-brother William, Count of Eu (calling them 'uterine' brothers). Based on this she concludes Adelaide was a daughter of Duke Robert by a different concubine. Kathleen Thompson ["Being the Ducal Sister: The Role of Adelaide of Aumale", Normandy and Its Neighbors, Brepols, (2011) p. 63] cites the same passage in GND as did Elisabeth Van Houts, specifically GND II, 270–2, but gives a different opinion. She noted that Robert de Torigni stated here she was the uterine sister of Duke William "so we might perhaps conclude that she shared both mother and father with the Conqueror." But as Torigni wrote a century after Adelaide's birth and in that same sentence in the GND made a genealogical error, she concludes that the identity of Adelaide's mother remains an open question.

Family/Spouse: de Falaise, Herleva. Herleva (daughter of de Falaise, Fulbert and de Falaise, Doda) was born on 9 Jun 1003 in Falaise, Calvados, Basse-Normandie, France; died on 23 Apr 1078 in Fatouville, Eure, Haute-Normandie, France; was buried after 23 Apr 1078 in Grestain, Eure, Haute-Normandie, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: LB5R-TH8
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1026 and 1027; Duke of Normandy

Notes:

Richard III was the eldest son of Richard II of Normandy. Around 1020, Richard was sent by his father in command of a large army to rescue his brother-in-law, Reginald, later Count of Burgundy, by attacking bishop and count Hugh of Chalon, who had captured and imprisoned Reginald.

When Richard II died in August 1026, his eldest son, Richard III became Duke of Normandy. Shortly after his reign began his brother Robert, discontented with his province of Hiemois on the border of Normandy, revolted against his brother. He laid siege to the town of Falaise, but was soon brought to heel by Richard who captured him, then released him on his oath of fealty. No sooner had Richard disbanded his army and returned to Rouen, when he died suddenly (some say suspiciously). The duchy passed to his younger brother Robert I.

In January 1027 he was married to Adela, of a noble lineage. She is usually identified with Adela, a younger daughter of King Robert II of France, who married to Baldwin V, Count of Flanders after Richard's 6 August 1027 death

Richard's marriage to Adela was childless.

By an unknown woman, he had two children:

Alice, who married Ranulph, Viscount of Bayeux
Nicholas, monk at Fecamp, Abbot of Saint-Ouen, Rouen (died 26 Feb 1092)

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: GVJW-SZ8

Notes:

geni.com
Adeliza de Normandie, comtesse de Bourgogne
Spanish: Da. Adelaida de Normandía, comtesse de Bourgogne, French: de Buonalbergo, comtesse de Bourgogne, Italian: de Buonalbergo, comtesse de Bourgogne
Also Known As: "Adeliza", "Alix", "Judith", "Alice", "Alisa", "Adelaide", "Adélaïde", "Adele", "Adela", "Aelis"
Birthdate: circa 1002
Birthplace: Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Normandy, France
Death: July 07, 1037 (30-39)
Burgundy, Marne, Grand Est, France
Place of Burial: Bourgogne, France
Immediate Family:
Daughter of
Richard II "the Good", Duke of Normandy and
Judith of Brittany

Wife of Reginald I Ivrea, count palatine of Burgundy

Mother of
Guy of Brionne; William I "the Great" count of Burgundy;
Hugh de Bourgogne, Viscount of Lons-le-Saunier and Falcon of Burgundy
Sister of Robert I "the Magnificent", Duke of Normandy;
Richard III, duke of Normandy;
William of Normandy, de Fecamp;
Eleanor of Normandy and
Matilda of Normandy

Half sister of Mauger, Archbishop of Rouen; William of Normandy, Count Of Talou & Arques and Papia de Normandie, Daughter of Richard II

Family/Spouse: de Bourgogne, Renaud I. Renaud (son of de Bourgogne, Otto William I and de Roucy, Ermentrude) was born in 986 in Nevers, Nièvre, Bourgogne, France; died on 4 Sep 1057 in Marne, Champagne-Ardenne, France; was buried in 1057 in Besançon, Doubs, Franche-Comté, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Comtesse d'Aumâle
• Appointments / Titles: Countess of Champagne
• Appointments / Titles: Countess of Ponthieu de Normandie
• Appointments / Titles: Countess of the Basques
• Appointments / Titles: She retained the title Comtesse d'Aumâle after her first marriage.
• Life Event: Countess de Champagne
• Life Event: Countess of Aumale (suo jure); Comtesse d'Aumale
• Life Event: Countess of Ponthieu de Normandie
• Life Event: Countess of the Basques
• FSID: LZGK-6BD

Notes:

Adelaide of Normandy (or Adeliza) was the sister of William the Conqueror and was Countess of Aumale in her own right.

Life
Born c. 1030, Adelaide was an illegitimate daughter of the Norman duke Robert the Magnificent. Robert's likewise illegitimate son and successor, William the Conqueror, was Adelaide's brother or half-brother.

Adelaide's first marriage to Enguerrand II, Count of Ponthieu potentially gave William a powerful ally in upper Normandy. But at the Council of Reims in 1049, when the marriage of William with Matilda of Flanders was prohibited based on consanguinity, so were those of Eustace II, Count of Boulogne and Enguerrand of Ponthieu, who was already married to Adelaide. Adelaide's marriage was apparently annulled c.1049/50 and another marriage was arranged for her, this time to Lambert II, Count of Lens, younger son of Eustace I, Count of Boulogne forming a new marital alliance between Normandy and Boulogne. Lambert was killed in 1054 at Lille, aiding Baldwin V, Count of Flanders against Emperor Henry III. Now widowed, Adelaide resided at Aumale, probably part of her dower from her first husband, Enguerrand, or part of a settlement after the capture of Guy of Ponthieu, her brother-in-law. As a dowager Adelaide began a semi-religious retirement and became involved with the church at Auchy presenting them with a number of gifts. In 1060 she was called upon again to form another marital alliance, this time to a younger man Odo, Count of Champagne. Odo seems to have been something of a disappointment as he appears on only one of the Conqueror's charters and received no land in England; his wife being a tenant-in-chief in her own right.

In 1082, William and his wife, Matilda, gave to the abbey of the Holy Trinity in Caen the town of Le Homme in the Cotentin with a provision to the Countess of Albamarla (Aumale), his sister, for a life tenancy. In 1086, as Comitissa de Albatnarla, as she was listed in the Domesday Book, was shown as having numerous holdings in both Suffolk and Essex, one of the very few Norman noblewomen to have held lands in England at Domesday as a tenant-in-chief. She was also given the lordship of Holderness which was held after her death by her 3rd husband, Odo, the by then disinherited Count of Champagne; the lordship then passed to their son, Stephen. Adelaide died before 1090.

Family
Adelaide married three times; first to Enguerrand II, Count of Ponthieu (died 1053) by whom she had issue:

Adelaide, living 1096.
She married secondly Lambert II, Count of Lens (died 1054), they had a daughter:

Judith of Lens, m. Waltheof Earl of Huntingdon and Northumbria.
Adelaide married thirdly in 1060 Odo, Count of Champagne (d. aft. 1096), by whom she had a son:

Stephen, Count of Aumale.

Adélaïde married de Boulogne, Sir Lambert in 1054 in Normandy, France. Lambert (son of de Boulogne, Eustace I and de Louvain, Matilde) was born in 1015 in Boulogne, Pas-de-Calais, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France; died on 12 Mar 1054 in Phalempin, Nord, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France; was buried on 19 Jun 1054 in Nivelles, Nord, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Physical Description: He was described as burly, with a harsh guttural voice, At about 5'10", with excessive corpulence in middle years, exceptional physical strength, and in good health. He had Russet hair, long arms and legs. Said to be of medium height, corpulent, but majes
• Appointments / Titles: Count of Nevers
• Nickname: The Conquerer
• FSID: LRCQ-HCL
• Religion: Catholic
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1035 and 1087; 7th Duke of Normandy
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1066 and 1087; King of England

Notes:

William the Conqueror
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

William the Conqueror

William as depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry during the Battle of Hastings, lifting his helm to show that he is still alive
King of England
Reign 25 December 1066 – 9 September 1087
Coronation 25 December 1066
Predecessor Edgar the Ætheling (uncrowned) (in reality) Harold Godwinson
Successor William Rufus Duke of Normandy
Reign 3 July 1035 – 9 September 1087
Predecessor Robert the Magnificent
Successor Robert Curthose

Born About 1028
Falaise, Normandy
Died 9 September 1087 (aged about 59)
Priory of Saint Gervase, Rouen, Normandy
Burial Saint-Étienne de Caen, Normandy
Spouse Matilda of Flanders
Issue
Detail Robert Curthose
Richard
William Rufus
Matilda
Cecilia
Henry I of England
Adeliza
Constance
Adela, Countess of Blois
Agatha (existence doubtful)
House Norman dynasty
Father Robert the Magnificent
Mother Herleva of Falaise
William I[a] (c. 1028 – 9 September 1087), usually known as William the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bastard,[b] was the first Norman King of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087. A descendant of Rollo, he was Duke of Normandy (as Duke William II) from 1035 onward. After a long struggle to establish his power, by 1060 his hold on Normandy was secure, and he launched the Norman conquest of England six years later. The rest of his life was marked by struggles to consolidate his hold over England and his continental lands and by difficulties with his eldest son.

William was the son of the unmarried Robert I, Duke of Normandy, by Robert's mistress Herleva. His illegitimate status and his youth caused some difficulties for him after he succeeded his father, as did the anarchy that plagued the first years of his rule. During his childhood and adolescence, members of the Norman aristocracy battled each other, both for control of the child duke and for their own ends. In 1047 William was able to quash a rebellion and begin to establish his authority over the duchy, a process that was not complete until about 1060. His marriage in the 1050s to Matilda of Flanders provided him with a powerful ally in the neighboring county of Flanders. By the time of his marriage, William was able to arrange the appointments of his supporters as bishops and abbots in the Norman church. His consolidation of power allowed him to expand his horizons, and by 1062 William was able to secure control of the neighboring county of Maine.

In the 1050s and early 1060s William became a contender for the throne of England, then held by the childless Edward the Confessor, his first cousin once removed. There were other potential claimants, including the powerful English earl Harold Godwinson, who was named the next king by Edward on the latter's deathbed in January 1066. William argued that Edward had previously promised the throne to him, and that Harold had sworn to support William's claim. William built a large fleet and invaded England in September 1066, decisively defeating and killing Harold at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066. After further military efforts William was crowned king on Christmas Day 1066, in London. He made arrangements for the governance of England in early 1067 before returning to Normandy. Several unsuccessful rebellions followed, but by 1075 William's hold on England was mostly secure, allowing him to spend the majority of the rest of his reign on the continent.

William's final years were marked by difficulties in his continental domains, troubles with his eldest son, and threatened invasions of England by the Danes. In 1086 William ordered the compilation of the Domesday Book, a survey listing all the landholders in England along with their holdings. William died in September 1087 while leading a campaign in northern France, and was buried in Caen. His reign in England was marked by the construction of castles, the settling of a new Norman nobility on the land, and change in the composition of the English clergy. He did not try to integrate his various domains into one empire, but instead continued to administer each part separately. William's lands were divided after his death: Normandy went to his eldest son, Robert Curthose, and his second surviving son, William Rufus, received England.

Contents

[hide]
1 Background
2 Early life
3 Duke of Normandy
3.1 Challenges
3.2 Consolidation of power
3.3 Appearance and character
3.4 Norman administration
4 English and continental concerns
5 Invasion of England
5.1 Harold's preparations
5.2 William's preparations
5.3 Tostig and Hardrada's invasion
5.4 Battle of Hastings
5.5 March on London
6 Consolidation
6.1 First actions
6.2 English resistance
6.3 Church affairs
7 Troubles in England and the continent
7.1 Danish raids and rebellion
7.2 Revolt of the Earls
7.3 Troubles at home and abroad
7.4 Last years
8 William as king
8.1 Changes in England
8.2 Administration
8.3 Domesday Book
9 Death and aftermath
10 Legacy
11 Family and children
12 Notes
13 Citations
14 References
15 External links
Background

Norsemen first began raiding in what became Normandy in the late 8th century. Permanent Scandinavian settlement occurred before 911, when Rollo, one of the Viking leaders, and King Charles the Simple of France reached an agreement surrendering the county of Rouen to Rollo. The lands around Rouen became the core of the later duchy of Normandy. Normandy may have been used as a base when Scandinavian attacks on England were renewed at the end of the 10th century, which would have worsened relations between England and Normandy. In an effort to improve matters, King Æthelred the Unready took Emma of Normandy, sister of Duke Richard II, as his second wife in 1002.

Danish raids on England continued, and Æthelred sought help from Richard, taking refuge in Normandy in 1013 when King Swein I of Denmark drove Æthelred and his family from England. Swein's death in 1014 allowed Æthelred to return home, but Swein's son Cnut contested Æthelred's return. Æthelred died unexpectedly in 1016, and Cnut became king of England. Æthelred and Emma's two sons, Edward and Alfred, went into exile in Normandy while their mother, Emma, became Cnut's second wife.

After Cnut's death in 1035 the English throne fell to Harold Harefoot, his son by his first wife, while Harthacnut, his son by Emma, became king in Denmark. England remained unstable. Alfred returned to England in 1036 to visit his mother and perhaps to challenge Harold as king. One story implicates Earl Godwin of Wessex in Alfred's subsequent death, but others blame Harold. Emma went into exile in Flanders until Harthacnut became king following Harold's death in 1040, and his half-brother Edward followed Harthacnut to England; Edward was proclaimed king after Harthacnut's death in June 1042.[c]

Early life

Château de Falaise in Falaise, Lower Normandy, France; William was born in an earlier building here.
William was born in 1027 or 1028 at Falaise, Normandy, most likely towards the end of 1028.[d] He was the only son of Robert I, Duke of Normandy, son of Richard II, Duke of Normandy.[e] His mother, Herleva, was the daughter of Fulbert of Falaise; Fulbert may have been a tanner or embalmer. She was possibly a member of the ducal household, but did not marry Robert. Instead, she later married Herluin de Conteville, with whom she had two sons – Odo of Bayeux and Robert, Count of Mortain – and a daughter whose name is unknown.[f] One of Herleva's brothers, Walter, became a supporter and protector of William during his minority.[g] Robert also had a daughter, Adelaide of Normandy, by another mistress.

Robert became Duke of Normandy on 6 August 1027, succeeding his elder brother Richard III, who had only succeeded to the title the previous year. Robert and his brother had been at odds over the succession, and Richard's death was sudden. Robert was accused by some writers of killing his brother, a plausible but now unprovable charge. Conditions in Normandy were unsettled, as noble families despoiled the Church and Alan III of Brittany waged war against the duchy, possibly in an attempt to take control. By 1031 Robert had gathered considerable support from noblemen, many of whom would become prominent during William's life. They included Robert's uncle, Robert the archbishop of Rouen, who had originally opposed the duke, Osbern, a nephew of Gunnor the wife of Duke Richard I, and Count Gilbert of Brionne, a grandson of Richard I. After his accession, Robert continued Norman support for the English princes Edward and Alfred, who were still in exile in northern France.

There are indications that Robert may have been briefly betrothed to a daughter of King Cnut, but no marriage took place. It is unclear if William would have been supplanted in the ducal succession if Robert had had a legitimate son. Earlier dukes had been illegitimate, and William's association with his father on ducal charters appears to indicate that William was considered Robert's most likely heir. In 1034 Duke Robert decided to go on pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Although some of his supporters tried to dissuade him from undertaking the journey, Robert convened a council in January 1035 and had the assembled Norman magnates swear fealty to William as his heir before leaving for Jerusalem. He died in early July at Nicea, on his way back to Normandy.

Duke of Normandy

Challenges

Diagram showing William's family relationships. Names with "---" under them were opponents of William, and names with "+++" were supporters of William. Some relatives switched sides over time, and are marked with both symbols.
William faced several challenges on becoming duke, including his illegitimate birth and his youth: the evidence indicates that he was either seven or eight years old at the time.[16][17][h] He enjoyed the support of his great-uncle, Archbishop Robert, as well as the king of France, Henry I, enabling him to succeed to his father's duchy.[20] The support given to the exiled English princes in their attempt to return to England in 1036 shows that the new duke's guardians were attempting to continue his father's policies, but Archbishop Robert's death in March 1037 removed one of William's main supporters, and conditions in Normandy quickly descended into chaos.[20]

The anarchy in the duchy lasted until 1047,[21] and control of the young duke was one of the priorities of those contending for power. At first, Alan of Brittany had custody of the duke, but when Alan died in either late 1039 or October 1040, Gilbert of Brionne took charge of William. Gilbert was killed within months, and another guardian, Turchetil, was also killed around the time of Gilbert's death.[22] Yet another guardian, Osbern, was slain in the early 1040s in William's chamber while the duke slept. It was said that Walter, William's maternal uncle, was occasionally forced to hide the young duke in the houses of peasants,[23] although this story may be an embellishment by Orderic Vitalis. The historian Eleanor Searle speculates that William was raised with the three cousins who later became important in his career – William fitzOsbern, Roger de Beaumont, and Roger of Montgomery.[24] Although many of the Norman nobles engaged in their own private wars and feuds during William's minority, the viscounts still acknowledged the ducal government, and the ecclesiastical hierarchy was supportive of William.[25]

Column at the site of the Battle of Val-ès-Dunes
King Henry continued to support the young duke,[26] but in late 1046 opponents of William came together in a rebellion centred in lower Normandy, led by Guy of Burgundy with support from Nigel, Viscount of the Cotentin, and Ranulf, Viscount of the Bessin. According to stories that may have legendary elements, an attempt was made to seize William at Valognes, but he escaped under cover of darkness, seeking refuge with King Henry.[27] In early 1047 Henry and William returned to Normandy and were victorious at the Battle of Val-ès-Dunes near Caen, although few details of the actual fighting are recorded.[28] William of Poitiers claimed that the battle was won mainly through William's efforts, but earlier accounts claim that King Henry's men and leadership also played an important part. William assumed power in Normandy, and shortly after the battle promulgated the Truce of God throughout his duchy, in an effort to limit warfare and violence by restricting the days of the year on which fighting was permitted.[29] Although the Battle of Val-ès-Dunes marked a turning point in William's control of the duchy, it was not the end of his struggle to gain the upper hand over the nobility. The period from 1047 to 1054 saw almost continuous warfare, with lesser crises continuing until 1060.[30]

Consolidation of power

William's next efforts were against Guy of Burgundy, who retreated to his castle at Brionne, which William besieged. After a long effort, the duke succeeded in exiling Guy in 1050.[31] To address the growing power of the Count of Anjou, Geoffrey Martel,[32] William joined with King Henry in a campaign against him, the last known cooperation between the two. They succeeded in capturing an Angevin fortress, but accomplished little else.[33] Geoffrey attempted to expand his authority into the county of Maine, especially after the death of Hugh IV of Maine in 1051. Central to the control of Maine were the holdings of the Bellême family, who held Bellême on the border of Maine and Normandy, as well as the fortresses at Alençon and Domfort. Bellême's overlord was the king of France, but Domfort was under the overlordship of Geoffrey Martel and Duke William was Alençon's overlord. The Bellême family, whose lands were quite strategically placed between their three different overlords, were able to play each of them against the other and secure virtual independence for themselves.[32]

Image from the Bayeux Tapestry showing William with his half-brothers. William is in the centre, Odo is on the left with empty hands, and Robert is on the right with a sword in his hand.
On the death of Hugh of Maine, Geoffrey Martel occupied Maine in a move contested by William and King Henry; eventually they succeeded in driving Geoffrey from the county, and in the process, William was able to secure the Bellême family strongholds at Alençon and Domfort for himself. He was thus able to assert his overlordship over the Bellême family and compel them to act consistently in Norman interests.[34] But in 1052 the king and Geoffrey Martel made common cause against William at the same time as some Norman nobles began to contest William's increasing power. Henry's about-face was probably motivated by a desire to retain dominance over Normandy, which was now threatened by William's growing mastery of his duchy.[35] William was engaged in military actions against his own nobles throughout 1053,[36] as well as with the new Archbishop of Rouen, Mauger.[37] In February 1054 the king and the Norman rebels launched a double invasion of the duchy. Henry led the main thrust through the county of Évreux, while the other wing, under the French king's brother Odo, invaded eastern Normandy.[38]

William met the invasion by dividing his forces into two groups. The first, which he led, faced Henry. The second, which included some who became William's firm supporters, such as Robert, Count of Eu, Walter Giffard, Roger of Mortemer, and William de Warenne, faced the other invading force. This second force defeated the invaders at the Battle of Mortemer. In addition to ending both invasions, the battle allowed the duke's ecclesiastical supporters to depose Mauger from the archbishopric of Rouen. Mortemer thus marked another turning point in William's growing control of the duchy,[39] although his conflict with the French king and the Count of Anjou continued until 1060.[40] Henry and Geoffrey led another invasion of Normandy in 1057 but were defeated by William at the Battle of Varaville. This was the last invasion of Normandy during William's lifetime.[41] In 1058, William invaded the County of Dreux and took Tillières-sur-Avre and Thimert. Henry attempted to dislodge William, but the Siege of Thimert dragged on for two years until Henry's death.[41] The deaths of Count Geoffrey and the king in 1060 cemented the shift in the balance of power towards William.[41]

The signatures of William I and Matilda are the first two large crosses on the Accord of Winchester from 1072.
One factor in William's favour was his marriage to Matilda of Flanders, the daughter of Count Baldwin V of Flanders. The union was arranged in 1049, but Pope Leo IX forbade the marriage at the Council of Rheims in October 1049.[i] The marriage nevertheless went ahead some time in the early 1050s,[43][j] possibly unsanctioned by the pope. According to a late source not generally considered to be reliable, papal sanction was not secured until 1059, but as papal-Norman relations in the 1050s were generally good, and Norman clergy were able to visit Rome in 1050 without incident, it was probably secured earlier.[45] Papal sanction of the marriage appears to have required the founding of two monasteries in Caen – one by William and one by Matilda.[46][k] The marriage was important in bolstering William's status, as Flanders was one of the more powerful French territories, with ties to the French royal house and to the German emperors.[45] Contemporary writers considered the marriage, which produced four sons and five or six daughters, to be a success.[48]

Appearance and character

No authentic portrait of William has been found; the contemporary depictions of him on the Bayeux Tapestry and on his seals and coins are conventional representations designed to assert his authority.[49] There are some written descriptions of a burly and robust appearance, with a guttural voice. He enjoyed excellent health until old age, although he became quite fat in later life.[50] He was strong enough to draw bows that others were unable to pull and had great stamina.[49] Geoffrey Martel described him as without equal as a fighter and as a horseman.[51] Examination of William's femur, the only bone to survive when the rest of his remains were destroyed, showed he was approximately 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) in height.[49]

There are records of two tutors for the young duke during the late 1030s and early 1040s, but the extent of William's literary education is unclear. He was not known as a patron of authors, and there is little evidence that he sponsored scholarship or other intellectual activities. Orderic Vitalis records that William tried to learn to read Old English late in life, but he was unable to devote sufficient time to the effort and quickly gave up.[52] William's main hobby appears to have been hunting. His marriage to Matilda appears to have been quite affectionate, and there are no signs that he was unfaithful to her – unusual in a medieval monarch. Medieval writers criticised William for his greed and cruelty, but his personal piety was universally praised by contemporaries.

Norman administration

Norman government under William was similar to the government that had existed under earlier dukes. It was a fairly simple administrative system, built around the ducal household,[53] which consisted of a group of officers including stewards, butlers, and marshalls.[54] The duke travelled constantly around the duchy, confirming charters and collecting revenues.[55] Most of the income came from the ducal lands, as well as from tolls and a few taxes. This income was collected by the chamber, one of the household departments.[54]

William cultivated close relations with the church in his duchy. He took part in church councils and made several appointments to the Norman episcopate, including the appointment of Maurilius as Archbishop of Rouen.[56] Another important appointment was that of William's half-brother Odo as Bishop of Bayeux in either 1049 or 1050. He also relied on the clergy for advice, including Lanfranc, a non-Norman who rose to become one of William's prominent ecclesiastical advisors in the late 1040s and remained so throughout the 1050s and 1060s. William gave generously to the church;[56] from 1035 to 1066, the Norman aristocracy founded at least 20 new monastic houses, including William's two monasteries in Caen, a remarkable expansion of religious life in the duchy.[57]

English and continental concerns

Family relationships of the claimants to the English throne in 1066, and others involved in the struggle. Kings of England are shown in bold.
In 1051 the childless King Edward of England appears to have chosen William as his successor to the English throne.[58] William was the grandson of Edward's maternal uncle, Richard II, Duke of Normandy.[58] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, in the "D" version, states that William visited England in the later part of 1051, perhaps to secure confirmation of the succession,[59] or perhaps William was attempting to secure aid for his troubles in Normandy.[60] The trip is unlikely given William's absorption in warfare with Anjou at the time. Whatever Edward's wishes, it was likely that any claim by William would be opposed by Godwin, the Earl of Wessex, a member of the most powerful family in England.[59] Edward had married Edith, Godwin's daughter, in 1043, and Godwin appears to have been one of the main supporters of Edward's claim to the throne.[61] By 1050, however, relations between the king and the earl had soured, culminating in a crisis in 1051 that led to the exile of Godwin and his family from England. It was during this exile that Edward offered the throne to William.[62] Godwin returned from exile in 1052 with armed forces, and a settlement was reached between the king and the earl, restoring the earl and his family to their lands and replacing Robert of Jumièges, a Norman whom Edward had named Archbishop of Canterbury, with Stigand, the Bishop of Winchester.[63] No English source mentions a supposed embassy by Archbishop Robert to William conveying the promise of the succession, and the two Norman sources that mention it, William of Jumièges and William of Poitiers, are not precise in their chronology of when this visit took place.[60]

Count Herbert II of Maine died in 1062, and William, who had betrothed his eldest son Robert to Herbert's sister Margaret, claimed the county through his son. Local nobles resisted the claim, but William invaded and by 1064 had secured control of the area.[64] William appointed a Norman to the bishopric of Le Mans in 1065. He also allowed his son Robert Curthose to do homage to the new Count of Anjou, Geoffrey the Bearded.[65] William's western border was thus secured, but his border with Brittany remained insecure. In 1064 William invaded Brittany in a campaign that remains obscure in its details. Its effect, though, was to destabilise Brittany, forcing the duke, Conan II, to focus on internal problems rather than on expansion. Conan's death in 1066 further secured William's borders in Normandy. William also benefited from his campaign in Brittany by securing the support of some Breton nobles who went on to support the invasion of England in 1066.[66]

Scene from the Bayeux Tapestry whose text indicates William supplying weapons to Harold during Harold's trip to the continent in 1064
In England, Earl Godwin died in 1053 and his sons were increasing in power: Harold succeeded to his father's earldom, and another son, Tostig, became Earl of Northumbria. Other sons were granted earldoms later: Gyrth as Earl of East Anglia in 1057 and Leofwine as Earl of Kent some time between 1055 and 1057.[67] Some sources claim that Harold took part in William's Breton campaign of 1064 and that Harold swore to uphold William's claim to the English throne at the end of the campaign,[65] but no English source reports this trip, and it is unclear if it actually occurred. It may have been Norman propaganda designed to discredit Harold, who had emerged as the main contender to succeed King Edward.[68] Meanwhile, another contender for the throne had emerged – Edward the Exile, son of Edmund Ironside and a grandson of Æthelred II, returned to England in 1057, and although he died shortly after his return, he brought with him his family, which included two daughters, Margaret and Christina, and a son, Edgar the Ætheling.[69][l]

In 1065 Northumbria revolted against Tostig, and the rebels chose Morcar, the younger brother of Edwin, Earl of Mercia, as earl in place of Tostig. Harold, perhaps to secure the support of Edwin and Morcar in his bid for the throne, supported the rebels and persuaded King Edward to replace Tostig with Morcar. Tostig went into exile in Flanders, along with his wife Judith, who was the daughter of Count Baldwin IV of Flanders. Edward was ailing, and he died on 5 January 1066. It is unclear what exactly happened at Edward's deathbed. One story, deriving from the Vita Edwardi, a biography of Edward, claims that Edward was attended by his wife Edith, Harold, Archbishop Stigand, and Robert FitzWimarc, and that the king named Harold as his successor. The Norman sources do not dispute the fact that Harold was named as the next king, but they declare that Harold's oath and Edward's earlier promise of the throne could not be changed on Edward's deathbed. Later English sources stated that Harold had been elected as king by the clergy and magnates of England.[71]

Invasion of England

Harold's preparations

Locations of some of the events in 1066
Harold was crowned on 6 January 1066 in Edward's new Norman-style Westminster Abbey, although some controversy surrounds who performed the ceremony. English sources claim that Ealdred, the Archbishop of York, performed the ceremony, while Norman sources state that the coronation was performed by Stigand, who was considered a non-canonical archbishop by the papacy.[72] Harold's claim to the throne was not entirely secure, however, as there were other claimants, perhaps including his exiled brother Tostig.[73][m] King Harald Hardrada of Norway also had a claim to the throne as the uncle and heir of King Magnus I, who had made a pact with Harthacnut in about 1040 that if either Magnus or Harthacnut died without heirs, the other would succeed.[77] The last claimant was William of Normandy, against whose anticipated invasion King Harold Godwinson made most of his preparations.[73]

Harold's brother Tostig made probing attacks along the southern coast of England in May 1066, landing at the Isle of Wight using a fleet supplied by Baldwin of Flanders. Tostig appears to have received little local support, and further raids into Lincolnshire and near the River Humber met with no more success, so he retreated to Scotland, where he remained for a time.[73] According to the Norman writer William of Jumièges, William had meanwhile sent an embassy to King Harold Godwinson to remind Harold of his oath to support William's claim, although whether this embassy actually occurred is unclear. Harold assembled an army and a fleet to repel William's anticipated invasion force, deploying troops and ships along the English Channel for most of the summer.[73]

William's preparations

Scene from the Bayeux Tapestry showing Normans preparing for the invasion of England
William of Poitiers describes a council called by Duke William, in which the writer gives an account of a great debate that took place between William's nobles and supporters over whether to risk an invasion of England. Although some sort of formal assembly probably was held, it is unlikely that any debate took place, as the duke had by then established control over his nobles, and most of those assembled would have been anxious to secure their share of the rewards from the conquest of England.[78] William of Poitiers also relates that the duke obtained the consent of Pope Alexander II for the invasion, along with a papal banner. The chronicler also claimed that the duke secured the support of Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and King Sweyn II of Denmark. Henry was still a minor, however, and Sweyn was more likely to support Harold, who could then help Sweyn against the Norwegian king, so these claims should be treated with caution. Although Alexander did give papal approval to the conquest after it succeeded, no other source claims papal support prior to the invasion.[n][79] Events after the invasion, which included the penance William performed and statements by later popes, do lend circumstantial support to the claim of papal approval. To deal with Norman affairs, William put the government of Normandy into the hands of his wife for the duration of the invasion.

Throughout the summer, William assembled an army and an invasion fleet in Normandy. Although William of Jumièges's claim that the ducal fleet numbered 3,000 ships is clearly an exaggeration, it was probably large and mostly built from scratch. Although William of Poitiers and William of Jumièges disagree about where the fleet was built – Poitiers states it was constructed at the mouth of the River Dives, while Jumièges states it was built at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme – both agree that it eventually sailed from Valery-sur-Somme. The fleet carried an invasion force that included, in addition to troops from William's own territories of Normandy and Maine, large numbers of mercenaries, allies, and volunteers from Brittany, northeastern France, and Flanders, together with smaller numbers from other parts of Europe. Although the army and fleet were ready by early August, adverse winds kept the ships in Normandy until late September. There were probably other reasons for William's delay, including intelligence reports from England revealing that Harold's forces were deployed along the coast. William would have preferred to delay the invasion until he could make an unopposed landing.[79] Harold kept his forces on alert throughout the summer, but with the arrival of the harvest season he disbanded his army on 8 September.[80]

Tostig and Hardrada's invasion

Modern day site of the Battle of Stamford Bridge
Harold's brother Tostig and Harald Hardrada invaded Northumbria in September 1066 and defeated the local forces under Morcar and Edwin at the Battle of Fulford near York. King Harold received word of their invasion and marched north, defeating the invaders and killing Tostig and Hardrada on 25 September at the Battle of Stamford Bridge.[77] The Norman fleet finally set sail two days later, landing in England at Pevensey Bay on 28 September. William then moved to Hastings, a few miles to the east, where he built a castle as a base of operations. From there, he ravaged the interior and waited for Harold's return from the north, refusing to venture far from the sea, his line of communication with Normandy.[80]

Battle of Hastings

After defeating Harald Hardrada and Tostig, Harold left much of his army in the north, including Morcar and Edwin, and marched the rest south to deal with the threatened Norman invasion.[80] He probably learned of William's landing while he was travelling south. Harold stopped in London, and was there for about a week before marching to Hastings, so it is likely that he spent about a week on his march south, averaging about 27 miles (43 kilometres) per day,[81] for the distance of approximately 200 miles (320 kilometres).[82] Although Harold attempted to surprise the Normans, William's scouts reported the English arrival to the duke. The exact events preceding the battle are obscure, with contradictory accounts in the sources, but all agree that William led his army from his castle and advanced towards the enemy.[83] Harold had taken a defensive position at the top of Senlac Hill (present-day Battle, East Sussex), about 6 miles (9.7 kilometres) from William's castle at Hastings.[84]

Scene from the Bayeux Tapestry depicting the Battle of Hastings.
The battle began at about 9 am on 14 October and lasted all day, but while a broad outline is known, the exact events are obscured by contradictory accounts in the sources.[85] Although the numbers on each side were about equal, William had both cavalry and infantry, including many archers, while Harold had only foot soldiers and few, if any, archers.[86] The English soldiers formed up as a shield wall along the ridge and were at first so effective that William's army was thrown back with heavy casualties. Some of William's Breton troops panicked and fled, and some of the English troops appear to have pursued the fleeing Bretons until they themselves were attacked and destroyed by Norman cavalry. During the Bretons' flight, rumours swept through the Norman forces that the duke had been killed, but William succeeded in rallying his troops. Two further Norman retreats were feigned, to once again draw the English into pursuit and expose them to repeated attacks by the Norman cavalry.[87] The available sources are more confused about events in the afternoon, but it appears that the decisive event was Harold's death, about which differing stories are told. William of Jumièges claimed that Harold was killed by the duke. The Bayeux Tapestry has been claimed to show Harold's death by an arrow to the eye, but that may be a later reworking of the tapestry to conform to 12th-century stories in which Harold was slain by an arrow wound to the head.[88]

Harold's body was identified the day after the battle, either through his armour or marks on his body. The English dead, who included some of Harold's brothers and his housecarls, were left on the battlefield. Gytha, Harold's mother, offered the victorious duke the weight of her son's body in gold for its custody, but her offer was refused.[o] William ordered that Harold's body was to be thrown into the sea, but whether that took place is unclear. Waltham Abbey, which had been founded by Harold, later claimed that his body had been secretly buried there.[92]

March on London

William may have hoped the English would surrender following his victory, but they did not. Instead, some of the English clergy and magnates nominated Edgar the Ætheling as king, though their support for Edgar was only lukewarm. After waiting a short while, William secured Dover, parts of Kent, and Canterbury, while also sending a force to capture Winchester, where the royal treasury was.[93] These captures secured William's rear areas and also his line of retreat to Normandy, if that was needed. William then marched to Southwark, across the Thames from London, which he reached in late November. Next he led his forces around the south and west of London, burning along the way. He finally crossed the Thames at Wallingford in early December. Archbishop Stigand submitted to William there, and when the duke moved on to Berkhamsted soon afterwards, Edgar the Ætheling, Morcar, Edwin, and Archbishop Ealdred also submitted. William then sent forces into London to construct a castle; he was crowned at Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066.[93]

Consolidation

First actions

William remained in England after his coronation and tried to reconcile the native magnates. The remaining earls – Edwin (of Mercia), Morcar (of Northumbria), and Waltheof (of Northampton) – were confirmed in their lands and titles.[94] Waltheof was married to William's niece Judith, daughter of Adelaide,[95] and a marriage between Edwin and one of William's daughters was proposed. Edgar the Ætheling also appears to have been given lands. Ecclesiastical offices continued to be held by the same bishops as before the invasion, including the uncanonical Stigand.[94] But the families of Harold and his brothers did lose their lands, as did some others who had fought against William at Hastings.[96] By March, William was secure enough to return to Normandy, but he took with him Stigand, Morcar, Edwin, Edgar, and Waltheof. He left his half-brother Odo, the Bishop of Bayeux, in charge of England along with another influential supporter, William fitzOsbern, the son of his former guardian.[94] Both men were also named to earldoms – fitzOsbern to Hereford (or Wessex) and Odo to Kent. Although he put two Normans in overall charge, he retained many of the native English sheriffs.[96] Once in Normandy the new English king went to Rouen and the Abbey of Fecamp,[94] and then attended the consecration of new churches at two Norman monasteries.

While William was in Normandy, a former ally, Eustace, the Count of Boulogne, invaded at Dover but was repulsed. English resistance had also begun, with Eadric the Wild attacking Hereford and revolts at Exeter, where Harold's mother Gytha was a focus of resistance.[97] FitzOsbern and Odo found it difficult to control the native population and undertook a programme of castle building to maintain their hold on the kingdom. William returned to England in December 1067 and marched on Exeter, which he besieged. The town held out for 18 days, and after it fell to William he built a castle to secure his control. Harold's sons were meanwhile raiding the southwest of England from a base in Ireland. Their forces landed near Bristol but were defeated by Eadnoth. By Easter, William was at Winchester, where he was soon joined by his wife Matilda, who was crowned in May 1068.[97]

English resistance

The remains of Baile Hill, the second motte-and-bailey castle built by William in York
In 1068 Edwin and Morcar revolted, supported by Gospatric. The chronicler Orderic Vitalis states that Edwin's reason for revolting was that the proposed marriage between himself and one of William's daughters had not taken place, but other reasons probably included the increasing power of William fitzOsbern in Herefordshire, which affected Edwin's power within his own earldom. The king marched through Edwin's lands and built a castle at Warwick. Edwin and Morcar submitted, but William continued on to York, building castles at York and Nottingham before returning south. On his southbound journey, the king began constructing castles at Lincoln, Huntingdon, and Cambridge. William placed supporters in charge of these new fortifications – among them William Peverel at Nottingham and Henry de Beaumont at Warwick. Then the king returned to Normandy late in 1068.[97]

Early in 1069, Edgar the Ætheling rose in revolt and attacked York. Although William returned to York and built another castle, Edgar remained free, and in the autumn he joined up with King Sweyn of Denmark.[p] The Danish king had brought a large fleet to England and attacked not only York, but Exeter and Shrewsbury. York was captured by the combined forces of Edgar and Sweyn. Edgar was proclaimed king by his supporters, but William responded swiftly, ignoring a continental revolt in Maine. William symbolically wore his crown in the ruins of York on Christmas Day 1069, and then proceeded to buy off the Danes. He marched to the River Tees, ravaging the countryside as he went. Edgar, having lost much of his support, fled to Scotland,[98] where King Malcolm III was married to Edgar's sister Margaret.[99] Waltheof, who had joined the revolt, submitted, along with Gospatric, and both were allowed to retain their lands. But William was not finished; he marched over the Pennines during the winter and defeated the remaining rebels at Shrewsbury before building castles at Chester and Stafford. This campaign, which included the burning and destruction of part of the countryside that the royal forces marched through, is usually known as the "Harrying of the North"; it was over by April 1070, when William wore his crown ceremonially for Easter at Winchester.[98]

Church affairs

While at Winchester in 1070, William met with three papal legates – John Minutus, Peter, and Ermenfrid of Sion – who had been sent by Pope Alexander. The legates ceremonially crowned William during the Easter court.[100] The historian David Bates sees this coronation as the ceremonial papal "seal of approval" for William's conquest. The legates and the king then proceeded to hold a series of ecclesiastical councils dedicated to reforming and reorganising the English church. Stigand and his brother, Æthelmær, the Bishop of Elmham, were deposed from their bishoprics. Some of the native abbots were also deposed, both at the council held near Easter and at a further one near Whitsun. The Whitsun council saw the appointment of Lanfranc as the new Archbishop of Canterbury, and Thomas of Bayeux as the new Archbishop of York, to replace Ealdred, who had died in September 1069.[100] William's half-brother Odo perhaps expected to be appointed to Canterbury, but William probably did not wish to give that much power to a family member.[q] Another reason for the appointment may have been pressure from the papacy to appoint Lanfranc.[101] Norman clergy were appointed to replace the deposed bishops and abbots, and at the end of the process, only two native English bishops remained in office, along with several continental prelates appointed by Edward the Confessor.[100] In 1070 William also founded Battle Abbey, a new monastery at the site of the Battle of Hastings, partly as a penance for the deaths in the battle and partly as a memorial to those dead.

Troubles in England and the continent

Danish raids and rebellion

Although Sweyn had promised to leave England, he returned in spring 1070, raiding along the Humber and East Anglia toward the Isle of Ely, where he joined up with Hereward the Wake, a local thegn. Hereward's forces attacked Peterborough Abbey, which they captured and looted. William was able to secure the departure of Sweyn and his fleet in 1070,[102] allowing him to return to the continent to deal with troubles in Maine, where the town of Le Mans had revolted in 1069. Another concern was the death of Count Baldwin VI of Flanders in July 1070, which led to a succession crisis as his widow, Richilde, was ruling for their two young sons, Arnulf and Baldwin. Her rule, however, was contested by Robert, Baldwin's brother. Richilde proposed marriage to William fitzOsbern, who was in Normandy, and fitzOsbern accepted. But after he was killed in February 1071 at the Battle of Cassel, Robert became count. He was opposed to King William's power on the continent, thus the Battle of Cassel upset the balance of power in northern France in addition to costing William an important supporter.[103]

In 1071 William defeated the last rebellion of the north. Earl Edwin was betrayed by his own men and killed, while William built a causeway to subdue the Isle of Ely, where Hereward the Wake and Morcar were hiding. Hereward escaped, but Morcar was captured, deprived of his earldom, and imprisoned. In 1072 William invaded Scotland, defeating Malcolm, who had recently invaded the north of England. William and Malcolm agreed to peace by signing the Treaty of Abernethy, and Malcolm probably gave up his son Duncan as a hostage for the peace. Perhaps another stipulation of the treaty was the expulsion of Edgar the Ætheling from Malcolm's court.[104] William then turned his attention to the continent, returning to Normandy in early 1073 to deal with the invasion of Maine by Fulk le Rechin, the Count of Anjou. With a swift campaign, William seized Le Mans from Fulk's forces, completing the campaign by 30 March 1073. This made William's power more secure in northern France, but the new count of Flanders accepted Edgar the Ætheling into his court. Robert also married his half-sister Bertha to the king of France, Philip I, who was opposed to Norman power.[105]

William returned to England to release his army from service in 1073 but quickly returned to Normandy, where he spent all of 1074.[106] He left England in the hands of his supporters, including Richard fitzGilbert and William de Warenne,[107] as well as Lanfranc.[108] William's ability to leave England for an entire year was a sign that he felt that his control of the kingdom was secure.[107] While William was in Normandy, Edgar the Ætheling returned to Scotland from Flanders. The French king, seeking a focus for those opposed to William's power, then proposed that Edgar be given the castle of Montreuil-sur-Mer on the Channel, which would have given Edgar a strategic advantage against William.[109] Edgar was forced to submit to William shortly thereafter, however, and he returned to William's court.[106][r] Philip, although thwarted in this attempt, turned his attentions to Brittany, leading to a revolt in 1075.[109]

Revolt of the Earls

Norwich Castle. The keep dates to after the Revolt of the Earls, but the castle mound is earlier.[110]
In 1075, during William's absence, Ralph de Gael, the Earl of Norfolk, and Roger de Breteuil, the Earl of Hereford, conspired to overthrow William in the "Revolt of the Earls".[108] Ralph was at least part Breton and had spent most of his life prior to 1066 in Brittany, where he still had lands.[111] Roger was a Norman, son of William fitzOsbern, but had inherited less authority than his father held.[112] Ralph's authority seems also to have been less than his predecessors in the earldom, and this was likely the cause of the revolt.[111]

The exact reason for the rebellion is unclear, but it was launched at the wedding of Ralph to a relative of Roger, held at Exning in Suffolk. Another earl, Waltheof, although one of William's favourites, was also involved, and there were some Breton lords who were ready to rebel in support of Ralph and Roger. Ralph also requested Danish aid. William remained in Normandy while his men in England subdued the revolt. Roger was unable to leave his stronghold in Herefordshire because of efforts by Wulfstan, the Bishop of Worcester, and Æthelwig, the Abbot of Evesham. Ralph was bottled up in Norwich Castle by the combined efforts of Odo of Bayeux, Geoffrey de Montbray, Richard fitzGilbert, and William de Warenne. Ralph eventually left Norwich in the control of his wife and left England, finally ending up in Brittany. Norwich was besieged and surrendered, with the garrison allowed to go to Brittany. Meanwhile, the Danish king's brother, Cnut, had finally arrived in England with a fleet of 200 ships, but he was too late as Norwich had already surrendered. The Danes then raided along the coast before returning home.[108] William returned to England later in 1075 to deal with the Danish threat, leaving his wife Matilda in charge of Normandy. He celebrated Christmas at Winchester and dealt with the aftermath of the rebellion.[113] Roger and Waltheof were kept in prison, where Waltheof was executed in May 1076. Before this, William had returned to the continent, where Ralph had continued the rebellion from Brittany.[108]

Troubles at home and abroad

Earl Ralph had secured control of the castle at Dol, and in September 1076 William advanced into Brittany and laid siege to the castle. King Philip of France later relieved the siege and defeated William at Dol, forcing him to retreat back to Normandy. Although this was William's first defeat in battle, it did little to change things. An Angevin attack on Maine was defeated in late 1076 or 1077, with Count Fulk le Rechin wounded in the unsuccessful attack. More serious was the retirement of Simon de Crépy, the Count of Amiens, to a monastery. Before he became a monk, Simon handed his county of the Vexin over to King Philip. The Vexin was a buffer state between Normandy and the lands of the French king, and Simon had been a supporter of William.[s] William was able to make peace with Philip in 1077 and secured a truce with Count Fulk in late 1077 or early 1078.[114]

In late 1077 or early 1078 trouble began between William and his eldest son, Robert. Although Orderic Vitalis describes it as starting with a quarrel between Robert and his two younger brothers, William and Henry, including a story that the quarrel was started when William and Henry threw water at Robert, it is much more likely that Robert was feeling powerless. Orderic relates that he had previously demanded control of Maine and Normandy and had been rebuffed. The trouble in 1077 or 1078 resulted in Robert leaving Normandy accompanied by a band of young men, many of them the sons of William's supporters. Included among them was Robert of Belleme, William de Breteuil, and Roger, the son of Richard fitzGilbert. This band of young men went to the castle at Remalard, where they proceeded to raid into Normandy. The raiders were supported by many of William's continental enemies.[115] William immediately attacked the rebels and drove them from Remalard, but King Philip gave them the castle at Gerberoi, where they were joined by new supporters. William then laid siege to Gerberoi in January 1079. After three weeks, the besieged forces sallied from the castle and managed to take the besiegers by surprise. William was unhorsed by Robert and was only saved from death by an Englishman. William's forces were forced to lift the siege, and the king returned to Rouen. By 12 April 1080, William and Robert had reached an accommodation, with William once more affirming that Robert would receive Normandy when he died.[116]

Map showing William's lands in 1087 (the light pink areas were controlled by William).
Word of William's defeat at Gerberoi stirred up difficulties in northern England. In August and September 1079 King Malcolm of Scots raided south of the River Tweed, devastating the land between the River Tees and the Tweed in a raid that lasted almost a month. The lack of Norman response appears to have caused the Northumbrians to grow restive, and in the spring of 1080 they rebelled against the rule of Walcher, the Bishop of Durham and Earl of Northumbria. The bishop was killed on 14 May 1080, and William dispatched his half-brother Odo to deal with the rebellion.[117] William departed Normandy in July 1080,[118] and in the autumn William's son Robert was sent on a campaign against the Scots. Robert raided into Lothian and forced Malcolm to agree to terms, building a fortification at Newcastle-on-Tyne while returning to England.[117] The king was at Gloucester for Christmas 1080 and at Winchester for Whitsun in 1081, ceremonially wearing his crown on both occasions. A papal embassy arrived in England during this period, asking that William do fealty for England to the papacy, a request that William rejected.[118] William also visited Wales during 1081, although the English and the Welsh sources differ on the exact purpose of the visit. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states that it was a military campaign, but Welsh sources record it as a pilgrimage to St Davids in honour of Saint David. William's biographer David Bates argues that the former explanation is more likely, explaining that the balance of power had recently shifted in Wales and that William would have wished to take advantage of the changed circumstances to extend Norman power. By the end of 1081, William was back on the continent, dealing with disturbances in Maine. Although he led an expedition into Maine, the result was instead a negotiated settlement arranged by a papal legate.[119]

Last years

Sources for William's actions between 1082 and 1084 are meagre. According to the historian David Bates, this probably means that little happened of note, and that because William was on the continent, there was nothing for the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to record.[120] In 1082 William ordered the arrest of his half-brother Odo. The exact reasons are unclear, as no contemporary author recorded what caused the quarrel between the half-brothers. Orderic Vitalis later recorded that Odo had aspirations to become pope. Orderic also related that Odo had attempted to persuade some of William's vassals to join Odo on an invasion of southern Italy. This would have been considered tampering with the king's authority over his vassals, which William would not have tolerated. Although Odo remained in confinement for the rest of William's reign, his lands were not confiscated. More difficulties struck in 1083, when William's eldest son Robert rebelled once more with support from the French king. A further blow was the death of Matilda, William's wife, on 2 November 1083. William was always described as close to his wife, and her death would have added to his problems.[121]

Maine continued to be difficult, with a rebellion by Hubert de Beaumont-au-Maine, probably in 1084. Hubert was besieged in his castle at Sainte-Suzanne by William's forces for at least two years, but he eventually made his peace with the king and was restored to favour. William's movements during 1084 and 1085 are unclear – he was in Normandy at Easter 1084 but may have been in England before then to collect the danegeld assessed that year for the defence of England against an invasion by King Cnut IV of Denmark. Although English and Norman forces remained on alert throughout 1085 and into 1086, the invasion threat was ended by Cnut's death in July 1086.[122]

William as king

Changes in England

The White Tower in London, begun by William[123]
As part of his efforts to secure England, William ordered many castles, keeps, and mottes built – among them the central keep of the Tower of London, the White Tower. These fortifications allowed Normans to retreat into safety when threatened with rebellion and allowed garrisons to be protected while they occupied the countryside. The early castles were simple earth and timber constructions, later replaced with stone structures.[124]

At first, most of the newly settled Normans kept household knights and did not settle their retainers with fiefs of their own, but gradually these household knights came to be granted lands of their own, a process known as subinfeudation. William also required his newly created magnates to contribute fixed quotas of knights towards not only military campaigns but also castle garrisons. This method of organising the military forces was a departure from the pre-Conquest English practice of basing military service on territorial units such as the hide.[125]

By William's death, after weathering a series of rebellions, most of the native Anglo-Saxon aristocracy had been replaced by Norman and other continental magnates. Not all of the Normans who accompanied William in the initial conquest acquired large amounts of land in England. Some appear to have been reluctant to take up lands in a kingdom that did not always appear pacified. Although some of the newly rich Normans in England came from William's close family or from the upper Norman nobility, others were from relatively humble backgrounds.[126] William granted some lands to his continental followers from the holdings of one or more specific Englishmen; at other times, he granted a compact grouping of lands previously held by many different Englishmen to one Norman follower, often to allow for the consolidation of lands around a strategically placed castle.[127]

The medieval chronicler William of Malmesbury says that the king also seized and depopulated many miles of land (36 parishes), turning it into the royal New Forest region to support his enthusiastic enjoyment of hunting. Modern historians have come to the conclusion that the New Forest depopulation was greatly exaggerated. Most of the lands of the New Forest are poor agricultural lands, and archaeological and geographic studies have shown that the New Forest was likely sparsely settled when it was turned into a royal forest.[128] William was known for his love of hunting, and he introduced the forest law into areas of the country, regulating who could hunt and what could be hunted.[129]

Administration

English coin of William the Conqueror
After 1066, William did not attempt to integrate his separate domains into one unified realm with one set of laws. His seal from after 1066, of which six impressions still survive, was made for him after he conquered England and stressed his role as king, while separately mentioning his role as Duke.[t] When in Normandy, William acknowledged that he owed fealty to the French king, but in England no such acknowledgement was made – further evidence that the various parts of William's lands were considered separate. The administrative machinery of Normandy, England, and Maine continued to exist separate from the other lands, with each one retaining its own forms. For example, England continued the use of writs, which were not known on the continent. Also, the charters and documents produced for the government in Normandy differed in formulas from those produced in England.[130]

William took over an English government that was more complex than the Norman system. England was divided into shires or counties, which were further divided into either hundreds or wapentakes. Each shire was administered by a royal official called a sheriff, who roughly had the same status as a Norman viscount. A sheriff was responsible for royal justice and collecting royal revenue.[54] To oversee his expanded domain, William was forced to travel even more than he had as duke. He crossed back and forth between the continent and England at least 19 times between 1067 and his death. William spent most of his time in England between the Battle of Hastings and 1072, and after that he spent the majority of his time in Normandy.[131][u] Government was still centred on William's household; when he was in one part of his realms, decisions would be made for other parts of his domains and transmitted through a communication system that made use of letters and other documents. William also appointed deputies who could make decisions while he was absent, especially if the absence was expected to be lengthy. Usually this was a member of William's close family – frequently his half-brother Odo or his wife Matilda. Sometimes deputies were appointed to deal with specific issues.[132]

William continued the collection of danegeld, a land tax. This was an advantage for William, as it was the only universal tax collected by western European rulers during this period. It was an annual tax based on the value of landholdings, and it could be collected at differing rates. Most years saw the rate of two shillings per hide, but in crises, it could be increased to as much as six shillings per hide.[133] Coinage between the various parts of his domains continued to be minted in different cycles and styles. English coins were generally of high silver content, with high artistic standards, and were required to be re-minted every three years. Norman coins had a much lower silver content, were often of poor artistic quality, and were rarely re-minted. Also, in England no other coinage was allowed, while on the continent other coinage was considered legal tender. Nor is there evidence that many English pennies were circulating in Normandy, which shows little attempt to integrate the monetary systems of England and Normandy.[130]

Besides taxation, William's large landholdings throughout England strengthened his rule. As King Edward's heir, he controlled all of the former royal lands. He also retained control of much of the lands of Harold and his family, which made the king the largest secular landowner in England by a wide margin.[v]

Domesday Book

A page from Domesday Book for Warwickshire
At Christmas 1085, William ordered the compilation of a survey of the landholdings held by himself and by his vassals throughout the kingdom, organised by counties. It resulted in a work now known as the Domesday Book. The listing for each county gives the holdings of each landholder, grouped by owners. The listings describe the holding, who owned the land before the Conquest, its value, what the tax assessment was, and usually the number of peasants, ploughs, and any other resources the holding had. Towns were listed separately. All the English counties south of the River Tees and River Ribble are included, and the whole work seems to have been mostly completed by 1 August 1086, when the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that William received the results and that all the chief magnates swore the Salisbury Oath, a renewal of their oaths of allegiance.[135] William's exact motivation in ordering the survey is unclear, but it probably had several purposes, such as making a record of feudal obligations and justifying increased taxation.

Death and aftermath

William left England towards the end of 1086. Following his arrival back on the continent he married his daughter Constance to Alan Fergant, the Duke of Brittany, in furtherance of his policy of seeking allies against the French kings. William's son Robert, still allied with the French king Philip I, appears to have been active in stirring up trouble, enough so that William led an expedition against the French Vexin in July 1087. While seizing Mantes, William either fell ill or was injured by the pommel of his saddle.[136] He was taken to the priory of Saint Gervase at Rouen, where he died on 9 September 1087. Knowledge of the events preceding his death is confused because there are two different accounts. Orderic Vitalis preserves a lengthy account, complete with speeches made by many of the principals, but this is likely more of an account of how a king should die than of what actually happened. The other, the De Obitu Willelmi, or On the Death of William, has been shown to be a copy of two 9th-century accounts with names changed.[136]

William's grave at Abbaye-aux-Hommes, Caen
William left Normandy to Robert, and the custody of England was given to William's second surviving son, also called William, on the assumption that he would become king. The youngest son, Henry, received money. After entrusting England to his second son, the elder William sent the younger William back to England on 7 or 8 September, bearing a letter to Lanfranc ordering the archbishop to aid the new king. Other bequests included gifts to the Church and money to be distributed to the poor. William also ordered that all of his prisoners be released, including his half-brother Odo.[136]

Disorder followed William's death; everyone who had been at his deathbed left the body at Rouen and hurried off to attend to their own affairs. Eventually, the clergy of Rouen arranged to have the body sent to Caen, where William had desired to be buried in his foundation of the Abbaye-aux-Hommes. The funeral, attended by the bishops and abbots of Normandy as well as his son Henry, was disturbed by the assertion of a citizen of Caen who alleged that his family had been illegally despoiled of the land on which the church was built. After hurried consultations the allegation was shown to be true, and the man was compensated. A further indignity occurred when the corpse was lowered into the tomb. The corpse was too large for the space, and when attendants forced the body into the tomb it burst, spreading a disgusting odour throughout the church.[137]

William's grave is currently marked by a marble slab with a Latin inscription dating from the early 19th century. The tomb has been disturbed several times since 1087, the first time in 1522 when the grave was opened on orders from the papacy. The intact body was restored to the tomb at that time, but in 1562, during the French Wars of Religion, the grave was reopened and the bones scattered and lost, with the exception of one thigh bone. This lone relic was reburied in 1642 with a new marker, which was replaced 100 years later with a more elaborate monument. This tomb was again destroyed during the French Revolution, but was eventually replaced with the current marker.[138][w]

Legacy

The immediate consequence of William's death was a war between his sons Robert and William over control of England and Normandy. Even after the younger William's death in 1100 and the succession of his youngest brother Henry as king, Normandy and England remained contested between the brothers until Robert's capture by Henry at the Battle of Tinchebray in 1106. The difficulties over the succession led to a loss of authority in Normandy, with the aristocracy regaining much of the power they had lost to the elder William. His sons also lost much of their control over Maine, which revolted in 1089 and managed to remain mostly free of Norman influence thereafter.[140]

The impact on England of William's conquest was profound; changes in the Church, aristocracy, culture, and language of the country have persisted into modern times. The Conquest brought the kingdom into closer contact with France and forged ties between France and England that lasted throughout the Middle Ages. Another consequence of William's invasion was the sundering of the formerly close ties between England and Scandinavia. William's government blended elements of the English and Norman systems into a new one that laid the foundations of the later medieval English kingdom.[141] How abrupt and far-reaching were the changes is still a matter of debate among historians, with some such as Richard Southern claiming that the Conquest was the single most radical change in European history between the Fall of Rome and the 20th century. Others, such as H. G. Richardson and G. O. Sayles, see the changes brought about by the Conquest as much less radical than Southern suggests.[142] The historian Eleanor Searle describes William's invasion as "a plan that no ruler but a Scandinavian would have considered".[143]

William's reign has caused historical controversy since before his death. William of Poitiers wrote glowingly of William's reign and its benefits, but the obituary notice for William in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle condemns William in harsh terms.[142] In the years since the Conquest, politicians and other leaders have used William and the events of his reign to illustrate political events throughout English history. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England, Archbishop Matthew Parker saw the Conquest as having corrupted a purer English Church, which Parker attempted to restore. During the 17th and 18th centuries some historians and lawyers saw William's reign as imposing a "Norman yoke" on the native Anglo-Saxons, an argument that continued during the 19th century with further elaborations along nationalistic lines. These various controversies have led to William being seen by some historians either as one of the creators of England's greatness or as inflicting one of the greatest defeats in English history. Others have viewed William as an enemy of the English constitution, or alternatively as its creator.[144]

Family and children

William and his wife Matilda of Flanders had at least nine children.[48] The birth order of the boys is clear, but no source gives the relative order of birth of the daughters.

Robert was born between 1051 and 1054, died 10 February 1134.[48] Duke of Normandy, married Sybilla of Conversano, daughter of Geoffrey, Count of Conversano.[145]
Richard was born before 1056, died around 1075.[48]
William was born between 1056 and 1060, died 2 August 1100.[48] King of England, killed in the New Forest.[146]
Henry was born in late 1068, died 1 December 1135.[48] King of England, married Edith of Scotland, daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland. His second wife was Adeliza of Louvain.[147]
Adeliza (or Adelida,[148] Adelaide[147]) died before 1113, reportedly betrothed to Harold II of England, probably a nun of Saint Léger at Préaux.[148]
Cecilia (or Cecily) was born before 1066, died 1127, Abbess of Holy Trinity, Caen.[48]
Matilda[148] was born around 1061, died perhaps about 1086.[147] Mentioned in Domesday Book as a daughter of William.[48]
Constance died 1090, married Alan IV Fergent, Duke of Brittany.[48]
Adela died 1137, married Stephen, Count of Blois.[48]
(Possibly) Agatha, the betrothed of Alfonso VI of León and Castile.[x]
There is no evidence of any illegitimate children born to William.[152]

Notes

Old Norman: Williame I; Old English: Willelm I
He was regularly described as bastardus (bastard) in non-Norman contemporary sources.
Although the chronicler William of Poitiers claimed that Edward's succession was due to Duke William's efforts, this is highly unlikely, as William was at that time practically powerless in his own duchy.
The exact date of William's birth is confused by contradictory statements by the Norman chroniclers. Orderic Vitalis has William on his deathbed claim that he was 64 years old, which would place his birth around 1023. But elsewhere, Orderic states that William was 8 years old when he father left for Jerusalem in 1035, placing the year of birth in 1027. William of Malmesbury gives an age of 7 for William when his father left, giving 1028. Another source, De Obitu Willelmi, states that William was 59 years old when he died in 1087, allowing for either 1028 or 1029.
This made Emma of Normandy his great-aunt and Edward the Confessor his cousin.
This daughter later married William, lord of La Ferté-Macé.
Walter had two daughters. One became a nun, and the other, Matilda, married Ralph Tesson.
How illegitimacy was viewed by the church and lay society was undergoing a change during this period. The Church, under the influence of the Gregorian reform, held the view that the sin of extramarital sex tainted any offspring that resulted, but nobles had not totally embraced the Church's viewpoint during William's lifetime.[18] By 1135 the illegitimate birth of Robert of Gloucester, son of William's son Henry I of England, was enough to bar Robert's succession as king when Henry died without legitimate male heirs, even though he had some support from the English nobles.[19]
The reasons for the prohibition are not clear. There is no record of the reason from the Council, and the main evidence is from Orderic Vitalis. He hinted obliquely that William and Matilda were too closely related, but gave no details, hence the matter remains obscure.[42]
The exact date of the marriage is unknown, but it was probably in 1051 or 1052, and certainly before the end of 1053, as Matilda is named as William's wife in a charter dated in the later part of that year.[44]
The two monasteries are the Abbaye-aux-Hommes (or St Étienne) for men which was founded by William in about 1059, and the Abbaye aux Dames (or Sainte Trinité) for women which was founded by Matilda around four years later.[47]
Ætheling means "prince of the royal house" and usually denoted a son or brother of a ruling king.[70]
Edgar the Ætheling was another claimant,[74] but Edgar was young,[75] likely only 14 in 1066.[76]
The Bayeux Tapestry may depict a papal banner carried by William's forces, but this is not named as such in the tapestry.[79]
William of Malmesbury states that William did accept Gytha's offer, but William of Poitiers states that William refused the offer.[89] Modern biographers of Harold agree that William refused the offer.[90][91]
Medieval chroniclers frequently referred to 11th-century events only by the season, making more precise dating impossible.
The historian Frank Barlow points out that William had suffered from his uncle Mauger's ambitions while young and thus would not have countenanced creating another such situation.[101]
Edgar remained at William's court until 1086 when he went to the Norman principality in southern Italy.[106]
Although Simon was a supporter of William, the Vexin was actually under the overlordship of King Philip, which is why Philip secured control of the county when Simon became a monk.[114]
The seal shows a mounted knight and is the first extant example of an equestrian seal.[130]
Between 1066 and 1072, William spent only 15 months in Normandy and the rest in England. After returning to Normandy in 1072, William spent around 130 months in Normandy as against about 40 months in England.[131]
In Domesday Book, the king's lands were worth four times as much as the lands of his half-brother Odo, the next largest landowner, and seven times as much as Roger of Montgomery, the third-largest landowner.[134]
The thigh bone currently in the tomb is assumed to be the one that was reburied in 1642, but the Victorian historian E. A. Freeman was of the opinion that the bone had been lost in 1793.[139]
William of Poitiers relates that two brothers, Iberian kings, were competitors for the hand of a daughter of William, which led to a dispute between them.[149] Some historians have identified these as Sancho II of Castile and his brother García II of Galicia, and the bride as Sancho's documented wife Alberta, who bears a non-Iberian name.[150] The anonymous vita of Count Simon of Crépy instead makes the competitors Alfonso VI of León and Robert Guiscard, while William of Malmesbury and Orderic Vitalis both show a daughter of William to have been betrothed to Alfonso "king of Galicia" but to have died before the marriage. In his Historia Ecclesiastica, Orderic specifically names her as Agatha, "former fiancee of Harold".[149][150] This conflicts with Orderic's own earlier additions to the Gesta Normannorum Ducum, where he instead named Harold's fiance as William's daughter, Adelidis.[148] Recent accounts of the complex marital history of Alfonso VI have accepted that he was betrothed to a daughter of William named Agatha,[149][150][151] while Douglas dismisses Agatha as a confused reference to known daughter Adeliza.[48] Elisabeth van Houts is non-committal, being open to the possibility that Adeliza was engaged before becoming a nun, but also accepting that Agatha may have been a distinct daughter of William.[148]

Bet. 07 Jan 1087-06 Jan 1088 in Caen, Calvados, Basse-Normandie, France; Interred at the Abbey of Saint-Étienne. Unfortunately William"s original tombstone of black marble, the same kind as Matilda"s in the Abbaye aux Dames, was destroyed by the Calvinist iconoclasts in the 16th century and his bones scattered.

Family/Spouse: of Flanders, Matilda. Matilda (daughter of of Flanders, Count Baldwin V and de France, Adele) was born on 24 Nov 1031 in Gent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium; was christened after 24 Nov 1031 in Holy Trinity Abbey, Caen, Calvados, Basse-Normandie, France; died on 2 Nov 1083 in Caen, Calvados, Basse-Normandie, France; was buried after 2 Nov 1083 in Caen, Calvados, Basse-Normandie, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Nickname: The Grand
• FSID: 998F-RYD
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1057 and 1087; Count of Burgundy

Notes:

William I (1020 – 12 November 1087), called the Great (le Grand or Tête Hardie, "the Stubborn"), was Count of Burgundy from 1057 to 1087 and Mâcon from 1078 to 1087. He was a son of Renaud I and Alice of Normandy, daughter of Richard II, Duke of Normandy. William was the father of several notable children, including Pope Callixtus II.

In 1057, he succeeded his father and reigned over a territory larger than that of the Franche-Comté itself. In 1087, he died in Besançon, Prince-Archbishopric of Besançon, Holy Roman Empire -- an independent city within the County of Burgundy. He was buried in Besançon's Cathedral of St John.

William married a woman named Stephanie [fr] (a.k.a. Etiennette).

Children of Stephanie (order uncertain):

Renaud II, William's successor, died on First Crusade.
Stephen I, successor to Renaud II, Stephen died on the Crusade of 1101.
Raymond of Burgundy who married Urraca of León and Castile and thus was given the government of Galicia (Spain) (died 1107).
Sybilla (or Maud), married (1080) Eudes I of Burgundy
Gisela of Burgundy, married (1090) Humbert II of Savoy and then Renier I of Montferrat.
Clementia married Robert II, Count of Flanders and was Regent, during his absence. She married secondly Godfrey I, Count of Leuven and was possibly the mother of Joscelin of Louvain.
Guy of Vienne, elected pope, in 1119 at the Abbey of Cluny, as Calixtus II.
William
Eudes.
Hugh III [fr], Archbishop of Besançon.
Stephanie married Lambert, lord of Peyrins, brother of Adhemar of Le Puy)
Ermentrude, married (1065) Theodoric I Count of Montbéliard.
(perhaps) Bertha wife of Alphonso VI of Castile and Leon.
and maybe another daughter.

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Ier_de_Bourgogne https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I,_Count_of_Burgundy His father was Renaud I de Bourgogne, also known as Reginald I Count of BURGUNDY (LDSV-BJ1). https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaud_Ier_de_Bourgogne https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_I,_Count_of_Burgundy His mother was Adélaïde de Normandie (MHT3-W8P). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_of_Normandy https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_de_Normandie_(1002-1038) He married Étiennette de Bourgogne, also known as Stephanie of BURGUNDY (9WYV-M96). https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tiennette_de_Bourgogne Guillaume I de Bourgogne (9S47-R3L) and Étiennette (9WYV-M96) had the following children: ~ Octavien ~ Eudes ~ Renaud II ~ Guillaume ~ Ermentrude ~ Guy ~ Étienne Ier ~ Sybille ~ Raymond ~ Hugues ~ Gisèle ~ Clémence ~ Étiennette ~ Berthe Read the above AGAIN before attempting any merges! !

Family/Spouse: of Burgundy, Stephanie. Stephanie was born in 1035 in France; died in 1088 in France; was buried in 1088 in France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: LDSS-ZMD

Notes:

“Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
“JUDITH OF LENS, born about 1054. She married after January 1070 WALTHEOF, Earl of Northumberland, lord of Potton, Bedfordshire, Waltharnstow, Essex, Conington, Leighton Bromswold, Little Catford, and Sawtry, Huntingdonshire, Barnack, East Farndon, Fotheringay, Harringworth, and Lilford, Northamptonshire, etc., son and heir of Siward, Earl of Northumberland, by Ælfflaed, daughter of Earl Ealdred. They had two daughters, Maud [Queen of Scotland] and Alice. He was still young at the death of his father in 1055. He was active against the Norman in the northern counties and especially at York in 1069. In 1070 he made his peace with King William the Conqueror. He occurs as one of the witnesses to King William's charter to Wells dated 1068. He was present at the marriage of Ralph de Wader at Exning, Cambridgeshire, where the guests entered into a conspiracy against the king. In this he was to some slight extent implicated, but acting on the advise of Archbishop Lanfranc, he crossed over to Normandy to the king, and disclosed the matter to him. The conspiracy having been crushed, the king kept Waltheof with him. But he was accused by his wife, Judith, of more than a mere knowledge of the plot. After a year's deliberation, during which he was imprisoned at Winchester, Waltheof was executed at Winchester, Hampshire 31 May 1075 (or 1076). Two weeks afterwards the king allowed his body to be removed to Croyland Abbey, Lincolnshire, where the abbot buried him in the chapterhouse; his remains were subsequently translated into the church near the altar. At an unknown date, Judith was granted the manor of Elstow, Bedfordshire by her uncle, King William the Conqueror. Sometime prior to 1086, she founded a nunnery at Elstow and endowed it with the vill. She was living in 1086, and presumably died about 1090.

Wharton Anglia Sacra (1691): 159 (Chronicon Sanctæ Crucis Edinburgensis sub A.D. 1076: "Walthevus Comes decollatus est."). Lysons Environs of London 1(2) (1811): 699-700. Dugdale Monasticon Anglicanum 5 (1825): 522-523. Palgrave Docs. & Recs. illus. the Hist. of Scotland 1 (1837): 100-101 xxx (Cronica Canonicorum Beate Marie Huntingdon: "David qui regnavit et duxit Matildam Comitissam Huntingd' neptem Willelmi Regis Anglorum filiam Ivette que fuit filia Lamberti de Louns Comitis."). Col. Top. et Gen. 6 (1840): 261-265. Edwards Liber Monasterii de Hyda (Rolls Ser. 45) (1866): 294-295 (Judith [of Lens], wife of Earl Waltheof, styled "king's kinswoman" [consanguineam regis] [i.e., kinswoman of King William the Conqueror]). Freeman Hist. of the Norman Conquest of England 4 (1871): 813-815 (re. connection of Earl Waltheof with conspiracy of Ralph). Remarks & Colls. of Thomas Hearne 3 (Oxford Hist. Soc.) (1889): 104 (ped. chart). Searle Ingulf & the Historia Croylandensis (1894): 104-110 (biog. of Earl Waltheof, the martyr). Notes & Queries 9th Ser. 8 (1901): 525-526. Rutland Mag. & County Hist. Rec. 3 (1908): 97-106, 129-137. VCH Bedford 2 (1908): 237-242; 3 (1912): 280-281, 296-305. Pubs. of Bedfordshire Hist. Rec. Soc. 9 (1925): 23-34. VCH Northampton 3 (1930): 227-231. VCH Huntingdon 3 (1936): 86-92, 144-151, 203-212. Arch. Aeliana 30 (1952): 200-201. Giles Vita et Passio Waldevi comitis in Original Lives of Anglo-Saxons and others who lived before the Conquest (Caxton Soc. 16) (1954): 1-30. Offler Durham Episcopal Charters 1071-1152 (1968): 2, 5, 6, 16n, 27, 30-31, 39-47. VCH Essex 6 (1973): 253-263. VCH Cambridge 6 (1978): 177-182. Winter Descs. of Charlemagne (800-1400) (1987): XI.227, XII.398-XII.399. Schwennicke Europaische Stammtafeln 3(4) (1989): 621 (sub Boulogne). Bower Scotichronicon 3 (1995): 64-65 & 126-127 (instances of Judith, wife of Earl Waltheof, styled "niece" [neptis] of King William the Conqueror). Van Houts Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigny 2 (1995): 270-273 (Deeds of the Norman Dukes: "Waltheof had three daughters by his wife [Judith], a daughter of the countess of Aumâle, who was a uterine sister of William the elder, king of the English. Simon de Senlis married another of Earl Waltheof’s daughters and received with her the earldom of Huntingdon. He had by her a son called Simon. After the death of Earl Simon, David, brother of secundae Maud, queen of the English, married his widow, by whom he had one son. After the death of his brothers Duncan and Alexander, kings of Scots, he became king. Another of Waltheof’s daughters, Judith [recte Alice], married Rodolf de Toeny, as we have already mentioned. The third daughter [recte granddaughter] was married by Robert Fitz Richard, as we have also mentioned above."). William The English & the Norman Conquest (1995). Tanner Fams., Friends, & Allies (2004): 290 (chart).
Children of Judith of Lens, by Waltheof of Northumberland:
i. MAUD OF NORTHUMBERLAND [see next].
ii. ALICE OF NORTHUMBERLAND, married RALPH DE TONY, of Flamstead, Hertfordshire [see TONY 3].”
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Judith was a niece of William the Conqueror. She was a daughter of his sister Adelaide of Normandy, Countess of Aumale and Lambert II, Count of Lens.
In 1070, Judith married Earl Waltheof of Huntingdon and Northumbria. They had three children. Their eldest daughter, Maud, brought the earldom of Huntingdon to her second husband, David I of Scotland. Their daughter, Adelise, married Raoul III de Conches whose sister, Godehilde, married Baldwin I of Jerusalem.

In 1075, Waltheof joined the Revolt of the Earls against William. It was the last serious act of resistance against the Norman conquest of England. Judith betrayed Waltheof to her uncle, who had Waltheof beheaded on 31 May 1076. After Waltheof's execution Judith was betrothed by William to Simon I of St. Liz, 1st Earl of Northampton. Judith refused to marry Simon and she fled the country to avoid William's anger. William then temporarily confiscated all of Judith's English estates. Simon, later, married, as his second wife, Judith's daughter, Maud, as her first husband.
Judith founded Elstow Abbey in Bedfordshire around 1078. She also founded churches at Kempston and Hitchin.
She had land-holdings in 10 counties in the Midlands and East Anglia. Her holdings included land at:
• Earls Barton, Northamptonshire
• Great Doddington, Northamptonshire
• Grendon, Northamptonshire
• Merton, Oxfordshire
• Piddington, Oxfordshire
• Potton, Bedfordshire

"Countess Judith of Lens was a niece of William the Conqueror. She was a daughter of his sister Adelaide of Normandy, Countess of Aumale and Lambert II, Count of Lens."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_of_Lens

[NB: Information sourced from Wikipedia is subject to change by third-parties. Follow the URL(s) noted above to review the latest content.]

. In 1070, Judith married Earl Waltheof of Huntingdon and Northumbria. They had three children - Maud de Lens aka Matilda (1074-1130), Judith (1075-1137) and Adelese aka Alice (c1075/6-1126). Their eldest daughter, Maud, brought the earldom of Huntingdon to her second husband, David I of Scotland. Their daughter, Adelise, married Raoul III de Conches whose sister, Godehilde, married Baldwin I of Jerusalem.

In 1075, Waltheof joined the Revolt of the Earls against William. It was the last serious act of resistance against the Norman conquest of England. Some sources claim that Judith betrayed Waltheof to the bishop of Winchester, who informed her uncle, the king. Other sources say that Waltheof was innocent and that it was he who notified the bishop and king of the plot. Waltheof was beheaded on 31 May 1076 at St. Giles Hill, near Winchester.

After Waltheof's execution, Judith was betrothed by William to Simon I of St. Liz, 1st Earl of Northampton by her uncle, William. Judith refused to marry Simon and fled the country to avoid William's anger. He then (temporarily) confiscated all Judith's English estates. Simon married Judith's daughter, Maud, in or before 1090.
The parish of Sawtry Judith in Huntingdonshire is named after the Countess

Judith married Siwardsson, Waltheof of Northumbria in 1070. Waltheof (son of Digri, Siward Earl of Northumbria and of Bamburgh, Ælfflæd) was born in 1050 in Wallsend, Northumberland, England; died on 31 May 1076 in St Giles Hill, Hampshire, England; was buried after 31 May 1076 in Crowland Abbey, Crowland, Lincolnshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Birth: Between 7 Sep and 6 Oct 1068, Selby, Yorkshire, England
• FSID: LT7P-862
• Birth: 1068, Selby, Yorkshire, England
• Appointments / Titles: 3 Aug 1100; King of England
• Appointments / Titles: 28 Sep 1106, Normandy, France; Duke of Normandie
• Death: 1 Dec 1135, Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France
• Death: 8 Dec 1135, La Forêt, Eure, Haute-Normandie, France
• Burial: 11 Jan 1136, Reading Abbey, Reading, Berkshire, England

Notes:

Henry I
Miniature from Matthew Paris's
Historia Anglorum
King of England (more ...)
Tenure 2 August 1100 – 1 December 1135
Coronation 5 August 1100
Predecessor William II
Successor Stephen
Duke of Normandy
Tenure 1106 – 1 December 1135
Predecessor Robert Curthose
Successor Stephen
Born c. 1068
Possibly Selby, Yorkshire
Died 1 December 1135 (aged 66–67)
Saint-Denis-en-Lyons, Normandy
Burial Reading Abbey
Spouse Matilda of Scotland
m. 1100; dec. 1118
Adeliza of Louvain
m. 1121; wid. 1135
Issue Matilda, Holy Roman Empress
Henry I of England
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Henry I (c. 1068 – 1 December 1135), also known as Henry
Beauclerc, was King of England from 1100 to his death.
Henry was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and was
educated in Latin and the liberal arts. On William's death in
1087, Henry's elder brothers Robert Curthose and William
Rufus inherited Normandy and England, respectively, but
Henry was left landless. Henry purchased the County of
Cotentin in western Normandy from Robert, but William and
Robert deposed him in 1091. Henry gradually rebuilt his
power base in the Cotentin and allied himself with William
against Robert. Henry was present when William died in a
hunting accident in 1100, and he seized the English throne,
promising at his coronation to correct many of William's less
popular policies. Henry married Matilda of Scotland but
continued to have a large number of mistresses by whom he
had many illegitimate children.
Robert, who invaded in 1101, disputed Henry's control of
England; this military campaign ended in a negotiated
settlement that confirmed Henry as king. The peace was
short-lived, and Henry invaded the Duchy of Normandy in
1105 and 1106, finally defeating Robert at the Battle of
Tinchebray. Henry kept Robert imprisoned for the rest of his
life. Henry's control of Normandy was challenged by Louis
VI of France, Baldwin VII of Flanders and Fulk V of Anjou,
who promoted the rival claims of Robert's son, William
Clito, and supported a major rebellion in the Duchy between
1116 and 1119. Following Henry's victory at the Battle of
Brémule, a favourable peace settlement was agreed with
Louis in 1120.
Considered by contemporaries to be a harsh but effective
ruler, Henry skilfully manipulated the barons in England and
Normandy. In England, he drew on the existing Anglo-Saxon
system of justice, local government and taxation, but also
strengthened it with additional institutions, including the
royal exchequer and itinerant justices. Normandy was also
governed through a growing system of justices and an
exchequer. Many of the officials who ran Henry's system
were "new men" of obscure backgrounds rather than from
families of high status, who rose through the ranks as
administrators. Henry encouraged ecclesiastical reform, but
became embroiled in a serious dispute in 1101 with
Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury, which was resolved
through a compromise solution in 1105. He supported the
Cluniac order and played a major role in the selection of the
senior clergy in England and Normandy.
more ... William Adelin
Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester
Alice FitzRoy
Gilbert FitzRoy
Matilda FitzRoy, Countess of Perche
Fulk FitzRoy
Sybilla, Queen of Scots
Reginald de Dunstanville, 1st Earl of
Cornwall
Robert FitzEdith, Lord Okehampton
Henry FitzRoy (d. 1158)
Matilda FitzRoy, Abbess of
Montvilliers
House Normandy
Father William I of England
Mother Matilda of Flanders
Henry's only legitimate son and heir, William Adelin,
drowned in the White Ship disaster of 1120, throwing the
royal succession into doubt. Henry took a second wife,
Adeliza, in the hope of having another son, but their
marriage was childless. In response to this, Henry declared
his daughter, Matilda, his heir and married her to Geoffrey of
Anjou. The relationship between Henry and the couple
became strained, and fighting broke out along the border
with Anjou. Henry died on 1 December 1135 after a week of
illness. Despite his plans for Matilda, the King was
succeeded by his nephew, Stephen of Blois, resulting in a
period of civil war known as the Anarchy.
Contents
1 Early life, 1068–1099
1.1 Childhood and appearance, 1068–86
1.2 Inheritance, 1087–88
1.3 Count of the Cotentin, 1088–90
1.4 Fall and rise, 1091–99
2 Early reign, 1100–06
2.1 Taking the throne, 1100
2.2 Marriage to Matilda, 1100
2.3 Treaty of Alton, 1101–02
2.4 Conquest of Normandy, 1103–06
3 Government, family and household
3.1 Government, law and court
3.2 Relations with the church
4 Later reign, 1107–35
4.1 Continental and Welsh politics, 1108–14
4.2 Rebellion, 1115–20
4.3 Succession crisis, 1120–23
4.4 Planning the succession, 1124–34
5 Death and legacy
5.1 Death, 1135
5.2 Historiography
6 Family and children
6.1 Legitimate
6.2 Illegitimate
7 Ancestors
8 Notes
9 References
10 Bibliography
Early life, 1068–1099
Childhood and appearance, 1068–86
Henry was probably born in England in 1068, in either the summer or the last weeks of the year, possibly in the
town of Selby in Yorkshire.[1][nb 1] His father was William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, who had
invaded England in 1066 to become the King of England, establishing lands stretching into Wales. The invasion
had created an Anglo-Norman elite, many with estates spread across both sides of the English Channel.[2]
13th-century depiction of Henry
These Anglo-Norman barons typically had close links to the kingdom of France, which was then a loose
collection of counties and smaller polities, under only the minimal control of the king.[3] Henry's mother,
Matilda of Flanders, was the granddaughter of Robert II of France, and she probably named Henry after her
uncle, King Henry I of France.[4]
Henry was the youngest of William and Matilda's four sons. Physically he resembled his older brothers Robert
Curthose, Richard and William Rufus, being, as historian David Carpenter describes, "short, stocky and barrelchested,"
with black hair.[5] As a result of their age differences and Richard's early death, Henry would have
probably seen relatively little of his older brothers.[6] He probably knew his sister, Adela, well, as the two were
close in age.[7] There is little documentary evidence for his early years; historians Warren Hollister and
Kathleen Thompson suggest he was brought up predominantly in England, while Judith Green argues he was
initially brought up in the Duchy.[8][nb 2] He was probably educated by the Church, possibly by Bishop
Osmund, the King's chancellor, at Salisbury Cathedral; it is uncertain if this indicated an intent by his parents
for Henry to become a member of the clergy.[10][nb 3] It is also uncertain how far Henry's education extended,
but he was probably able to read Latin and had some background in the liberal arts.[11] He was given military
training by an instructor called Robert Achard, and Henry was knighted by his father on 24 May 1086.[12]
Inheritance, 1087–88
In 1087, William was fatally injured during a campaign in the Vexin.[13]
Henry joined his dying father near Rouen in September, where the King
partitioned his possessions among his sons.[14] The rules of succession
in western Europe at the time were uncertain; in some parts of France,
primogeniture, in which the eldest son would inherit a title, was
growing in popularity.[15] In other parts of Europe, including Normandy
and England, the tradition was for lands to be divided up, with the eldest
son taking patrimonial lands – usually considered to be the most
valuable – and younger sons given smaller, or more recently acquired,
partitions or estates.[15]
In dividing his lands, William appears to have followed the Norman
tradition, distinguishing between Normandy, which he had inherited,
and England, which he had acquired through war.[16] William's second
son, Richard, had died in a hunting accident, leaving Henry and his two brothers to inherit William's estate.
Robert, the eldest, despite being in armed rebellion against his father at the time of his death, received
Normandy.[17] England was given to William Rufus, who was in favour with the dying king.[17] Henry was
given a large sum of money, usually reported as £5,000, with the expectation that he would also be given his
mother's modest set of lands in Buckinghamshire and Gloucestershire.[18][nb 4] William's funeral at Caen was
marred by angry complaints from a local man, and Henry may have been responsible for resolving the dispute
by buying off the protester with silver.[20]
Robert returned to Normandy, expecting to have been given both the Duchy and England, to find that William
Rufus had crossed the Channel and been crowned king, as William II.[21] The two brothers disagreed
fundamentally over the inheritance, and Robert soon began to plan an invasion of England to seize the
kingdom, helped by a rebellion by some of the leading nobles against William Rufus.[22] Henry remained in
Normandy and took up a role within Robert's court, possibly either because he was unwilling to openly side
with William Rufus, or because Robert might have taken the opportunity to confiscate Henry's inherited money
if he had tried to leave.[21][nb 5] William Rufus sequestered Henry's new estates in England, leaving Henry
landless.[24]
Depiction of Bishop Odo (centre) who
imprisoned Henry from 1088–89
In 1088, Robert's plans for the invasion of England began to falter, and he turned to Henry, proposing that his
brother lend him some of his inheritance, which Henry refused.[25] Henry and Robert then came to an
alternative arrangement, in which Robert would make Henry the count of western Normandy, in exchange for
£3,000.[25][nb 6] Henry's lands were a new countship based around a delegation of the ducal authority in the
Cotentin, but it extended across the Avranchin, with control over the bishoprics of both.[27] This also gave
Henry influence over two major Norman leaders, Hugh d'Avranches and Richard de Redvers, and the abbey of
Mont Saint-Michel, whose lands spread out further across the Duchy.[28] Robert's invasion force failed to leave
Normandy, leaving William Rufus secure in England.[29]
Count of the Cotentin, 1088–90
Henry quickly established himself as count, building up a network of
followers from western Normandy and eastern Brittany, whom historian
John Le Patourel has characterised as "Henry's gang".[30] His early
supporters included Roger of Mandeville, Richard of Redvers, Richard
d'Avranches and Robert Fitzhamon, along with the churchman Roger of
Salisbury.[31] Robert attempted to go back on his deal with Henry and
re-appropriate the county, but Henry's grip was already sufficiently firm
to prevent this.[32] Robert's rule of the Duchy was chaotic, and parts of
Henry's lands became almost independent of central control from
Rouen.[33]
During this period, neither William nor Robert seems to have trusted
Henry.[34] Waiting until the rebellion against William Rufus was safely over, Henry returned to England in July
1088.[35] He met with the King but was unable to persuade him to grant him their mother's estates, and
travelled back to Normandy in the autumn.[36] While he had been away, however, Odo, the Bishop of Bayeux,
who regarded Henry as a potential competitor, had convinced Robert that Henry was conspiring against the
duke with William Rufus.[37] On landing, Odo seized Henry and imprisoned him in Neuilly-la-Forêt, and
Robert took back the county of the Cotentin.[38] Henry was held there over the winter, but in the spring of 1089
the senior elements of the Normandy nobility prevailed upon Robert to release him.[39]
Although no longer formally the Count of Cotentin, Henry continued to control the west of Normandy.[40] The
struggle between Henry's brothers continued. William Rufus continued to put down resistance to his rule in
England, but began to build a number of alliances against Robert with barons in Normandy and neighbouring
Ponthieu.[41] Robert allied himself with Philip I of France.[42] In late 1090 William Rufus encouraged Conan
Pilatus, a powerful burgher in Rouen, to rebel against Robert; Conan was supported by most of Rouen and
made appeals to the neighbouring ducal garrisons to switch allegiance as well.[43]
Robert issued an appeal for help to his barons, and Henry was the first to arrive in Rouen in November.[44]
Violence broke out, leading to savage, confused street fighting as both sides attempted to take control of the
city.[44] Robert and Henry left the castle to join the battle, but Robert then retreated, leaving Henry to continue
the fighting.[45] The battle turned in favour of the ducal forces and Henry took Conan prisoner.[45] Henry was
angry that Conan had turned against his feudal lord. He had him taken to the top of Rouen Castle and then,
despite Conan's offers to pay a huge ransom, threw him off the top of the castle to his death.[46] Contemporaries
considered Henry to have acted appropriately in making an example of Conan, and Henry became famous for
his exploits in the battle.[47]
Fall and rise, 1091–99
Mont Saint-Michel, site of the 1091
siege
In the aftermath, Robert forced Henry to leave Rouen, probably because
Henry's role in the fighting had been more prominent than his own, and
possibly because Henry had asked to be formally reinstated as the count
of the Cotentin.[48] In early 1091, William Rufus invaded Normandy
with a sufficiently large army to bring Robert to the negotiating
table.[49] The two brothers signed a treaty at Rouen, granting William
Rufus a range of lands and castles in Normandy. In return, William
Rufus promised to support Robert's attempts to regain control of the
neighbouring county of Maine, once under Norman control, and help in
regaining control over the Duchy, including Henry's lands.[49] They
nominated each other as heirs to England and Normandy, excluding
Henry from any succession while either one of them lived.[50]
War now broke out between Henry and his brothers.[51] Henry mobilised a mercenary army in the west of
Normandy, but as William Rufus and Robert's forces advanced, his network of baronial support melted
away.[52] Henry focused his remaining forces at Mont Saint-Michel, where he was besieged, probably in March
1091.[53] The site was easy to defend, but lacked fresh water.[54] The chronicler William of Malmesbury
suggested that when Henry's water ran short, Robert allowed his brother fresh supplies, leading to
remonstrations between Robert and William Rufus.[55] The events of the final days of the siege are unclear: the
besiegers had begun to argue about the future strategy for the campaign, but Henry then abandoned Mont Saint-
Michel, probably as part of a negotiated surrender.[56][nb 7] He left for Brittany and crossed over into France.[57]
Henry's next steps are not well documented; one chronicler, Orderic Vitalis, suggests that he travelled in the
French Vexin, along the Normandy border, for over a year with a small band of followers.[58] By the end of the
year, Robert and William Rufus had fallen out once again, and the Treaty of Rouen had been abandoned.[59] In
1092, Henry and his followers seized the Normandy town of Domfront.[60] Domfront had previously been
controlled by Robert of Bellême, but the inhabitants disliked his rule and invited Henry to take over the town,
which he did in a bloodless coup.[61] Over the next two years, Henry re-established his network of supporters
across western Normandy, forming what Judith Green terms a "court in waiting".[62] By 1094, he was
allocating lands and castles to his followers as if he were the Duke of Normandy.[63] William Rufus began to
support Henry with money, encouraging his campaign against Robert, and Henry used some of this to construct
a substantial castle at Domfront.[64]
William Rufus crossed into Normandy to take the war to Robert in 1094, and when progress stalled, called
upon Henry for assistance.[65] Henry responded, but travelled to London instead of joining the main campaign
further east in Normandy, possibly at the request of the King, who in any event abandoned the campaign and
returned to England.[66][nb 8] Over the next few years, Henry appears to have strengthened his power base in
western Normandy, visiting England occasionally to attend at William Rufus's court.[68] In 1095 Pope Urban II
called the First Crusade, encouraging knights from across Europe to join.[67] Robert joined the Crusade,
borrowing money from William Rufus to do so, and granting the King temporary custody of his part of the
Duchy in exchange.[69] The King appeared confident of regaining the remainder of Normandy from Robert,
and Henry appeared ever closer to William Rufus, the pair campaigning together in the Norman Vexin between
1097 and 1098.[70]
Early reign, 1100–06
Taking the throne, 1100
A 17th-century manuscript
drawing of Henry's
coronation.
Henry became King of England following the death of William Rufus, who had
been shot while hunting.[71] On the afternoon of 2 August 1100, the King had
gone hunting in the New Forest, accompanied by a team of huntsmen and a
number of the Norman nobility, including Henry.[72] An arrow was fired,
possibly by the baron Walter Tirel, which hit and killed William Rufus.[73]
Numerous conspiracy theories have been put forward suggesting that the King
was killed deliberately; most modern historians reject these, as hunting was a
risky activity, and such accidents were common.[74][nb 9] Chaos broke out, and
Tirel fled the scene for France, either because he had fired the fatal shot, or
because he had been incorrectly accused and feared that he would be made a
scapegoat for the King's death.[73]
Henry rode to Winchester, where an argument ensued as to who now had the
best claim to the throne.[76] William of Breteuil championed the rights of
Robert, who was still abroad, returning from the Crusade, and to whom Henry
and the barons had given homage in previous years.[77] Henry argued that,
unlike Robert, he had been born to a reigning king and queen, thereby giving him a claim under the right of
porphyrogeniture.[78] Tempers flared, but Henry, supported by Henry de Beaumont and Robert of Meulan, held
sway and persuaded the barons to follow him.[79] He occupied Winchester Castle and seized the royal
treasury.[80]
Henry was hastily crowned king in Westminster Abbey on 5 August by Maurice, the Bishop of London, as
Anselm, the Archbishop of Canterbury, had been exiled by William Rufus, and Thomas, the Archbishop of
York, was in the north of England at Ripon.[81] In accordance with English tradition and in a bid to legitimise
his rule, Henry issued a coronation charter laying out various commitments.[82] The new king presented
himself as having restored order to a trouble-torn country.[83] He announced that he would abandon William
Rufus's policies towards the Church, which had been seen as oppressive by the clergy; he promised to prevent
royal abuses of the barons' property rights, and assured a return to the gentler customs of Edward the
Confessor; he asserted that he would "establish a firm peace" across England and ordered "that this peace shall
henceforth be kept".[84]
In addition to his existing circle of supporters, many of whom were richly rewarded with new lands, Henry
quickly co-opted many of the existing administration into his new royal household.[85] William Giffard,
William Rufus's chancellor, was made the Bishop of Winchester, and the prominent sheriffs Urse d'Abetot,
Haimo Dapifer and Robert Fitzhamon continued to play a senior role in government.[85] By contrast, the
unpopular Ranulf Flambard, the Bishop of Durham and a key member of the previous regime, was imprisoned
in the Tower of London and charged with corruption.[86] The late king had left many church positions unfilled,
and Henry set about nominating candidates to these, in an effort to build further support for his new
government.[87] The appointments needed to be consecrated, and Henry wrote to Anselm, apologising for
having been crowned while the Archbishop was still in France and asking him to return at once.[88]
Marriage to Matilda, 1100
On 11 November 1100 Henry married Matilda, the daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland.[89] Henry was now
around 31 years old, but late marriages for noblemen were not unusual in the 11th century.[90] The pair had
probably first met earlier the previous decade, possibly being introduced through Bishop Osmund of
Salisbury.[91] Historian Warren Hollister argues that Henry and Matilda were emotionally close, but their union
was also certainly politically motivated.[92][nb 10] Matilda had originally been named Edith, an Anglo-Saxon
name, and was a member of the West Saxon royal family, being the niece of Edgar the Ætheling, the greatHenry's
first wife, Matilda of Scotland
Early 14th-century depiction of Henry
granddaughter of Edmund Ironside and a descendant of Alfred the
Great.[94] For Henry, marrying Matilda gave his reign increased
legitimacy, and for Matilda, an ambitious woman, it was an opportunity
for high status and power in England.[95]
Matilda had been educated in a sequence of convents, however, and
may well have taken the vows to formally become a nun, which formed
an obstacle to the marriage progressing.[96] She did not wish to be a nun
and appealed to Anselm for permission to marry Henry, and the
Archbishop established a council at Lambeth Palace to judge the
issue.[96] Despite some dissenting voices, the council concluded that
although Matilda had lived in a convent, she had not actually become a
nun and was therefore free to marry, a judgement that Anselm then
affirmed, allowing the marriage to proceed.[96][nb 11] Matilda proved an
effective queen for Henry, acting as a regent in England on occasion, addressing and presiding over councils,
and extensively supporting the arts.[98] The couple soon had two children, Matilda, born in 1102, and William
Adelin, born in 1103; it is possible that they also had a second son, Richard, who died young.[99][nb 12]
Following the birth of these children, Matilda preferred to remain based in Westminster while Henry travelled
across England and Normandy, either for religious reasons or because she enjoyed being involved in the
machinery of royal governance.[101]
Henry had a considerable sexual appetite and enjoyed a substantial number of sexual partners, resulting in a
large number of illegitimate children, at least nine sons and 13 daughters, many of whom he appears to have
recognised and supported.[102] It was normal for unmarried Anglo-Norman noblemen to have sexual relations
with prostitutes and local women, and kings were also expected to have mistresses.[103][nb 13] Some of these
relationships occurred before Henry was married, but many others took place after his marriage to Matilda.[104]
Henry had a wide range of mistresses from a range of backgrounds, and the relationships appear to have been
conducted relatively openly.[101] He may have chosen some of his noble mistresses for political purposes, but
the evidence to support this theory is limited.[105]
Treaty of Alton, 1101–02
By early 1101, Henry's new regime was established and functioning, but
many of the Anglo-Norman elite still supported Robert, or would be
prepared to switch sides if Henry's elder brother appeared likely to gain
power in England.[106] In February, Flambard escaped from the Tower
of London and crossed the Channel to Normandy, where he injected
fresh direction and energy to Robert's attempts to mobilise an invasion
force.[107] By July, Robert had formed an army and a fleet, ready to
move against Henry in England.[108] Raising the stakes in the conflict,
Henry seized Flambard's lands and, with the support of Anselm,
Flambard was removed from his position as bishop.[109] Henry held
court in April and June, where the nobility renewed their oaths of
allegiance to him, but their support still appeared partial and shaky.[110]
With the invasion imminent, Henry mobilised his forces and fleet
outside Pevensey, close to Robert's anticipated landing site, training
some of them personally in how to counter cavalry charges.[111] Despite
English levies and knights owing military service to the Church arriving in considerable numbers, many of his
barons did not appear.[112] Anselm intervened with some of the doubters, emphasising the religious importance
The village of Tinchebray in 2008
of their loyalty to Henry.[113] Robert unexpectedly landed further up the coast at Portsmouth on 20 July with a
modest force of a few hundred men, but these were quickly joined by many of the barons in England.[114]
However, instead of marching into nearby Winchester and seizing Henry's treasury, Robert paused, giving
Henry time to march west and intercept the invasion force.[115]
The two armies met at Alton where peace negotiations began, possibly initiated by either Henry or Robert, and
probably supported by Flambard.[115] The brothers then agreed to the Treaty of Alton, under which Robert
released Henry from his oath of homage and recognised him as king; Henry renounced his claims on western
Normandy, except for Domfront, and agreed to pay Robert £2,000 a year for life; if either brother died without
a male heir, the other would inherit his lands; the barons whose lands had been seized by either the King or the
Duke for supporting his rival would have them returned, and Flambard would be reinstated as bishop; the two
brothers would campaign together to defend their territories in Normandy.[116][nb 14] Robert remained in
England for a few months more with Henry before returning to Normandy.[118]
Despite the treaty, Henry set about inflicting severe penalties on the barons who had stood against him during
the invasion.[119] William de Warenne, the Earl of Surrey, was accused of fresh crimes, which were not covered
by the Alton amnesty, and was banished from England.[120] In 1102 Henry then turned against Robert of
Bellême and his brothers, the most powerful of the barons, accusing him of 45 different offences.[121] Robert
escaped and took up arms against Henry.[122] Henry besieged Robert's castles at Arundel, Tickhill and
Shrewsbury, pushing down into the south-west to attack Bridgnorth.[123] His power base in England broken,
Robert accepted Henry's offer of banishment and left the country for Normandy.[124]
Conquest of Normandy, 1103–06
Henry's network of allies in Normandy became stronger during
1103.[125] Henry married Juliana, one of his illegitimate daughters, to
Eustace of Breteuil, and another illegitimate daughter, Matilda, to
Rotrou, the Count of Perche, on the Normandy border.[126] Henry
attempted to win over other members of the Normandy nobility and
gave other English estates and lucrative offers to key Norman lords.[127]
Duke Robert continued to fight Robert of Bellême, but the Duke's
position worsened, until by 1104, he had to ally himself formally with
Bellême to survive.[128] Arguing that Duke Robert had broken the terms
of their treaty, Henry crossed over the Channel to Domfront, where he
met with senior barons from across Normandy, eager to ally themselves with the King.[129] Henry confronted
his brother and accused him of siding with his enemies, before returning to England.[130]
Normandy continued to disintegrate into chaos.[131] In 1105, Henry sent his friend Robert Fitzhamon and a
force of knights into the Duchy, apparently to provoke a confrontation with Duke Robert.[132] Fitzhamon was
captured, and Henry used this as an excuse to invade, promising to restore peace and order.[131] Henry had the
support of most of the neighbouring counts around Normandy's borders, and King Philip of France was
persuaded to remain neutral.[133] Henry occupied western Normandy, and advanced east on Bayeux, where
Fitzhamon was held.[134] The city refused to surrender, and Henry besieged it, burning it to the ground.[134]
Terrified of meeting the same fate, the town of Caen switched sides and surrendered, allowing Henry to
advance on Falaise, which he took with some casualties.[135] Henry's campaign stalled, and the King instead
began peace discussions with Robert.[136] The negotiations were inconclusive and the fighting dragged on until
Christmas, when Henry returned to England.[137]
Henry's royal seal, showing the King on horseback (l) and seated on
his throne (r)
Henry invaded again in July 1106, hoping to provoke a decisive battle.[138] After some initial tactical successes,
he turned south-west towards the castle of Tinchebray.[139] He besieged the castle and Duke Robert, supported
by Robert of Bellême, advanced from Falaise to relieve it.[139] After attempts at negotiation failed, the Battle of
Tinchebray took place, probably on 28 September.[140][nb 15] The battle lasted around an hour, and began with a
charge by Duke Robert's cavalry; the infantry and dismounted knights of both sides then joined the battle.[142]
Henry's reserves, led by Elias, the Count of Maine and Alan, the Duke of Brittany, attacked the enemy's flanks,
routing first Bellême's troops and then the bulk of the ducal forces.[143] Duke Robert was taken prisoner, but
Bellême escaped.[143]
Henry mopped up the remaining resistance in Normandy, and Robert ordered his last garrisons to
surrender.[144] Reaching Rouen, Henry reaffirmed the laws and customs of Normandy and took homage from
the leading barons and citizens.[145] The lesser prisoners taken at Tinchebray were released, but Robert and
several other leading nobles were imprisoned indefinitely.[146] Henry's nephew, Robert's son William Clito, was
only three years old and was released to the care of Helias of Saint-Saens, a Norman baron.[147] Henry
reconciled himself with Robert of Bellême, who gave up the ducal lands he had seized and rejoined the royal
court.[148] Henry had no way of legally removing the Duchy from his brother Robert, and initially Henry
avoided using the title "duke" at all, emphasising that, as the King of England, he was only acting as the
guardian of the troubled Duchy.[149]
Government, family and household
Government, law and court
Henry inherited the kingdom of England
from William Rufus, giving him a claim of
suzerainty over Wales and Scotland, and
acquired the Duchy of Normandy, a
complex entity with troubled borders.[150]
The borders between England and Scotland
were still uncertain during Henry's reign,
with Anglo-Norman influence pushing
northwards through Cumbria, but Henry's
relationship with King David I of Scotland
was generally good, partially due to Henry's
marriage to his sister.[151] In Wales, Henry
used his power to coerce and charm the
indigenous Welsh princes, while Norman
Marcher Lords pushed across the valleys of
South Wales.[152] Normandy was controlled via various interlocking networks of ducal, ecclesiastical and
family contacts, backed by a growing string of important ducal castles along the borders.[153] Alliances and
relationships with neighbouring counties along the Norman border were particularly important to maintaining
the stability of the Duchy.[154]
Henry ruled through the various barons and lords in England and Normandy, whom he manipulated skilfully
for political effect.[155] Political friendships, termed amicitia in Latin, were important during the 12th century,
and Henry maintained a wide range of these, mediating between his friends in various factions across his realm
when necessary, and rewarding those who were loyal to him.[156] Henry also had a reputation for punishing
those barons who stood against him, and he maintained an effective network of informers and spies who
reported to him on events.[157] Henry was a harsh, firm ruler, but not excessively so by the standards of the
day.[158] Over time, he increased the degree of his control over the barons, removing his enemies and bolstering
his friends until the "reconstructed baronage", as historian Warren Hollister describes it, was predominantly
loyal and dependent on the King.[159]
Henry's itinerant royal court comprised various parts.[160] At the heart was Henry's domestic household, called
the domus; a wider grouping was termed the familia regis, and formal gatherings of the court were termed
curia.[161] The domus was divided into several parts. The chapel, headed by the chancellor, looked after the
royal documents, the chamber dealt with financial affairs and the master-marshal was responsible for travel and
accommodation.[162] The familia regis included Henry's mounted household troops, up to several hundred
strong, who came from a wider range of social backgrounds, and could be deployed across England and
Normandy as required.[163] Initially Henry continued his father's practice of regular crown-wearing ceremonies
at his curia, but they became less frequent as the years passed.[164] Henry's court was grand and ostentatious,
financing the construction of large new buildings and castles with a range of precious gifts on display, including
the King's private menagerie of exotic animals, which he kept at Woodstock Palace.[165] Despite being a lively
community, Henry's court was more tightly controlled than those of previous kings.[166] Strict rules controlled
personal behaviour and prohibited members of the court from pillaging neighbouring villages, as had been the
norm under William Rufus.[166]
Henry was responsible for a substantial expansion of the royal justice system.[167][nb 16] In England, Henry
drew on the existing Anglo-Saxon system of justice, local government and taxes, but strengthened it with
additional central governmental institutions.[169] Roger of Salisbury began to develop the royal exchequer after
1110, using it to collect and audit revenues from the King's sheriffs in the shires.[170] Itinerant justices began to
emerge under Henry, travelling around the country managing eyre courts, and many more laws were formally
recorded.[171] Henry gathered increasing revenue from the expansion of royal justice, both from fines and from
fees.[172] The first Pipe Roll that is known to have survived dates from 1130, recording royal expenditures.[173]
Henry reformed the coinage in 1107, 1108 and in 1125, inflicting harsh corporal punishments to English
coiners who had been found guilty of debasing the currency.[174][nb 17] In Normandy, Henry restored law and
order after 1106, operating through a body of Norman justices and an exchequer system similar to that in
England.[176] Norman institutions grew in scale and scope under Henry, although less quickly than in
England.[177] Many of the officials that ran Henry's system were termed "new men", relatively low-born
individuals who rose through the ranks as administrators, managing justice or the royal revenues.[178][nb 18]
Relations with the chur ch
Church and the King
Henry's ability to govern was intimately bound up with the Church, which formed the key to the administration
of both England and Normandy, and this relationship changed considerably over the course of his reign.[180]
William the Conqueror had reformed the English Church with the support of his Archbishop of Canterbury,
Lanfranc, who became a close colleague and advisor to the King.[181][nb 19] Under William Rufus this
arrangement had collapsed, the King and Archbishop Anselm had become estranged and Anselm had gone into
exile. Henry also believed in Church reform, but on taking power in England he became embroiled in the
investiture controversy.[183]
The argument concerned who should invest a new bishop with his staff and ring: traditionally, this had been
carried out by the king in a symbolic demonstration of royal power, but Pope Urban II had condemned this
practice in 1099, arguing that only the papacy could carry out this task, and declaring that the clergy should not
give homage to their local temporal rulers.[184] Anselm returned to England from exile in 1100 having heard
Urban's pronouncement, and informed Henry that he would be complying with the Pope's wishes.[185] Henry
The seal of Archbishop Anselm of
Canterbury
was in a difficult position. On one hand, the symbolism and homage
was important to him; on the other hand, he needed Anselm's support in
his struggle with his brother Duke Robert.[186]
Anselm stuck firmly to the letter of the papal decree, despite Henry's
attempts to persuade him to give way in return for a vague assurance of
a future royal compromise.[187] Matters escalated, with Anselm going
back into exile and Henry confiscating the revenues of his estates.
Anselm threatened excommunication, and in July 1105 the two men
finally negotiated a solution.[188] A distinction was drawn between the
secular and ecclesiastical powers of the prelates, under which Henry
gave up his right to invest his clergy, but retained the custom of
requiring them to come and do homage for the temporalities, the landed
properties they held in England.[189] Despite this argument, the pair
worked closely together, combining to deal with Duke Robert's invasion
of 1101, for example, and holding major reforming councils in 1102 and
1108.[190]
A long-running dispute between the Archbishops of Canterbury and York flared up under Anselm's successor,
Ralph d'Escures.[191] Canterbury, traditionally the senior of the two establishments, had long argued that the
Archbishop of York should formally promise to obey their Archbishop, but York argued that the two
episcopates were independent within the English Church and that no such promise was necessary. Henry
supported the primacy of Canterbury, to ensure that England remained under a single ecclesiastical
administration, but the Pope preferred the case of York.[191] The matter was complicated by Henry's personal
friendship with Thurstan, the Archbishop of York, and the King's desire that the case should not end up in a
papal court, beyond royal control.[191] Henry badly needed the support of the Papacy in his struggle with Louis
of France, however, and therefore allowed Thurstan to attend the Council of Rheims in 1119, where Thurstan
was then consecrated by the Pope with no mention of any duty towards Canterbury.[192] Henry believed that
this went against assurances Thurstan had previously made and exiled him from England until the King and
Archbishop came to a negotiated solution the following year.[193]
Even after the investiture dispute, the King continued to play a major role in the selection of new English and
Norman bishops and archbishops.[194] Henry appointed many of his officials to bishoprics and, as historian
Martin Brett suggests, "some of his officers could look forward to a mitre with all but absolute
confidence".[195] Henry's chancellors, and those of his queens, became bishops of Durham, Hereford, London,
Lincoln, Winchester and Salisbury.[196] Henry increasingly drew on a wider range of these bishops as advisors
– particularly Roger of Salisbury – breaking with the earlier tradition of relying primarily on the Archbishop of
Canterbury.[197] The result was a cohesive body of administrators through which Henry could exercise careful
influence, holding general councils to discuss key matters of policy.[198] This stability shifted slightly after
1125, when Henry began to inject a wider range of candidates into the senior positions of the Church, often
with more reformist views, and the impact of this generation would be felt in the years after Henry's death.[199]
Personal beliefs and piety
Like other rulers of the period, Henry donated to the Church and patronised various religious communities, but
contemporary chroniclers did not consider him an unusually pious king.[200] His personal beliefs and piety
may, however, have developed during the course of his life. Henry had always taken an interest in religion, but
in his later years he may have become much more concerned about spiritual affairs.[201] If so, the major shifts
in his thinking would appear to have occurred after 1120, when his son William Adelin died, and 1129, when
his daughter's marriage teetered on the verge of collapse.[202][nb 20]
The ruined chapter house of Reading
Abbey in 2008
Denier coin of Henry's rival, Louis VI
of France
As a proponent of religious reform, Henry gave extensively to reformist
groups within the Church.[204] He was a keen supporter of the Cluniac
order, probably for intellectual reasons.[205] He donated money to the
abbey at Cluny itself, and after 1120 gave generously to Reading
Abbey, a Cluniac establishment.[205] Construction on Reading began in
1121, and Henry endowed it with rich lands and extensive privileges,
making it a symbol of his dynastic lines.[206] He also focused effort on
promoting the conversion of communities of clerks into Augustinian
canons, the foundation of leper hospitals, expanding the provision of
nunneries, and the charismatic orders of the Savigniacs and
Tironensians.[207] He was an avid collector of relics, sending an
embassy to Constantinople in 1118 to collect Byzantine items, some of which were donated to Reading
Abbey.[208]
Later reign, 1107–35
Continental and Welsh politics, 1108–14
Normandy faced an increased threat from France, Anjou and Flanders after 1108.[209] Louis VI succeeded to
the French throne in 1108 and began to reassert central royal power.[209] Louis demanded Henry give homage
to him and that two disputed castles along the Normandy border be placed into the control of neutral
castellans.[210] Henry refused, and Louis responded by mobilising an army.[211] After some arguments, the two
kings negotiated a truce and retreated without fighting, leaving the underlying issues unresolved.[211][nb 21]
Fulk V assumed power in Anjou in 1109 and began to rebuild Angevin authority.[213] Fulk also inherited the
county of Maine, but refused to recognise Henry as his feudal lord and instead allied himself with Louis.[214]
Robert II of Flanders also briefly joined the alliance, before his death in 1111.[215]
In 1108, Henry betrothed his eight-year-old daughter, Matilda, to Henry
V, the future Holy Roman Emperor.[216] For King Henry, this was a
prestigious match; for Henry V, it was an opportunity to restore his
financial situation and fund an expedition to Italy, as he received a
dowry of £6,666 from England and Normandy.[217][nb 22] Raising this
money proved challenging, and required the implementation of a special
"aid", or tax, in England.[219] Matilda was crowned Henry V's queen in
1110.[220]
Henry responded to the French and Angevin threat by expanding his
own network of supporters beyond the Norman borders.[221] Some
Norman barons deemed unreliable were arrested or dispossessed, and
Henry used their forfeited estates to bribe his potential allies in the
neighbouring territories, in particular Maine.[222] Around 1110, Henry
attempted to arrest the young William Clito, but William's mentors
moved him to the safety of Flanders before he could be taken.[223] At about this time, Henry probably began to
style himself as the Duke of Normandy.[224][nb 23] Robert of Bellême turned against Henry once again, and
when he appeared at Henry's court in 1112 in a new role as a French ambassador, he was arrested and
imprisoned.[226]
Rebellions broke out in France and Anjou between 1111 and 1113, and Henry crossed into Normandy to
support his nephew, Count Theobald of Blois, who had sided against Louis in the uprising.[227] In a bid to
diplomatically isolate the French King, Henry betrothed his young son, William Adelin, to Fulk's daughter
Silver pennies of Henry I, struck at
the Oxford mint
Matilda, and married his illegitimate daughter Matilda to Conan III, the Duke of Brittany, creating alliances
with Anjou and Brittany respectively.[228] Louis backed down and in March 1113 met with Henry near Gisors
to agree a peace settlement, giving Henry the disputed fortresses and confirming Henry's overlordship of
Maine, Bellême and Brittany.[229]
Meanwhile, the situation in Wales was deteriorating. Henry had conducted a campaign in South Wales in 1108,
pushing out royal power in the region and colonising the area around Pembroke with Flemings.[230] By 1114,
some of the resident Norman lords were under attack, while in Mid-Wales, Owain ap Cadwgan blinded one of
the political hostages he was holding, and in North Wales Gruffudd ap Cynan threatened the power of the Earl
of Chester.[231] Henry sent three armies into Wales that year, with Gilbert Fitz Richard leading a force from the
south, Alexander, King of Scotland, pressing from the north and Henry himself advancing into Mid-Wales.[231]
Owain and Gruffudd sued for peace, and Henry accepted a political compromise.[232] Henry reinforced the
Welsh Marches with his own appointees, strengthening the border territories.[233]
Rebellion, 1115–20
Concerned about the succession, Henry sought to persuade Louis VI to
accept his son, William Adelin, as the legitimate future Duke of
Normandy, in exchange for his son's homage.[234] Henry crossed into
Normandy in 1115 and assembled the Norman barons to swear loyalty;
he also almost successfully negotiated a settlement with King Louis,
affirming William's right to the Duchy in exchange for a large sum of
money, but the deal fell through and Louis, backed by his ally Baldwin
of Flanders, instead declared that he considered William Clito the
legitimate heir to the Duchy.[235]
War broke out after Henry returned to Normandy with an army to
support Theobald of Blois, who was under attack from Louis.[236]
Henry and Louis raided each other's towns along the border, and a wider conflict then broke out, probably in
1116.[236][nb 24] Henry was pushed onto the defensive as French, Flemish and Angevin forces began to pillage
the Normandy countryside.[238] Amaury III of Montfort and many other barons rose up against Henry, and
there was an assassination plot from within his own household.[238] Henry's wife, Matilda, died in early 1118,
but the situation in Normandy was sufficiently pressing that Henry was unable to return to England for her
funeral.[239]
Henry responded by mounting campaigns against the rebel barons and deepening his alliance with
Theobald.[240] Baldwin of Flanders was wounded in battle and died in September 1118, easing the pressure on
Normandy from the north-east.[241] Henry attempted to crush a revolt in the city of Alençon, but was defeated
by Fulk and the Angevin army.[242] Forced to retreat from Alençon, Henry's position deteriorated alarmingly, as
his resources became overstretched and more barons abandoned his cause.[243] Early in 1119, Eustace of
Breteuil and Henry's daughter, Juliana, threatened to join the baronial revolt.[244] Hostages were exchanged in a
bid to avoid conflict, but relations broke down and both sides mutilated their captives.[245] Henry attacked and
took the town of Breteuil, despite Juliana's attempt to kill her father with a crossbow.[245][nb 25] In the
aftermath, Henry dispossessed the couple of almost all of their lands in Normandy.[247]
Henry's situation improved in May 1119 when he enticed Fulk to switch sides by finally agreeing to marry
William Adelin to Fulk's daughter, Matilda, and paying Fulk a large sum of money.[248] Fulk left for the
Levant, leaving the County of Maine in Henry's care, and the King was free to focus on crushing his remaining
enemies.[249] During the summer Henry advanced into the Norman Vexin, where he encountered Louis's army,
resulting in the Battle of Brémule.[250] Henry appears to have deployed scouts and then organised his troops
Early 14th-century depiction of the
sinking of the White Ship on 25
November 1120
into several carefully formed lines of dismounted knights.[251] Unlike Henry's forces, the French knights
remained mounted; they hastily charged the Anglo-Norman positions, breaking through the first rank of the
defences but then becoming entangled in Henry's second line of knights.[252] Surrounded, the French army
began to collapse.[251] In the melee, Henry was hit by a sword blow, but his armour protected him.[253] Louis
and William Clito escaped from the battle, leaving Henry to return to Rouen in triumph.[254]
The war slowly petered out after this battle, and Louis took the dispute over Normandy to Pope Callixtus II's
council in Reims that October.[255] Henry faced a number of French complaints concerning his acquisition and
subsequent management of Normandy, and despite being defended by Geoffrey, the Archbishop of Rouen,
Henry's case was shouted down by the pro-French elements of the council.[256] Callixtus declined to support
Louis, however, and merely advised the two rulers to seek peace.[257] Amaury de Montfort came to terms with
Henry, but Henry and William Clito failed to find a mutually satisfactory compromise.[258] In June 1120, Henry
and Louis formally made peace on terms advantageous to the English King: William Adelin gave homage to
Louis, and in return Louis confirmed William's rights to the Duchy.[259]
Succession crisis, 1120–23
Henry's succession plans were thrown into chaos by the sinking of the
White Ship on 25 November 1120.[260] Henry had left the port of
Barfleur for England in the early evening, leaving William Adelin and
many of the younger members of the court to follow on that night in a
separate vessel, the White Ship.[261] Both the crew and passengers were
drunk and, just outside the harbour, the ship hit a submerged
rock.[262][nb 26] The ship sank, killing as many as 300 people, with only
one survivor, a butcher from Rouen.[262] Henry's court was initially too
scared to report William's death to the King. When he was finally told,
he collapsed with grief.[264]
The disaster left Henry with no legitimate son, his various nephews now
the closest male heirs.[265] Henry announced he would take a new wife,
Adeliza of Louvain, opening up the prospect of a new royal son, and the
two were married at Windsor Castle in January 1121.[266][nb 27] Henry
appears to have chosen her because she was attractive and came from a
prestigious noble line. Adela seems to have been fond of Henry and
joined him in his travels, probably to maximise the chances of her
conceiving a child.[268] The White Ship disaster initiated fresh conflict in Wales, where the drowning of
Richard, Earl of Chester, encouraged a rebellion led by Maredudd ap Bleddyn.[269] Henry intervened in North
Wales that summer with an army and, although the King was hit by a Welsh arrow, the campaign reaffirmed
royal power across the region.[269]
With William dead, Henry's alliance with Anjou – which had been based on his son marrying Fulk's daughter –
began to disintegrate.[270] Fulk returned from the Levant and demanded that Henry return Matilda and her
dowry, a range of estates and fortifications in Maine.[270] Matilda left for Anjou, but Henry argued that the
dowry had in fact originally belonged to him before it came into the possession of Fulk, and so declined to hand
the estates back to Anjou.[271] Fulk married his daughter Sibylla to William Clito, and granted them Maine.[272]
Once again, conflict broke out, as Amaury de Montfort allied himself with Fulk and led a revolt along the
Norman-Anjou border in 1123.[272] Amaury was joined by several other Norman barons, headed by Waleran de
Beaumont, one of the sons of Henry's old ally, Robert of Meulan.[273][nb 28]
Henry dispatched Robert of Gloucester and Ranulf le Meschin to Normandy and then intervened himself in late
1123.[275] Henry began the process of besieging the rebel castles, before wintering in the Duchy.[276] In the
spring, campaigning began again. Ranulf received intelligence that the rebels were returning to one of their
bases at Vatteville, allowing him to ambush them en route at Rougemontiers; Waleran charged the royal forces,
but his knights were cut down by Ranulf's archers and the rebels were quickly overwhelmed.[277] Waleran was
captured, but Amaury escaped.[277] Henry mopped up the remainder of the rebellion, blinding some of the rebel
leaders – considered, at the time, a more merciful punishment than execution – and recovering the last rebel
castles.[278] Henry paid Pope Callixtus a large amount of money, in exchange for the Papacy annulling the
marriage of William Clito and Sibylla on the grounds of consanguinity.[279][nb 29]
Planning the succession, 1 124–34
Henry and his new wife did not conceive any children, generating prurient speculation as to the possible
explanation, and the future of the dynasty appeared at risk.[281][nb 30] Henry may have begun to look among his
nephews for a possible heir. He may have considered Stephen of Blois as a possible option and, perhaps in
preparation for this, he arranged a beneficial marriage for Stephen to a wealthy heiress, Matilda.[283] Theobald
of Blois, his close ally, may have also felt that he was in favour with Henry.[284] William Clito, who was King
Louis's preferred choice, remained opposed to Henry and was therefore unsuitable.[285] Henry may have also
considered his own illegitimate son, Robert of Gloucester, as a possible candidate, but English tradition and
custom would have looked unfavourably on this.[286]
Henry's plans shifted when the Empress Matilda's husband, the Emperor Henry, died in 1125.[287] King Henry
recalled his daughter to England the next year and declared that, should he die without a male heir, she was to
be his rightful successor.[288] The Anglo-Norman barons were gathered together at Westminster on Christmas
1126, where they swore to recognise Matilda and any future legitimate heir she might have.[288][nb 31] Putting
forward a woman as a potential heir in this way was unusual: opposition to Matilda continued to exist within
the English court, and Louis was vehemently opposed to her candidacy.[290]
Fresh conflict broke out in 1127, when Charles, the childless Count of Flanders, was murdered, creating a local
succession crisis.[291] Backed by King Louis, William Clito was chosen by the Flemings to become their new
ruler.[292] This development potentially threatened Normandy, and Henry began to finance a proxy war in
Flanders, promoting the claims of William's Flemish rivals.[293] In an effort to disrupt the French alliance with
William, Henry mounted an attack into France in 1128, forcing Louis to cut his aid to William.[294] William
died unexpectedly in July, removing the last major challenger to Henry's rule and bringing the war in Flanders
to a halt.[295] Without William, the baronial opposition in Normandy lacked a leader. A fresh peace was made
with France, and the King was finally able to release the remaining prisoners from the revolt of 1123, including
Waleran of Meulan, who was rehabilitated into the royal court.[296]
Meanwhile, Henry rebuilt his alliance with Fulk of Anjou, this time by marrying Matilda to Fulk's eldest son,
Geoffrey.[297] The pair were betrothed in 1127 and married the following year.[298] It is unknown whether
Henry intended Geoffrey to have any future claim on England or Normandy, and he was probably keeping his
son-in-law's status deliberately uncertain. Similarly, although Matilda was granted a number of Normandy
castles as part of her dowry, it was not specified when the couple would actually take possession of them.[299]
Fulk left Anjou for Jerusalem in 1129, declaring Geoffrey the Count of Anjou and Maine.[300] The marriage
proved difficult, as the couple did not particularly like each other and the disputed castles proved a point of
contention, resulting in Matilda returning to Normandy later that year.[301] Henry appears to have blamed
Geoffrey for the separation, but in 1131 the couple were reconciled.[302] Much to the pleasure and relief of
Henry, Matilda then gave birth to a sequence of two sons, Henry and Geoffrey, in 1133 and 1134.[303]
Early 14th-century depiction of Henry
mourning the death of his son
Death and legacy
Death, 1135
Relations between Henry, Matilda, and Geoffrey became increasingly
strained during the King's final years. Matilda and Geoffrey suspected
that they lacked genuine support in England. In 1135 they urged Henry
to hand over the royal castles in Normandy to Matilda whilst he was
still alive, and insisted that the Norman nobility swear immediate
allegiance to her, thereby giving the couple a more powerful position
after Henry's death.[304] Henry angrily declined to do so, probably out
of concern that Geoffrey would try to seize power in Normandy.[305] A
fresh rebellion broke out amongst the barons in southern Normandy, led
by William, the Count of Ponthieu, whereupon Geoffrey and Matilda
intervened in support of the rebels.[306]
Henry campaigned throughout the autumn, strengthening the southern
frontier, and then travelled to Lyons-la-Forêt in November to enjoy
some hunting, still apparently healthy.[307] There Henry fell ill –
according to the chronicler Henry of Huntingdon, he ate a number of
lampreys against his physician's advice – and his condition worsened
over the course of a week.[308] Once the condition appeared terminal, Henry gave confession and summoned
Archbishop Hugh of Amiens, who was joined by Robert of Gloucester and other members of the court.[309] In
accordance with custom, preparations were made to settle Henry's outstanding debts and to revoke outstanding
sentences of forfeiture.[310] The King died on 1 December 1135, and his corpse was taken to Rouen
accompanied by the barons, where it was embalmed; his entrails were buried locally at Port-du-Salut Abbey,
and the preserved body was taken on to England, where it was interred at Reading Abbey.[311]
Despite Henry's efforts, the succession was disputed. When news began to spread of the King's death, Geoffrey
and Matilda were in Anjou supporting the rebels in their campaign against the royal army, which included a
number of Matilda's supporters such as Robert of Gloucester.[15] Many of these barons had taken an oath to
stay in Normandy until the late king was properly buried, which prevented them from returning to England.[312]
The Norman nobility discussed declaring Theobald of Blois king.[313] Theobald's younger brother, Stephen of
Blois, quickly crossed from Boulogne to England, however, accompanied by his military household.[314] With
the help of his brother, Henry of Blois, he seized power in England and was crowned king on 22
December.[315] The Empress Matilda did not give up her claim to England and Normandy, leading to the
prolonged civil war known as the Anarchy between 1135 and 1153.[316]
Historiography
Historians have drawn on a range of sources on Henry, including the accounts of chroniclers; other
documentary evidence, including early pipe rolls; and surviving buildings and architecture.[317] The three main
chroniclers to describe the events of Henry's life were William of Malmesbury, Orderic Vitalis, and Henry of
Huntingdon, but each incorporated extensive social and moral commentary into their accounts and borrowed a
range of literary devices and stereotypical events from other popular works.[318] Other chroniclers include
Eadmer, Hugh the Chanter, Abbot Suger, and the authors of the Welsh Brut.[319] Not all royal documents from
the period have survived, but there are a number of royal acts, charters, writs, and letters, along with some early
financial records.[320] Some of these have since been discovered to be forgeries, and others had been
subsequently amended or tampered with.[321]
Part of the Welsh Brut, one of the
chronicler sources for Henry's reign
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Henry I of
England.
Late medieval historians seized on the accounts of selected chroniclers
regarding Henry's education and gave him the title of Henry
"Beauclerc", a theme echoed in the analysis of Victorian and Edwardian
historians such as Francis Palgrave and Henry Davis.[322] The historian
Charles David dismissed this argument in 1929, showing the more
extreme claims for Henry's education to be without foundation.[323]
Modern histories of Henry commenced with Richard Southern's work in
the early 1960s, followed by extensive research during the rest of the
20th century into a wide number of themes from his reign in England,
and a much more limited number of studies of his rule in
Normandy.[324] Only two major, modern biographies of Henry have
been produced, Warren Hollister's posthumous volume in 2001, and
Judith Green's 2006 work.[325]
Interpretation of Henry's personality by historians has altered over time. Earlier historians such as Austin Poole
and Richard Southern considered Henry as a cruel, draconian ruler.[326] More recent historians, such as
Hollister and Green, view his implementation of justice much more sympathetically, particularly when set
against the standards of the day, but even Green has noted that Henry was "in many respects highly
unpleasant", and Alan Cooper has observed that many contemporary chroniclers were probably too scared of
the King to voice much criticism.[327] Historians have also debated the extent to which Henry's administrative
reforms genuinely constituted an introduction of what Hollister and John Baldwin have termed systematic,
"administrative kingship", or whether his outlook remained fundamentally traditional.[328]
Henry's burial at Reading Abbey is marked by a local cross, but Reading Abbey was slowly demolished during
the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century.[329] The exact location is uncertain, but the most likely
location of the tomb itself is now in a built-up area of central Reading, on the site of the former abbey
choir.[329] A plan to locate his remains was announced in March 2015, with support from English Heritage and
Philippa Langley, who aided with the successful exhumation of Richard III.[330]
Family and children
Legitimate
Henry and his first wife, Matilda, had at least two legitimate children:
1. Matilda, born in 1102, died 1167.[89]
2. William Adelin, born in 1103, died 1120.[89]
3. Possibly Richard, who, if he existed, died young.[100]
Henry and his second wife, Adeliza, had no children.
Illegitimate
Henry had a number of illegitimate children by various mistresses.[nb 32]
Sons
1. Robert of Gloucester, born in the 1090s.[332]
2. Richard, born to Ansfride, brought up by Robert Bloet, the Bishop of Lincoln.[333]
3. Reginald de Dunstanville, Earl of Cornwall, born in the 1110s or early 1120s, possibly to Sibyl
Corbet.[334]
4. Robert the King's son, born to Ede, daughter of Forne.[335]
5. Gilbert FitzRoy, possibly born to an unnamed sister or daughter of Walter of Gand.[336]
6. William de Tracy, possibly born in the 1090s.[336]
7. Henry the King's son, possibly born to Nest ferch Rhys.[335][nb 33]
8. Fulk the King's son, possibly born to Ansfride.[335]
9. William, the brother of Sybilla de Normandy, probably the brother of Reginald de Dunstanville.[337]
Daughters
1. Matilda FitzRoy, Countess of Perche.[338]
2. Matilda FitzRoy, Duchess of Brittany.[338]
3. Juliane, wife of Eustace of Breteuil, possibly born to Ansfrida.[339]
4. Mabel, wife of William Gouet.[340]
5. Constance, Vicountess of Beaumont-sur-Sarthe.[341]
6. Aline, wife of Matthew de Montmorency.[342]
7. Isabel, daughter of Isabel de Beaumont, Countess of Pembroke.[342]
8. Sybilla de Normandy, Queen of Scotland, probably born before 1100.[342][nb 34]
9. Matilda Fitzroy, Abbess of Montvilliers.[342]
10. Gundrada de Dunstanville.[342]
11. Possibly Rohese, wife of Henry de la Pomerai.[342][nb 35]
12. Emma, wife of Guy of Laval.[343]
13. Adeliza, the King's daughter.[343]
14. The wife of Fergus of Galloway.[343]
15. Possibly Sibyl of Falaise.[343][nb 36]
Ancestors
Ancestors of Henry I of England[344]
16. Richard I, Duke of Normandy
8. Richard II, Duke of Normandy
17. Gunnora, Duchess of Normandy
4. Robert I, Duke of Normandy
18. Conan I of Rennes
9. Judith of Brittany
19. Ermengarde of Anjou
2. William I of England
10. Fulbert of Falaise
5. Herleva
1. Henry I of
England
24. Arnulf II, Count of Flanders
12. Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders
25. Rozala of Italy
6. Baldwin V, Count of Flanders
26. Frederick of Luxembour g
13. Ogive of Luxembour g
3. Matilda of Flanders
28. Hugh Capet
14. Robert II of France
29. Adelaide of Aquitaine
7. Adela of France
30. William I of Provence
15. Constance of Arles
31. Adelaide of Anjou
Notes
1. The dating of Henry's birth depends on comparing chronicler accounts and the various travels of his parentsi lWliam and
Matilda; these give only limited periods in which Henry could have been conceived and born. Historiana Wrren
Hollister prefers the summer of 1068, Judith Green the end of the ye,a ralthough it is just possible that Henry could have
been born in early 1069. The possible birthplace of Selby is based upon a local traditio[n1].
2. The chronicler Orderic Vitalis describes a colourful quarrel that is said to have occurred bweteen Henry and his brothers
Robert and William Rufus in the town of l'Aigle; modern historians, including Judith Green and Warren Hollister, are
inclined to doubt the veracity of the story.[9]
3. Historian Warren Hollister doubts that Henryw as ever destined for the clegr y; Judith Green is less certain.[10]
4. Chroniclers varied in reporting the sum as either £2,000 or £5,000, although £5,000 is the more commonly cited figure
amongst later historians.[19]
5. £5,000 would have formed around 1.5 million silver pennies, a dfiifcult sum to move easily out of the Duchy if
opposed.[23]
6. Western Normandy had originally been intended for Henry's late brother Richard, and was suitably remote from the
capital in Rouen.[26]
7. Chroniclers vary in their description of the length of the siege, suggesting either a duration of 15 days and six weeks.
Warren Hollister prefers six weeks; Judith Gren, 15 days.[56]
8. Henry's decision not to join the main campaign may have been because Robert's forces were sfuicfiently strong to
prevent him joining William Rufus at Eu.[67]
9. David Carpenter regards William Rufus's death as "almost certainly an accident"; Warren Hollister considers "by far the
likeliest explanation for the killing is simply ... that it was a hunting accident"; Judith Greeng aures that "on balance it
seems most likely that Rufus died because of an accident". Emma Mason is more suspicious, giving credence to the
theory that William Rufus was murdered, either by Henry or by agents of the French King.h Te minority view was also
held by Austin Poole, who considered Henry a "usurper"; writing earlier in the 20th centu, rhye argued that the facts
"look ugly" – in particular Tirel's departure from the scene, Henry's potential motive and apparent disregard for his
brother – and "seem to suggest a plot."[.75]
10. The chroniclers Eadmer, Mamesbury and Oderic describe the couple as close, with Eadmenro ting that they were in
love.[93]
11. Anselm was criticised in some quarters for permitting the royal marriage to procee[d97. ]
12. The only chronicler to suggest a second son isG ervase of Canterbury.[100]
13. Bisexuality was also common amongst this social group, but there is no evidence to suggest that Henry had male
partners.[103]
14. Most chroniclers reported this sum as 3,000m arks, equivalent to £2,000, but Orderic recorded the agreed amount as
£3,000.[117]
15. Contemporary chroniclers provided several possible dates for the battle, suggesting either 27, 28 or 29 Septem.b Terhe
28 September is more commonly used by modern historians, although historian Judith Green is less certa[i1n4.1]
16. Geoffrey of Monmouth memorably likened Henry to the "Lion of Justice" in hiHs istoria Regum Britanniae, in a section
in which he recounts the prophecies ofM erlin. Despite Henry not being named in the document itself, historians are
broadly agreed that Geofrey intended to refer to him, but there are differing interpretations of the simile itself. Judith
Green, for example, argues that the description was a positive one; Alan Cooper is far mor ceautious, noting that, in this
period, lions were considered to be strong but also brutal and cruel, and that the surrounding context in the section is
certainly not flattering about its subject[.168]
References
17. In 1124, Henry received reports from his soldeirs that they had been paid in substandard English silver pennies. Henry
instructed Roger of Salisbury to investigate, and ordered that any coiners found guilty were to have their right hands and
genitals chopped off. The sentence was carried out at Salisbury by the Bishop. Contemporyar chroniclers approved of
Henry's firm action.[175]
18. Historian David Crouch has noted that many of Henry's key advisers and foifcials later regretted their actions on behalf
of the King, observing that "life at King Henry's court tended to put a burden on the consciences of its inmate[s1"7.9]
19. Anselm used the metaphor of the government being a plough pulled by two oxen, the King and the Archbishop, ruling
through temporal and religious right respectivel.y[182]
20. Assessing Henry's personal attitude towards religion later in his life is challenging. Historian Richard Southerng uared in
favour of the two shifts being in 1120 and 1129, although Martin Brett dismissed 120 as a probable date, preferring
1129 as the key date. Judith Green is more cautious, observing that the fashion among chroniclers during the later period
was to focus more of their writing on the themes of repenting and confession, and this may have given a false
impression of a shift in Henry's thinking. Henry May-rHarting also doubts the extent of the evidence for a mid-life
change, but draws out more of his earlier piety, suggesting that Henry was always more religiously inclined than was
once thought.[203]
21. The chronicler Abbot Suger suggested that the incident was embarrassing for Hen,r ysince he had refused battle, but it
was a sound military decision.[212]
22. The dowry was 10,000 marks in silver, equivalent to £6,666.[218]
23. In Latin, the ducal title wasd ux Normannorum, literally "Duke of the Normans"[.225]
24. The dating of this campaign is uncertain; Judith Green places it firmly in1 116, while Warren Hollister is less certain,
opting for it falling between 1116 and 1118.[237]
25. In February 1119, Eustace and Juliana of Breteuil, formerly allies of Henr,y threatened to rebel unless they were given
the castle of Ivry-la-Bataille.[244] Henry promised Eustace the fortress and, to show good intent, exchanged hostages,
Eustace and Juliana's daughters being exchanged with the son of the castle's constabl[2e4.4] According to the chronicler
Orderic Vitalis, Eustace then blinded the constable's son, whereupon Henry allowed the daguhters – his illegitimate
granddaughters – to be blinded and mutilated[.245] Eustace attempted to mobilise his forces and defend Breteuil against
an attack by Henry; despite this, Henry took the city and Juliana, after attempting to kill Henry with a crossb,ow
fled.[246]
26. The submerged rock was probably either the Quillebouef Rock, or the Raz de Barfle.u[2r63]
27. The speed with which Henry's second marriage took place may indicate that Henry had been planning to remarry
anyway, even before the White Ship disaster.[267]
28. It is uncertain what led Waleran de Beaumont to rebel against Henry. Waleran may have genuinely believed that William
Clito had a rightful claim to the Duchy, and have thought that he was unlikely to benefit under Henry's rule.[274]
29. Medieval Church law at the time forbade marriage within seven degrees. In practice most of the upper classes were
related in this way, but the law could be invoked on occasion to annul marriage[s2.80]
30. It is not known precisely what the rumours about Henry's failure to bear children were, and whether the issue lay with
one or both partners.[282]
31. Medieval chroniclers' accounts of this oath vary on the points of detail. William of Malmesbury described that those
present recognised Matilda as the legitimate heir on the basis of her paternal and maternal royal descenJto;h n of
Worcester described the inheritance of England as being conditional on Matilda having a legitimate male heir; the
Anglo-Saxon chronicle suggested that an oath was given concerning the inheritance of both England and Normandy;
neither Orderic or Henry of Huntingdon recorded the event at all. Some chronicler accounts may have been influenced
by Stephen's acquisition of the throne in 135 and the later events of the Anarchy.[289]
32. Work by historian Geoffrey White in the 1940s produced an extensive list of Henry's illegitimate children, which forms
the basis of the most recent academic research, by Kathleen Thompso[n3.31]
33. Traditionally Henry's mother has been given as Nest ferch Rhys, although more recent wo rbky Kathleen Thompson
casts doubt on this theory.[335]
34. White argued that Sibyl's mother was Sibyl Corbet, although more recent research by Kateheln Thompson discredits this
theory.[342]
35. Rohese may have been Henry's daughte,r but it is more probable that her father was Herber ftitz Herbert.[342]
36. Sibyl may have been Henry's daughte,r but it is more probable that her father was Duke Roebrt of Normandy.[343]
1. Hollister 2003, pp. 30–31; Green 2009, p. 20
2. Newman 1988, pp. 21–22; Carpenter 2004, pp. 125–126
3. Hallam & Everard 2001, pp. 62–64, 114–118
4. Hollister 2003, pp. 32, 40
5. Carpenter 2004, p. 128
6. Green 2009, p. 21
7. Newman 1988, p. 54
8. Hollister 2003, p. 35; Green 2009, p. 21; Thompson 2007, pp. 16–17.
9. Green 2009, p. 21; Hollister 2003, pp. 35–36
10. Hollister 2003, pp. 36–37; Green 2009, p. 22
11. Hollister 2003, pp. 33–34
12. Hollister 2003, p. 37; Green 2009, p. 23
13. Hollister 2003, p. 37
14. Hollister 2003, pp. 37–38
15. Barlow 1999, p. 162
16. Hollister 2003, p. 38
17. Hollister 2003, pp. 38–39
18. Hollister 2003, pp. 39–40, 46
19. Hollister 2003, p. 39; Green 2009, p. 25
20. Hollister 2003, p. 39
21. Hollister 2003, p. 48
22. Hollister 2003, pp. 48–49
23. Thompson 2007, p. 17
24. Hollister 2003, pp. 40, 47
25. Hollister 2003, p. 49
26. Green 2009, p. 28
27. Hollister 2003, pp. 51–53; Thompson 2007, p. 19
28. Hollister 2003, p. 53
29. Hollister 2003, p. 50
30. Hollister 2003, pp. 56–58, 61
31. Hollister 2003, pp. 57–59
32. Hollister 2003, p. 56
33. Hollister 2003, p. 54
34. Green 2009, p. 29
35. Hollister 2003, p. 61
36. Hollister 2003, p. 62
37. Hollister 2003, p. 65
38. Hollister 2003, pp. 65–66
39. Hollister 2003, pp. 66–68
40. Hollister 2003, p. 68
41. Hollister 2003, pp. 6–69
42. Hollister 2003, p. 69
43. Hollister 2003, p. 70
44. Hollister 2003, p. 71
45. Hollister 2003, p. 72
46. Hollister 2003, p. 73
47. Hollister 2003, pp. 74–76
48. Hollister 2003, p. 76
49. Hollister 2003, pp. 76–77
50. Hollister 2003, p. 77
51. Hollister 2003, pp. 78–79
52. Hollister 2003, p. 79
53. Hollister 2003, p. 80
54. Hollister 2003, pp. 80–81
55. Hollister 2003, pp. 81–82
56. Hollister 2003, p. 82; Green 2009, p. 32
57. Hollister 2003, pp. 82–83
58. Hollister 2003, p. 82
59. Hollister 2003, p. 85
60. Hollister 2003, pp. 85–86
61. Hollister 2003, pp. 86–88
62. Green 2009, p. 33; Hollister 2003, p. 89
63. Hollister 2003, p. 89
64. Hollister 2003, pp. 90–91
65. Hollister 2003, p. 96
66. Hollister 2003, pp. 96–97
67. Green 2009, p. 35
68. Hollister 2003, p. 99
69. Green 2009, p. 36
70. Hollister 2003, pp. 98–101; Green 2009, pp. 36–37
71. Hollister 2003, p. 102
72. Hollister 2003, pp. 102–103
73. Hollister 2003, p. 103
74. Hollister 2003, pp. 103–104; Carpenter 2004, p. 134; Green pp.39–41.
75. Carpenter 2004, p. 134; Hollister 2003, p. 104; Mason 2008, pp. 228–231; Green 2009, p. 41; Poole 1993, pp. 113–114
76. Hollister 2003, pp. 103–105
77. Hollister 2003, p. 104
78. Hollister 2003, p. 105
79. Hollister 2003, pp. 104–105; Green 2009, p. 43
80. Hollister 2003, pp. 104–105
81. Holister, p.106.
82. Hollister 2003, p. 19; Green 2009, p. 45
83. Green 2009, pp. 45–50
84. Hollister 2003, pp. 110–112
85. Hollister 2003, p. 116
86. Hollister 2003, pp. 116–117
87. Hollister 2003, p. 117
88. Green 2009, pp. 51–52
89. Hollister 2003, p. 130
90. Hollister 2003, p. 43; Thompson 2003, p. 134; Green 2009, p. 26
91. Thompson 2007, p. 24; Huneycutt 2003, p. 27
92. Hollister 2003, pp. 126–127; Green 2009, p. 58
93. Hollister 2003, p. 127
94. Hollister 2003, pp. 126–127
95. Hollister 2003, pp. 127–128; Thompson 2003, p. 137
96. Hollister 2003, pp. 128–129
97. Green 2009, p. 55
98. Hollister 2003, p. 130; Thompson 2003, p. 137
99. Hollister 2003, p. 130; Green 2009, p. 75
100. Green 2009, p. 75
101. Thompson 2003, p. 137
102. Hollister 2003, p. 43; Green 2009, pp. 26–27; 307–309
103. Hollister 2003, p. 45; Thompson 2003, p. 135
104. Thompson 2003, p. 135
105. Thompson 2003, pp. 130–133
106. Hollister 2003, pp. 132–133; Green 2009, p. 61
107. Hollister 2003, pp. 133–134
108. Hollister 2003, pp. 134–135
109. Hollister 2003, pp. 135–136
110. Hollister 2003, p. 125
111. Hollister 2003, p. 137; Green 2009, p. 63
112. Hollister 2003, p. 137
113. Hollister 2003, pp. 137–138
114. Hollister 2003, p. 138
115. Hollister 2003, pp. 139–140
116. Hollister 2003, pp. 142–143
117. Green 2009, p. 64
118. Hollister 2003, p. 145
119. Hollister 2003, p. 143
120. Hollister 2003, pp. 143–144
121. Hollister 2003, p. 157
122. Hollister 2003, pp. 157–158
123. Hollister 2003, pp. 158–162
124. Hollister 2003, pp. 164–165
125. Green 2009, pp. 74–77
126. Hollister 2003, pp. 178–179
127. Hollister 2003, pp. 182–183
128. Hollister 2003, pp. 183–184
129. Hollister 2003, p. 184; Green 2009, p. 78
130. Green 2009, pp. 80–81
131. Hollister 2003, p. 185
132. Hollister 2003, pp. 184–185; Green 2009, p. 82
133. Hollister 2003, p. 186
134. Hollister 2003, p. 188
135. Hollister 2003, pp. 188–189
136. Hollister 2003, pp. 189–190
137. Hollister 2003, p. 190; Green 2009, p. 85
138. Hollister 2003, p. 198; Green 2009, pp. 88–89
139. Hollister 2003, p. 199
140. Hollister 2003, pp. 199–200
141. Green 2009, p. 93; Hollister 2003, pp. 199–200
142. Hollister 2003, pp. 199–201
143. Hollister 2003, p. 201
144. Hollister 2003, pp. 204–207
145. Hollister 2003, p. 207
146. Hollister 2003, p. 205
147. Hollister 2003, p. 206
148. Hollister 2003, pp. 208–209
149. Green 2009, p. 96; Green 2003, p. 64
150. Green 2009, pp. 224–225
151. Green 2009, pp. 226–227; Hollister 2003, p. 126
152. Green 2009, p. 226; Davies 1990, pp. 11–12; 48–49
153. Green 2009, pp. 98, 105
154. Green 2009, p. 228
155. Green 2009, pp. 232–233
156. Mayr-Harting 2011, pp. 47–48; Green 2009, p. 231
157. Green 2009, pp. 232–233; Crouch 2008, p. 17
158. Green 2009, p. 314; Hollister 2003, pp. 332, 334
159. Hollister 2003, pp. 329, 324–347
160. Green 2009, pp. 285–286; Mayr-Harting 2011, p. 69
161. Green 2009, pp. 285–286
162. Green 2009, pp. 286–287
163. Chibnall 1992, pp. 86–89; Prestwich 1992, pp. 102–3, 118
164. Green 2009, pp. 289–290
165. Green 2009, pp. 294–295; 304–305
166. Hollister 2003, pp. 330–331
167. Hollister 2003, p. 350
168. Green 2009, p. 239; Cooper 2001, pp. 47–51
169. Hollister 2003, pp. 351, 356
170. Hollister 2003, pp. 356–357
171. Hollister 2003, pp. 358–359; Green 2009, p. 319; Newman 1988, p. 24
172. Hollister 2003, p. 358
173. Hollister 2003, p. 356
174. Hollister 2003, p. 354
175. Green 2009, pp. 188–189
176. Haskins 1918, pp. 86, 93, 105–106
177. Newman 1988, p. 20
178. Green 2009, pp. 242–243
179. Crouch 2008, p. 3
180. Vaughn 2007, p. 134
181. Green 2009, p. 255
182. Vaughn 2007, p. 135
183. Green 2009, p. 273
184. Mayr-Harting 2011, pp. 51–53
185. Mayr-Harting 2011, pp. 52–53
186. Mayr-Harting 2011, p. 53; Green 2009, p. 53
187. Mayr-Harting 2011, p. 53; Vaughn 2007, p. 142
188. Mayr-Harting 2011, p. 53; Vaughn 2007, p. 142; Green 2009, pp. 84–88; Hollister 2003, p. 196
189. Hollister 2003, p. 196
190. Vaughn 2007, pp. 139–140, 144
191. Mayr-Harting 2011, pp. 58–59
192. Mayr-Harting 2011, pp. 61–62
193. Mayr-Harting 2011, p. 62; Hollister 2003, pp. 272–273
194. Green 2009, pp. 262–265
195. Brett 1975, p. 106
196. Brett 1975, pp. 106–107
197. Vaughn 2007, p. 148
198. Hollister 2003, pp. 371, 379; Brett 1975, pp. 110–111
199. Brett 1975, pp. 111–112
200. Green 2009, p. 14
201. Mayr-Harting 2011, pp. 44–45; Brett 1975, p. 112
202. Brett 1975, p. 112
203. Mayr-Harting 2011, pp. 46; Southern 1962, pp. 155, 163, cited in Brett 1975, p. 112; Green 2009, p. 282
204. Green 2009, pp. 277–280
205. Green 2009, p. 278
206. Hollister 2003, pp. 435–438
207. Green 2009, pp. 278–280
208. Green 2009, p. 14; Bethell 1971, p. 69
209. Hollister 2003, p. 221
210. Hallam & Everard 2001, p. 153; Hollister 2003, p. 223
211. Hollister 2003, p. 223
212. Green 2009, p. 120
213. Hollister 2003, pp. 221, 224; Hallam & Everard 2001, p. 67
214. Hollister 2003, p. 224
215. Hollister 2003, pp. 224–225
216. Hollister 2003, p. 216
217. Hollister 2003, pp. 216–217; Green 2009, p. 118
218. Green 2009, p. 118
219. Hollister 2003, p. 217
220. Hollister 2003, p. 218
221. Hollister 2003, p. 225
222. Hollister 2003, pp. 225, 228; Green 2009, p. 121
223. Hollister 2003, pp. 227–228
224. Green 2003, p. 65
225. Green 2003, p. 645
226. Hollister 2003, pp. 226–227
227. Green 2009, p. 123; Hollister 2003, p. 229
228. Hollister 2003, p. 230
229. Hollister 2003, pp. 231–232
230. Carpenter 2004, pp. 38, 140
231. Green 2009, p. 132
232. Green 2009, pp. 132–133
233. Green 2009, p. 133
234. Hollister 2003, p. 238
235. Hollister 2003, pp. 239–240
236. Hollister 2003, p. 246; Green 2009, p. 135
237. Hollister 2003, p. 246; Green 2009, pp. 135, 138
238. Hollister 2003, pp. 246–248; Green 2009, pp. 135, 143
239. Green 2009, pp. 139–140; Hollister 2003, p. 247
240. Hollister 2003, pp. 250–251
241. Hollister 2003, p. 251
242. Hollister 2003, p. 252
243. Hollister 2003, p. 253; Green 2009, pp. 143, 146
244. Hollister 2003, p. 253
245. Hollister 2003, pp. 253–254
246. Hollister 2003, p. 254
247. Hollister 2003, pp. 254–255
248. Hollister 2003, p. 261
249. Hollister 2003, p. 261; Green 2009, p. 149
250. Hollister 2003, pp. 263–264
251. Hollister 2003, p. 264
252. Hollister 2003, p. 264; Green 2009, p. 152
253. Hollister 2003, pp. 264–265
254. Hollister 2003, p. 265
255. Hollister 2003, pp. 265–266; Green 2009, pp. 153–154
256. Hollister 2003, p. 267; Green 2009, p. 157
257. Hollister 2003, pp. 267–268
258. Hollister 2003, pp. 268–269
259. Hollister 2003, p. 274
260. Hollister 2003, pp. 276–279
261. Hollister 2003, pp. 276–277
262. Hollister 2003, pp. 277–278
263. Green 2009, p. 66
264. Hollister 2003, p. 278; Green 2009, p. 167
265. Hollister 2003, p. 280; Green 2009, p. 168
266. Hollister 2003, p. 280
267. Green 2009, p. 169
268. Hollister 2003, p. 281; Thompson 2003, p. 137; Green 2009, p. 169
269. Hollister 2003, p. 282
270. Hollister 2003, p. 290
271. Hollister 2003, p. 291.
272. Hollister 2003, p. 292
273. Hollister 2003, pp. 292–293; Green 2009, p. 179
274. Green 2009, pp. 179–180; Crouch 2008, p. 15
275. Hollister 2003, pp. 293–294
276. Hollister 2003, pp. 297–298; Green 2009, p. 184
277. Hollister 2003, p. 300
278. Hollister 2003, pp. 302–303; Green 2009, pp. 186–187
279. Hollister 2003, p. 306
280. Ward 2006, p. 20
281. Hollister 2003, pp. 308–309; Green 2009, p. 170
282. Green 2009, pp. 170
283. Hollister 2003, p. 310
284. Green 2009, p. 168
285. Hollister 2003, pp. 312–313
286. Hollister 2003, pp. 311–312
287. Hollister 2003, p. 396
288. Hollister 2003, p. 309
289. Green 2009, pp. 193–194
290. Hollister 2003, p. 318; Green 2009, p. 191
291. Green 2009, pp. 196–197
292. Green 2009, p. 197
293. Hollister 2003, pp. 319–321; Green 2009, pp. 197–198
294. Hollister 2003, p. 321
295. Hollister 2003, pp. 325–326
296. Hollister 2003, p. 326; Newman 1988, pp. 57–58
297. Hollister 2003, p. 323
298. Hollister 2003, p. 324
299. Hollister 2003, pp. 324–325; Green 2009, pp. 202–203
300. Chibnall 1993, pp. 56, 60
301. Hollister 2003, p. 463; Chibnall 1993, p. 57
302. Hollister 2003, p. 463; Green 2009, pp. 58–61
303. Hollister 2003, p. 465; Green 2009, p. 213
304. King 2010, pp. 38–39
305. Green 2009, pp. 216–217; King 2010, p. 38; Crouch 2008, p. 162
306. Barlow 1999, p. 162; Hollister 2003, p. 467
307. Hollister 2003, pp. 467, 473
308. Hollister 2003, pp. 467–468, 473
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582-41413-6.
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Henry I of England
House of Normandy
Born: 1068/1069 Died: 1 December 1135
Regnal titles
Preceded by
William II
King of England
1100–1135 Succeeded by
Preceded by Stephen
William Adelin
Duke of Normandy
1120–1135
Preceded by
Robert Curthose
Duke of Normandy
1106–1120
Succeeded by
William Adelin
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_I_of_England&oldid=785448488"
Categories: Henry I of England 1060s births 1135 deaths 11th-century English people
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Henry I 'Beauclerc', King of England was born in September 1068 at Selby, Yorkshire, North Riding, England, the son of William I 'the Conqueror', King of England and Matihilde van Vlaanderen. He married, firstly, Editha of Scotland, daughter of Malcolm III 'Caennmor', King of Scotland and Saint Margaret 'the Exile' on 11 November 1100 at Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England. He married, secondly, Adeliza de Louvain, daughter of Godefroi I de Louvain, Duc de Basse-Lorraine and Ida de Namur, Comtesse de Namur, on 29 January 1121 at Windsor Castle, Windsor, Berkshire, England. He died on 1 December 1135 at age 67 at Saintt-Denis-le-Fermont, Picardie, France, food poisioning, after supposedly overeating lampreys. He was buried at Reading Abbey, Reading, Berkshire, England. He gained the title of Lord of Domfront in 1092. He gained the title of Comte de Bayeaux in 1096. He gained the title of Comte de Coutances in 1096. He succeeded to the title of King Henry I of England on 2 August 1100. He was crowned King of England on 5 August 1100 at Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England, and styled 'Dei Gratiâ Rex Anglorum.' He succeeded to the title of 9th Duc de Normandie on 28 September 1106, after defeating his brother Robert in battle. He fought in the Battle of Tinchebrai on 28 September 1106. Strangely, at the time William 'Rufus' was shot in the New Forest, Henry was also hunting there and this may or may not be coincidence. Henry was in turn in some danger from his brother Robert who claimed the throne for himself. Robert was captured at the battle of Tinchebrai in 1106 and Henry imprisoned him in Cardiff Castle for the rest of his life. Henry was successful in keeping the peace in England despite spending much time in Normandy. He developed the English system of justice and organised the civil service of the time, particularly the taxation department. He was unpopular with the church leaders. He had only one legitimate son, William and a legitimate daughter Matilda, but over twenty illegitimate children. His sons William and Richard were drowned in 1120 aboard his personal vessel the 'White Ship' when it struck a rock off the Normandy coast. He wanted his successor to be his daughter Matilda whom the English called Maud. He has an extensive biographical entry in the Dictionary of National Biography.
Children of Henry I 'Beauclerc', King of England and Isabella of Meulan: Matilda of Montvilliers, Isabella b. 1120: Children of Henry I 'Beauclerc', King of England and Edith Sigulfson: Adeliza fitz Edith, Robert fitz Edith, Baron of Okenhampton b. 1093, d. 31 May 1172,
children of Henry I 'Beauclerc', King of England, Matilda,Constance, Alice, Joan, Emma, Elizabeth, Sybilla of Falaise b. bt 1084 - 1136,
Gilbert b. c 1130, d. 1142. Children of Henry I 'Beauclerc', King of England and Sybilla Corbet;ohese d. 1176, Robert de Caen, 1st Earl of Gloucester+ b. c 1090, d. 31 Oct 1147, Sybilla de Normandie7 b. c 1092, d. 12 Jul 1122, William, Constable7 b. b 1105, d. a 1187
Rainald de Dunstanville, Earl of Cornwall+10 b. c 1110, d. 1 Jul 1175
Gundred b. 1114, d. 1146, Child of Henry I 'Beauclerc', King of England and Gieva de Tracey, William de Tracy+7 d. a 1135
Children of Henry I 'Beauclerc', King of England and Ansfride , Juliana de Fontevrault+7 b. c 1090, d. a 1136, Fulk b. c 1092, Richard of Lincoln11 b. c 1094, d. 25 Nov 1120
Child of Henry I 'Beauclerc', King of England and Edith (?)
Matilda (?)+7 b. c 1090, d. 25 Nov 1120
Children of Henry I 'Beauclerc', King of England and Editha of Scotland
Euphemia of England7 b. Jul 1101
Matilda 'the Empress' of England+ b. c Aug 1102, d. 10 Sep 1167
William 'the Aetheling', 10th Duc de Normandie11 b. b 5 Aug 1103, d. 25 Nov 1120
Child of Henry I 'Beauclerc', King of England and Nesta, Princess of Deheubarth
Henry fitz Henry+7 b. c 1103, d. c 1157
Abstract from the Peerage.

"HENRY of England, son of WILLIAM I "the Conqueror" King of England & his wife Mathilde de Flandre ([Selby, Yorkshire Sep 1068]-Château de Lyon-la-Forêt, near Rouen 1 Dec 1135, bur Reading Abbey, Berkshire). Orderic Vitalis names “Rotbertum...et Ricardum, Willermum et Henricum” as the sons of “Willermus Normanniæ dux” and his wife “Mathildem Balduini ducis Flandrensium filiam, neptem...ex sorore Henrici regis Francorum, (Cawley, 2006).

Henry married of Scotland, Queen of England MatildaLondon, London, England. Matilda (daughter of of Scotland, Malcolm III and Aetheling, Queen of Scotland and Saint Margaret) was born in 1079 in Fife, Scotland; died in 1118 in London, London, England; was buried in Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Blois, Loir-et-Cher, Centre, France; Comtesse de Blois
• Appointments / Titles: Chartres, Eure-et-Loir, Centre, France; Comtesse de Chartres
• Appointments / Titles: Châteaudun, Eure-et-Loir, Centre, France; Comtesse de Châteaudun
• Appointments / Titles: Meaux, Seine-et-Marne, Île-de-France, France; Comtesse de Meaux
• FSID: 2CNB-WKW

Notes:

*NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH ADELIZA, HER SISTER*
Adela died 1137, married Stephen, Count of Blois.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror

Adèle married de Blois, Étienne in 1080 in Chartres, Eure-et-Loir, Centre, France. Étienne (son of de Blois, Theobald III and du Maine, Countess Gersende Berthe) was born in 1045 in Blois, Loir-et-Cher, Centre, France; died on 19 May 1102 in Ramee, Seine-et-Marne, Île-de-France, France; was buried after 19 May 1102 in Ramee, Seine-et-Marne, Île-de-France, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: LVD6-PLK

Notes:

Gisela of Burgundy (1075-1135), was a Countess consort of Savoy and a Marchioness consort of Montferrat. She was the spouse of Humbert II, Count of Savoy and later of Rainier I of Montferrat the latter whom she married Humbert's death. She was the daughter of William I, Count of Burgundy.

With her first husband, Humbert II of Savoy, whom she married in 1090, her children included:
1.) Amadeus III of Savoy
2.) William, Bishop of Liège
3.) Adelaide of Maurienne (d. 1154), wife of King Louis VI of France
4.) Agnes, (d. 1127), wife of Arcimboldo VI, lord of Bourbon
5.) Humbert
6.) Reginald
7.) Guy, abbot of Namur

By her second marriage to Rainier, Marquess of Montferrat, her children were:
1.) Joanna, who married William Clito, Count of Flanders, in 1127, and was widowed a year later
2.) William V of Montferrat
3.) Matilda, wife of Alberto of Parodi, Margrave of Parodi
4.) Adelasia, a nun
5.) Isabella, wife of Guido, Count of Biandrate

Gisela married de Savoie, Humbert II in 1090 in Chambéry, Savoie, Rhône-Alpes, France. Humbert (son of de Savoie, Count Amadeus II and de Genève, Jeanne) was born on 6 Jun 1066 in Dijon, Côte-d'Or, Bourgogne, France; was christened in Portugal; died on 19 Oct 1103 in Salins-les-Thermes, Savoie, Rhône-Alpes, France; was buried on 19 Oct 1103 in Cathedrale Saint-Pierre, Moutiers, Savoie, Rhône-Alpes, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Nickname: Maud
• FSID: L8M6-YWJ
• Appointments / Titles: Between 2 Jul 1072 and 1113, Huntingdon, Huntingdonshire, England; 2nd Countess
• Appointments / Titles: 1124, Scotland; Queen

Notes:

Maud, or Matilda, was the queen consort of King David I of Scotland. She was the great-niece of William the Conqueror and the granddaughter of Siward, Earl of Northumbria. Her parents were Waltheof, the Anglo-Saxon Earl of Huntingdon and Northampton, and his Norman wife Judith of Lens. Her father was the last of the major Anglo-Saxon earls to remain powerful after the Norman conquest of England in 1066. Her mother was William the Conqueror's niece. Through her ancestors, the Counts of Boulogne, Maud also was a descendant of Alfred the Great and Charles the Bald, and a cousin of Godfrey of Bouillon.

Maud married Simon de Senlis (or St Liz) in about 1090. Earlier, her great-uncle William the Conqueror had tried to get Maud's mother, Judith, to marry Simon. Simon received the honour of Huntingdon (whose lands stretched across much of eastern England) probably in right of his wife from William Rufus before the end of the year 1090. Maud and Simon had three known children: Matilda of St Liz (Maud), who married first, Robert Fitz Richard of Tonbridge, and second, Saer De Quincy; Simon of St Liz; and Saint Waltheof of Melrose.

Maud's first husband Simon died sometime after 1111, and Maud next married David, the brother-in-law of Henry I of England, in 1113. Through this marriage, David gained control over Maud's vast estates in England to add to his own lands in Cumbria and Strathclyde. David and Maud had four children (two sons and two daughters): Malcolm, who died young; Henry; Claricia, who never married; and Hodierna, who also never married.

In 1124, David became King of Scots. Maud's two sons by different fathers, Simon and Henry, would later vie for the Earldom of Huntingdon.

Maud died in 1130 or 1131 and was buried at Scone Abbey in Perthshire, but she appears in a charter of dubious origin dated 1147.

Maud of Huntingdon appears as a character in Elizabeth Chadwick's novel "The Winter Mantle" (2003), as well as Alan Moore's novel "Voice of the Fire" (1995) and Nigel Tranter's novel "David the Prince" (1980).

Matilda married of Scotland, King David I in 1113 in Scotland. David (son of of Scotland, Malcolm III and Aetheling, Queen of Scotland and Saint Margaret) was born on 31 Dec 1080 in Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland; was christened in 1124 in Scotland; died on 24 May 1153 in Carlisle, Cumberland, England; was buried on 24 May 1153 in Dunfermline Abbey, Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Matilda married de Senlis, Earl Simon in 1087. Simon (son of de Senlis, Lord Laudri and de Senlis, Ermengarde) was born in 1068 in Normandy, France; died in 1111 in La Charité, Nièvre, Bourgogne, France; was buried in 1111 in La Prieuré de La Charité-sur-Loire, Nièvre, Bourgogne, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Burial: Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England
• Appointments / Titles: Empress
• Appointments / Titles: Queen of England
• FSID: LRRR-5KK
• Birth: 1102, Oxfordshire, England
• Birth: 7 Feb 1102, Winchester, Hampshire, England
• Birth: 14 Feb 1102, London, London, England
• Appointments / Titles: Between 14 Jan 1114 and 30 May 1125; German Queen
• Appointments / Titles: Between 14 Jan 1114 and 30 May 1125; Holy Roman Empress
• Appointments / Titles: Between 14 Jan 1114 and 30 May 1125; Queen of Italy
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Jan 1126 and 7 Jan 1127; declared heiress-presumptive, throne disputed with Stephen of Blois
• Appointments / Titles: Between 14 Apr 1141 and 7 Jan 1149; Lady of the English (disputed)
• Death: 1167, Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France
• Death: 1167, Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France
• Death: 10 Sep 1167, Cathédral Notre-Dame de Rouen, Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France
• Death: 17 Sep 1167, Cathédral Notre-Dame de Rouen, Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France

Notes:

READ ONLY -- HENRY II IS LOCKED.

Empress Matilda (c. 7 February 1102 – 10 September 1167), also known as the Empress Maude, was the claimant to the English throne during the civil war known as the Anarchy. The daughter of King Henry I of England, she moved to Germany as a child when she married the future Holy Roman Emperor Henry V. She travelled with her husband into Italy in 1116, was controversially crowned in St. Peter's Basilica, and acted as the imperial regent in Italy. Matilda and Henry had no children, and when he died in 1125, the crown was claimed by Lothair II, one of his political enemies.

Meanwhile, Matilda's younger brother, William Adelin, died in the White Ship disaster of 1120, leaving England facing a potential succession crisis. On Henry V's death, Matilda was recalled to Normandy by her father, who arranged for her to marry Geoffrey of Anjou to form an alliance to protect his southern borders. Henry I had no further legitimate children and nominated Matilda as his heir, making his court swear an oath of loyalty to her and her successors, but the decision was not popular in the Anglo-Norman court. Henry died in 1135 but Matilda and Geoffrey faced opposition from the Norman barons and were unable to pursue their claims. The throne was instead taken by Matilda's cousin Stephen of Blois, who enjoyed the backing of the English Church. Stephen took steps to solidify his new regime, but faced threats both from neighbouring powers and from opponents within his kingdom.

In 1139 Matilda crossed to England to take the kingdom by force, supported by her half-brother, Robert of Gloucester, and her uncle, King David I of Scotland, while Geoffrey focused on conquering Normandy. Matilda's forces captured Stephen at the Battle of Lincoln in 1141, but the Empress's attempt to be crowned at Westminster collapsed in the face of bitter opposition from the London crowds. As a result of this retreat, Matilda was never formally declared Queen of England, and was instead titled the Lady of the English. Robert was captured following the Rout of Winchester in 1141, and Matilda agreed to exchange him for Stephen. Matilda became trapped in Oxford Castle by Stephen's forces that winter, and was forced to escape across the frozen River Isis at night to avoid capture. The war degenerated into a stalemate, with Matilda controlling much of the south-west of England, and Stephen the south-east and the Midlands. Large parts of the rest of the country were in the hands of local, independent barons.

Matilda returned to Normandy, now in the hands of her husband, in 1148, leaving her eldest son to continue the campaign in England; he eventually succeeded to the throne as Henry II in 1154. She settled her court near Rouen and for the rest of her life concerned herself with the administration of Normandy, acting on Henry's behalf when necessary. Particularly in the early years of her son's reign, she provided political advice and attempted to mediate during the Becket controversy. She worked extensively with the Church, founding Cistercian monasteries, and was known for her piety. She was buried under the high altar at Bec Abbey after her death in 1167.

Family/Spouse: Plantagenet, Duke Geoffrey V. Geoffrey (son of of Anjou, Fulk V and du Maine, Countess Ermentrude) was born on 31 Aug 1113 in Anjou, Isère, Rhône-Alpes, France; died on 14 Sep 1151 in Château-du-Loir, Sarthe, Pays de la Loire, France; was buried after 14 Sep 1151 in St Julian Church, Le Mans, Sarthe, Pays de la Loire, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: 1st Earl of Gloucester
• FSID: 9CS2-22H
• Military: 1122; Led a force to capture Brionne Castle held by rebels in Normandy

Notes:

Earl of Gloucester
Robert Fitzroy (before 1100 - 31 October 1147) was the illegitimate son of King Henry I 'Beauclerc' of England. He was also known as 'Robert Rufus' and occasionally as Robert of Caen. Robert was probably the firstborn of Henry's many illegitimate children and was born before he succeeded to the throne. The identity of Robert's mother is not known with certainty but may have been the Welsh princess Nest ferch Rhys (b. circa 1085), daughter of Rhys ap Tewdwr, Nest was Henry's mistresses and the mother of his illegitimate son Henry FitzHenry and was later married to Gerald of Windsor. However, Sybil Corbet or a member of the Gay family of Oxfordshire (possibly a daughter of Rainald Gay), are other possible candidates for Robert's mother.

Robert
Henry I, arranged Robert's marriage to the wealthy heiress Mabel FitzHamon, daughter of Robert Fitzhamon, the marriage took place in June 1119 at Lisieux and through it, Robert acquired substantial lands in Gloucester, the Welsh county of Glamorgan and in Normandy. In either 1121 or 1122, the king created his son Earl of Gloucester.

On the death of Henry I in 1135, his nephew Stephen seized the throne, despite swearing an oath of loyalty to Henry's daughter, the Empress Matilda, who had been appointed her father's heir.

Empress Matilda
Robert of Gloucester described as 'a man of proved talent and admirable wisdom', initially submitted to Stephen but after a quarrel with the latter in Normandy in 1137 and having his English and Welsh estates seized, he switched his support to his half-sister Matilda, known as 'the Empress'. Robert arrived back in England until 1138 and became the leader of the party loyal to the Empress Matilda he took back from Stephen most of western England and southern Wales and succeeded in capturing the king at the The Battle of Lincoln on 2 February 1141, Stephen was imprisoned at Bristol Castle.

Robert accompanied his half-sister on her triumphal progress to Winchester and London, but Matilda, who was by all accounts proud and haughty, alienated the citizens of London and was forced to flee the city. Robert and Matilda besieged the renegade Bishop Henry of Winchester, brother of King Stephen, at Winchester, but were forced into making a hasty retreat. In covering Matilda's flight at the Rout of Winchester Robert of Gloucester was taken prisoner at Stockbridge on 14 September, 1141. Robert's freedom was obtained by an exchange for King Stephen. Empress Matilda later returned to France.

By the terms of the Treaty of Wallingford, Matilda's son eventually succeeded to the throne on the death of Stephen as King Henry II (1154), the first Plantagenet King. Matilda died in Normandy in 1167.

Robert of Gloucester died in 1147 at Bristol Castle and was buried at his foundation of St James' Priory, in Bristol.

His marriage to Mabel FitzHamon produced seven children:-

William FitzRobert (111?-1183)- succeeded as 2nd Earl of Gloucester

Roger FitzRobert (died 1179) -Bishop of Worcester

Hamon FitzRobert (died 1159)- killed at the siege of Toulouse

Philip FitzRobert (died after 1147)- lord of Cricklade

Matilda FitzRobert (died 1190)- married in 1141 Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester.

Mabel FitzRobert - married Aubrey de Vere

Richard FitzRobert (1120/35-1175)- succeeded his mother as Sire de Creully.

He also had four illegitimate children:-

Richard FitzRobert (died 1142)- Bishop of Bayeux [mother: Isabel de Douvres, sister of Richard de Douvres, bishop of Bayeux (1107-1133) Robert FitzRobert (died 1170): Castellan of Gloucester, married in 1147 Hawise de Reviers (daughter of Baldwin de Reviers, 1st Earl of Devon)

Mabel FitzRobert married Gruffud, Lord of Senghenydd, son of Ifor Bach.

Robert's granddaughter, Isabel of Gloucester (c. 1173 - 14 October 1217) was married to her cousin, the future King John, the youngest son of Henry II, on 29 August 1189 at Marlborough Castle in Wiltshire. Isabel was the daughter and heiress of Robert's eldest son, William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester, and through the marriage, John acquired the Gloucester title and lands. Soon after his accession to the throne in 1199, John had the marriage annulled on the grounds of consanguinity, however, he kept Isabel's lands, and Isabel herself did not contest the annulment.

Family/Spouse: FitzHamon, Mabel. Mabel was born in 1090 in Gloucestershire, England; died on 29 Sep 1157 in Bristol, Gloucestershire, England; was buried on 29 Sep 1157 in Bristol, Gloucestershire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Nickname: Guillaume
• FSID: LZD1-94T
• Alternate Birth: 1087, Chartres, Ille-et-Vilaine, Bretagne, France
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1102 and 1107, Blois, Loir-et-Cher, Centre, France; Count of Blois
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1102 and 1107, Chartres, Eure-et-Loir, Centre, France; Count of Chartres
• Appointments / Titles: 1104, Sully, Saône-et-Loire, Bourgogne, France; Count of Sully

Notes:

William de Blois (William the Simple) was Count of Blois and Count of Chartres from 1102 to 1107, and Count of Sully. He was the eldest son of Stephen-Henry, Count of Blois and Adela of Normandy, daughter of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders.

He was the older brother of Theobald II, Count of Champagne, King Stephen of England and Henry, Bishop of Winchester.

William was the eldest legitimate male heir of William the Conqueror, after the death of Henry I, but he was not considered as a candidate for the English crown.

William was at first groomed to inherit the comptal throne, and was designated count shortly before his father's departure on his second crusade in 1102. Many historians believed William had a mental deficient, but this has never been substantiated. His mother found him obstreperous and unfit for wide ranging comptal duties. He did once assault and threaten to kill the Bishop of Chartres over a jurisdictional dispute. So, when her second son Theobald came of age, around 1107, Adela elevated him to the position of count of Blois-Chartres, and William retired to his wife's lands in Sully.

In 1104, William married Agnes of Sully, the heiress to the lordship of Sully-sur-Loire, a woman of admirable beauty attached to the court of William's mother. The marriage of William and Agnes was a happy one and several children were born.

Their children included:
Margaret (c. 1105 - 1145). She married Henry, Count of Eu, Lord of Hastings, about 1122.
Henry de Sully, Abbot of Fécamp (d. 1189)
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/103820601/william-de_blois

WIlliam married de Sully, Agnes in 1104 in Chartres, Eure-et-Loir, Centre, France. Agnes (daughter of de Sully, Gilles II and de Bourges, Eldeberge) was born in 1085 in Saône-et-Loire, Bourgogne, France; died on 8 Mar 1137 in Saône-et-Loire, Franche-Comté, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Nickname: The Crusander
• FSID: KFLJ-TW7
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Jan 1103 and 7 Jan 1149; Count of Maurienne
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Jan 1103 and 7 Jan 1149; Count of Savoy
• Military: 1147; Second Crusade

Notes:

Amadeus III of Savoy (1095 – April 1148) was Count of Savoy and Maurienne from 1103 until his death. He was also known as a crusader.[1]

Biography
He was born in Carignano, Piedmont, the son of Humbert II of Savoy and Gisela of Burgundy, the daughter of William I of Burgundy. He succeeded as count of Savoy upon the death of his father.[1] Amadeus had a tendency to exaggerate his titles, and also claimed to be Duke of Lombardy, Duke of Burgundy, Duke of Chablais, and vicar of the Holy Roman Empire, the latter of which had been given to his father by Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.

He helped restore the Abbey of St. Maurice of Agaune, in which the former kings of Burgundy had been crowned, and of which he himself was abbot until 1147. He also founded the Abbey of St. Sulpicius in Bugey, Tamié Abbey in the Bauges, and Hautecombe Abbey on the Lac du Bourget.

In 1128, Amadeus extended his realm, known as the "Old Chablais", by adding to it the region extending from the Arve to the Dranse d'Abondance, which came to be called the "New Chablais" with its capital at Saint-Maurice. Despite his marriage to Mahaut, he still fought against his brother-in-law Guy, who was killed at the Battle of Montmélian. Following this, King Louis VI of France, married to Amadeus' sister Adélaide de Maurienne, attempted to confiscate Savoy. Amadeus was saved by the intercession of Peter the Hermit, and by his promise to participate in Louis' planned crusade.

Crusade
In 1147, he accompanied his nephew Louis VII of France and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine on the Second Crusade.[2] He financed his expedition with help from a loan from the Abbey of St. Maurice. In his retinue were many barons from Savoy, including the lords of Faucigny, Seyssel, La Chambre, Miolans, Montbel, Thoire, Montmayeur, Vienne, Viry, La Palude, Blonay, Chevron-Villette, Chignin, and Châtillon. Amadeus travelled south through Italy to Brindisi, where he crossed over to Durazzo, and marched east along the Via Egnatia to meet Louis at Constantinople in late 1147. After crossing into Anatolia, Amadeus, who was leading the vanguard, became separated from Louis near Laodicea, and Louis' forces were almost entirely destroyed.

Marching on to Adalia, Louis, Amadeus, and other barons decided to continue to Antioch by ship. On the journey, Amadeus fell ill on Cyprus, and died at Nicosia in April 1148.[3] He was buried in the Church of St. Croix in Nicosia. In Savoy, his son Humbert III succeeded him, under the regency of bishop Amadeus of Lausanne.[4]

Family and children
With his first wife Adelaide, he had:[5]

Adelaide married Humbert III of Beaujeu[5]
In 1123 he married Matilda of Albon,[5] daughter of Guigues III of Albon, they had:

Matilda (1125–1158), married king Afonso I of Portugal[5]
Agnes (1125–1172), married William I, Count of Geneva[5]
Humbert III (1135–1188)[5]
John
Peter
William
Margaret (died 1157), founded and joined the nunnery Bons in Bugey[5]
Isabella
Juliana (died 1194), abbess of St. André-le-Haut[5]

Amadeus married of Albon, Matilda in 1123. Matilda was born in 1105 in Albon, Ardèche, Rhône-Alpes, France; died in 1145 in Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Baroness
• FSID: MGTS-BQY
• Name: Matilda de St Liz

Notes:

“Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
“MAUD DE SENLIS, married in 1112 ROBERT FITZ RICHARD, of Little Dunmow, Essex, Baynard's Castle, London, Cratfield, Suffolk, etc., Steward of Kings Henry I and Stephen, 5th son of Richard Fitz Gilbert, of Bienfaite and Orbec, Normandy, Clare, Suffolk, Tonbridge, Kent, by Rohese, daughter of Walter Giffard, of Long Crendon, Buckinghamshire [see CLARE 1 for his ancestry]. They had one son, Walter, and one daughter, Maud. He witnessed a number of charters of King Henry I. Sometime before 1136 he gave all his part of the water of Stour Mere, for the souls of himself and his ancestors, and for the love of his kinsman, Gerard Giffard the prior, to Stoke by Clare Priory, Suffolk. He accompanied King Stephen to York and Exeter in 1136. ROBERT FITZ RICHARD died in 1137, after 28 November, and was buried at St. Neot's Priory, Cambridgeshire. His widow, Maud, married (2rid) between 1137 and 1140 (as his 1st wife) SAHER DE QUINCY (or QUENCY), of Long Buckby, Northamptonshire and Wimpole, Cambridgeshire, and, in right of his 1st wife, of East Bradenham, Norfolk and Daventry, Northamptonshire; and, in right of his 2nd wife, of Great Childerley (in Childerley), Cambridgeshire. They had two sons, Robert and Saher, and one daughter, Alice.

Sometime before 1176 Maud granted the church of East Bradenham, Norfolk to Norwich Cathedral with the consent of her son, Walter Fitz Robert. At an unknown date, with consent of Walter her son, she granted to Maurice Fitz Geoffrey all her dower lands in Essex and London, which William Fitz Walcher formerly held. He witnessed a charter of Simon son of Simon Earl of Northampton in 1153-7. His wife, Maud, was living in 1158. In 1158 he was pardoned 25s. danegeld in Northamptonshire. Sometime after 1163 he granted Sibton Abbey 20 acres of land from his demesne and 30 acres of broken heath in the village of Tuddenham, Suffolk. At an unknown date, Saher granted the canons of Dunmow, Essex a yearly rent of 10s. issuing out of the lordship of East Bradenham, Norfolk. Saher married (2nd) after 1165 ASCELINE PEVEREL, widow of Geoffrey de Waterville (occurs c.1138-61, dead in 1162), of Ailsworth and Upton (in Castor), Northamptonshire, and daughter of Robert Peverel, by his wife, Adelicia. They had no issue. She was co-heiress in 1148 to her brother, William Peverel, of Dover, by which she inherited a one-quarter share of the barony of Bourn, Cambridgeshire. Sometime between 1161 and 1172, she and her son, Ralph de Waterville, conceded to Shrewsbury Abbey a third of Crugelton and Slepe, Shropshire, as given previously by her uncle, Hamon Peverel. Sometime in the 1170s Saher confirmed William [de Belvoir] and his son, Reynold [de Oakley], in their possession of the manor of Great Childerley (in Childerley), Cambridgeshire. SAHER DE QUINCY died in 1190 (or about 1193).

Weever Antient Funeral Monuments (1767): 388-391.
Baker Hist. & Antiqs. of Northampton 1 (1822-30): 563 (Beaumont-Quincy ped.).
Dugdale Monasticon Anglicanum 5 (1825): 181 (charter of Maud de Senlis to Daventry Priory, naming her deceased husband, [Robert] Fitz Richard, and her mother, Queen Maud [of Scotland]); 6(1) (1830): 147 ("[Year] 1112. Robertus filius Ricardi deponsavit Matildam de Sancto Licio quae fuit domina de Brade[n]ham"). Clutterbuck Hist. & Antiqs. of Hertford 3 (1827): 225-226 (Clare ped). Hodgson Hist. of Northumberland Pt. 2 Vol. 3 (1840): 6-8 (ped.)". Trans. British Arch. Assoc., 2nd Annual Congress (1846): 294-306. Lipscomb Hist. & Antiqs. of Buckingham 1 (1847): 200-201 (Clare ped.). Eyton Antiqs. of Shropshire 9 (1859): 62-78. Notes & Queries 4th Ser. 11(1873): 269-271, 305-308. Remarks & Colls. of Thomas Hearne 3 (Oxford Hist. Soc.) (1889): 104 (ped. chart). Birch Catalogue of Seals in the British Museum 2 (1892): 397 (seal of Maud de Senlis dated temp. Henry II.- Pointed oval. To the left. In tightly-fitting dress with long maunches, in the right hand a fleur-cle-lis. Standing. Legend wanting,). Round Feudal England (1895): 468 -479,575 (ped.). Arch. Jour. 2nd Ser. 6 (1899): 221-231. Warner & Ellis Facsimiles of Royal & Other Charters in the British Museum 1 (1903): #37 (charter of William, Count of Boulogne and [Earl] of Warenne dated 1154; charter witnessed by Saher de Quincy). Copinger Manors of Suffolk (1905): 45-46; 2 (1908): 45-53. VCH Northampton 2 (1906): 483. Lindsay et al. Charters, Bulls and other Docs. Rel. to the Abbey of Inchaffray (Scottish Hist. Soc. 56) (1908): lxxxvi-lxxxix. C.P. 5 (1926): 472, footnote f; 6 (1926): 641, footnote b. Leys Sandford Cartulary 2 (Oxfordshire Rec. Soc. 22) (1941): 280-281 (charter of Simon son of Simon Earl of Northampton dated 1153-7; charter witnessed by Saher de Quincy). Hatton Book of Seals (1950): 102-103 (charter of Maud de Senlis dated early Henry II; charter witnessed by Walter Fitz Robert and Saher [de Quincy] her sons; attached seal displays a lady standing in mantle and gown, no legend), 194-195 (charter of Saher de Quincy dated after 1163; charter witnessed his son, Saher de Quincy, and [son-in-law], Roger de Huntingfield). Paget (1957) 14:2 (daughter Maud, who retained her mother's surname, has been confused with the latter), 230:1 (he died after Easter 1136 when he was one of the witnesses to Stephen's Charter to Winchester). Sanders English Baronies (1960): 129-130. VCH Cambridge 5 (1973): 4-16, 16-25,111-120, 241-251; 6 (1978): 220-230; 8 (1982): 97-110, 127-135, 248-267; 9 (1989): 41-44, 118-120. Dodwell Charters of the Norwich Cathedral Priory 1 (Pubs. Pipe Roll Soc. n.s. 40) (1974): 180-183 (charter dated 1176 mentions gift of the church of Bradenham, Norfolk "quarn Matilda de Silvenecti concessione filii sin Gwalteri ecclesie tue dedit et carta sua confirmauit"). Harper-Bill Stoke by Clare Cartulary 1 (Suffolk Charters 4) (1982): 115 (Gerard Giffard, Prior of Stoke by Clare, styled "kinsman" by Robert Fitz Richard before 1136). Kealey Harvesting the Air (1987): 107-131. Caenegem English Lawsuits from William Ito Richard 11 (Selden Soc. 106) (1990): 249-250. Franklin English Episcopal Acta 14: Coventry and Lichfield 1072-1159 (1997): 85-87. Raban White Book of Peterborough (2001): 250. Tanner Fams., Friends, & Allies (2004): 291 (chart), 313 (Scotland ped.), 316 (Clare ped.).

Children of Maud de Senlis, by Robert Fitz Richard:
i. WALTER FITZ ROBERT [see next].
ii. MAUD DE SENLIS, married (1st) WILLIAM D'AUBENEY, of Belvoir, Leicestershire [see DAUBENEY 5]. (2nd) RICHARD DE LUVETOT, of Sheffield, Yorkshire [see DAUBENEY 5].
Children of Maud de Senlis, by Saher de Quincy:
i. ROBERT DE QUINCY, of Tranent, Fawside, and Longniddry, East Lothian, Scotland, Grantchester, Cambridgeshire, Long Buckby, Northamptonshire, etc., married ORABEL FITZ NESS [see QUINCY 5].
ii. ALICE DE SENLIS, married ROGER DE HUNTINGFIELD, of Linstead and Mendham, Suffolk, Frampton, Lincolnshire, East Bradenham, Norfolk, etc. [see HUNTINGFIELD 5].”

Matilda married FitzRichard, Lord Robert de Clare in 1112. Robert (son of FitzGilbert, Sir Knight Richard de Clare and Giffard, Rohese) was born in 1075 in Tonbridge Castle, Tonbridge, Kent, England; died on 10 Apr 1136 in Little Dunmow, Essex, England; was buried after 10 Apr 1136 in St Neots Priory, St. Neots, Huntingdonshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Matilda married de Quincy, Saher between 1137 and 1140 in England. Saher was born in 1066 in Cuinchy, Pas-de-Calais, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France; died in 1190 in Northamptonshire, England; was buried in 1190 in Long Buckby, Northamptonshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Physical Description: suffered from blepharoptosis, a drooping or falling of the upper eyelid, apparently his left eyelid
• Appointments / Titles: Count of Anjou
• Appointments / Titles: Count of Bar-Le-Duc
• Appointments / Titles: Count of Maine
• Appointments / Titles: Count of Nantes
• Appointments / Titles: Duke of Maine
• Appointments / Titles: Duke of Normandy
• Appointments / Titles: King
• Appointments / Titles: King of England
• Appointments / Titles: Lord of Ireland
• Appointments / Titles: Lord of Ireland
• Occupation: Reigned 1154-1189. First ruler of the House of Plantagenet.
• Religion: Catholic
• Birth: 5 Mar 1133, Le Mans, Sarthe, Pays de la Loire, France
• Birth: 19 Mar 1133, Le Mans, Sarthe, Pays de la Loire, France
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Jan 1154 and 7 Jan 1190; King of England
• Appointments / Titles: 26 Dec 1154; Ascended to the throne
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Jan 1216 and 7 Jan 1217; Duke of Aquitaine
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Jan 1216 and 7 Jan 1220; His Regent was William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Jan 1219 and 7 Jan 1228; His Regent was Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent

Notes:

Known for his piety, holding lavish religious ceremonies and giving generously to charities; he was particularly devoted to the figure of Edward the Confessor, whom he adopted as his patron saint.

bio by: Kristen Conrad
Maintained by: Find A Grave
Record added: Jan 01, 2001
Find A Grave Memorial# 1951

English Monarch. The son of Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou and Queen Matilda, Henry was born in LeMans France, and acceded the throne of England in 1154, where he was crowned on December 19. He was the first of the Angevin kings, and one of England's most effective monarchs. He refined the government and created a self-standing bureaucracy. Henry was ambitious, intelligent, and energetic, and it is said he spoke every language used in Europe, though it is unlikely he spoke English. He married Eleanor of Aquitaine on May 18, 1152. This marriage brought under his rule the French counties of Brittany, Maine, Poitou, Touraine, Gascony, Anjou, Aquitaine, and Normandy - meaning Henry had more land and more power than the King of France. In 1162, Henry's best friend and chancellor, Thomas Beckett, was named Archbishop of Canterbury. Beckett distanced himself from Henry and angered the king when he opposed the coronation of young Prince Henry. In a fit of frustration, Henry publicly conveyed his wish to be free of Beckett. Four knights took the king at his word and murdered the archbishop in his cathedral. Henry endured a limited storm of protest over the incident, but the controvery quickly passed. As a result of the treachery of his sons, often with the encouragement of their mother, Henry was defeated in 1189 and forced to accept humiliation and peace. He died at Chinon, France at the age of 56.

Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (French: Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, ruled as Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Nantes, King of England (1154–89)

Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272), also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of England, Lord of Ireland and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death. The son of King John and Isabella of Angoulême, Henry assumed the throne when he was only nine in the middle of the First Barons' War. Cardinal Guala declared the war against the rebel barons to be a religious crusade and Henry's forces, led by William Marshal, defeated the rebels at the battles of Lincoln and Sandwich in 1217. Henry promised to abide by the Great Charter of 1225, which limited royal power and protected the rights of the major barons. His early rule was dominated first by Hubert de Burgh and then Peter des Roches, who re-established royal authority after the war. In 1230 the King attempted to reconquer the provinces of France that had once belonged to his father, but the invasion was a debacle. A revolt led by William Marshal's son, Richard, broke out in 1232, ending in a peace settlement negotiated by the Church.

Following the revolt, Henry ruled England personally, rather than governing through senior ministers. He travelled less than previous monarchs, investing heavily in a handful of his favourite palaces and castles. He married Eleanor of Provence, with whom he had five children. Henry was known for his piety, holding lavish religious ceremonies and giving generously to charities; the King was particularly devoted to the figure of Edward the Confessor, whom he adopted as his patron saint. He extracted huge sums of money from the Jews in England, ultimately crippling their ability to do business, and as attitudes towards the Jews hardened, he introduced the Statute of Jewry, attempting to segregate the community. In a fresh attempt to reclaim his family's lands in France, he invaded Poitou in 1242, leading to the disastrous Battle of Taillebourg. After this, Henry relied on diplomacy, cultivating an alliance with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. Henry supported his brother Richard in his bid to become King of the Romans in 1256, but was unable to place his own son Edmund on the throne of Sicily, despite investing large amounts of money. He planned to go on crusade to the Levant, but was prevented from doing so by rebellions in Gascony.

By 1258, Henry's rule was increasingly unpopular, the result of the failure of his expensive foreign policies and the notoriety of his Poitevin half-brothers, the Lusignans, as well as the role of his local officials in collecting taxes and debts. A coalition of his barons, initially probably backed by Eleanor, seized power in a coup d'état and expelled the Poitevins from England, reforming the royal government through a process called the Provisions of Oxford. Henry and the baronial government enacted a peace with France in 1259, under which Henry gave up his rights to his other lands in France in return for King Louis IX of France recognising him as the rightful ruler of Gascony. The baronial regime collapsed but Henry was unable to reform a stable government and instability across England continued.

In 1263 one of the more radical barons, Simon de Montfort, seized power, resulting in the Second Barons' War. Henry persuaded Louis to support his cause and mobilised an army. The Battle of Lewes occurred in 1264, where Henry was defeated and taken prisoner. Henry's eldest son, Edward, escaped from captivity to defeat de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham the following year and freed his father. Henry initially enacted a harsh revenge on the remaining rebels, but was persuaded by the Church to mollify his policies through the Dictum of Kenilworth. Reconstruction was slow and Henry had to acquiesce to various measures, including further suppression of the Jews, to maintain baronial and popular support. Henry died in 1272, leaving Edward as his successor. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, which he had rebuilt in the second half of his reign, and was moved to his current tomb in 1290. Some miracles were declared after his death but he was not canonised.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England#Children

Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (French: Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, ruled as Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Nantes, King of England (1154–89) and Lord of Ireland; at various times, he also controlled Wales, Scotland and Brittany. Henry was the son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England. He became actively involved by the age of 14 in his mother's efforts to claim the throne of England, then occupied by Stephen of Blois, and was made Duke of Normandy at 17. He inherited Anjou in 1151 and shortly afterwards married Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose marriage to Louis VII of France had recently been annulled. Stephen agreed to a peace treaty after Henry's military expedition to England in 1153: Henry inherited the kingdom on Stephen's death a year later

Henry married Plantagenet, Agnes in Mistress. Agnes was born in 1135; died in 1185. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: of Aquitaine, Queen Eleanor. Eleanor (daughter of of Aquitaine, WIlliam X and de Châtellerault, Elaeanor) was born on 13 Dec 1122 in Bordeaux, Gironde, Aquitaine, France; was christened in Fontevrault Abbey, Fontevrault, Maine-et-Loire, Pays de la Loire, France; died on 7 Apr 1204 in Mirabell Castle, Tarn-et-Garonne, Midi-Pyrénées, France; was buried after 7 Apr 1204 in Fontevrault Abbey, Fontevrault, Maine-et-Loire, Pays de la Loire, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Hamelin de Warenne, Earl of Surrey (sometimes Hamelin of Anjou and, anachronistically, Hamelin Plantagenet[a] (c.1129—1202) was an English nobleman who was prominent at the courts of the Angevin kings of England, Henry II, Richard I, and John. He was an

Family/Spouse: de Warenne, Isabella. Isabella was born in 1137 in Surrey, England; died on 20 Jul 1199 in Lewes, Sussex, England; was buried after 20 Jul 1199 in Lewes Priory (Historical), Lewes, Sussex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Earl of Gloucester
• FSID: K2H7-B9K
• Name: William Fitz Robert
• Appointments / Titles: Between 31 Oct 1147 and 23 Nov 1183; 2nd Earl of Gloucester
• Appointments / Titles: Between 31 Oct 1147 and 23 Nov 1183; 2nd Earl of Gloucester (Predecessor: Sir Robert de Caen; Successor: John de Mortain)
• Death: 23 Nov 1183, Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, England

Notes:

William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester (died 1183) was the son and heir of Sir Robert de Caen, 1st Earl of Gloucester, and Mabel FitzRobert of Gloucester, daughter of Robert Fitzhamon and nephew of Empress Matilda.

Lineage
William FitzRobert was the son of Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester, an illegitimate son of King Henry I of England, during whose reign William was born. Thus William was a nephew of the Empress Maud and a cousin of King Stephen, the principal combatants of the English Anarchy period. It also meant that William is the great-grandson of the famed William the Conqueror.

Early career
In October 1141, William looked after the Baronial estates, when his father fell into the hands of partisans at Winchester. His father was exchanged for King Stephen, and during his father's absence in Normandy in 1144 he served as Governor of Wareham. In 1147, he overthrew Henry de Tracy at Castle Cary.

In 1154 he made an alliance with Roger de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford, by which they agreed to aid each other against all men except Henry II of England.

FitzRobert granted Neath, a town in Glamorgan, a charter. He was Lord of the manor of Glamorgan, as well as Caerleon, residing chiefly at Cardiff Castle. It was there that in 1158 he and his wife and son were captured by the Welsh Lord of Senghenydd, Ifor Bach ("Ivor the Little") and carried away into the woods, where they were held as prisoners until the Earl redressed Ivor's grievances.

Relationship with King Henry II
In 1173 the earl took the King's part against his sons, but thereafter he appears to have fallen under suspicion, for the following year he submitted to the King, and in 1175 surrendered to him Bristol Castle. Because his only son and heir Robert died in 1166, Earl William made John, the younger son of King Henry II, heir to his earldom, in conformity with the King's promise that John should marry one of the Earl's daughters, if the Church would allow it, they being related in the third degree.

Earl William was present in March 1177 when the King arbitrated between the Kings of Castile and Navarre, and in 1178, he witnessed Henry's charter to Waltham Abbey. But during the King's struggles with his sons, when he imprisoned a number of magnates of whose loyalty he was doubtful, Earl William was among them.

Family and children
He was married to Hawise de Beaumont of Leicester, daughter of Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester and Amica de Gael and had children:

Robert fitz William (1151, Cardiff, Glamorganshire – 1166, Cardiff, Glamorganshire).
Mabel fitz William, married Amaury V de Montfort, her son Amaury briefly being Earl of Gloucester
Amice fitz William, d. 1220. Married Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford, their descendants eventually inherited the Earldom of Gloucester.
Isabel, Countess of Gloucester. She was married three times:
Prince John
Geoffrey FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 2nd Earl of Essex, Earl of Gloucester
Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent

The earl died in 1183; his wife Hawise survived him. Since their only son, Robert, predeceased his father, their daughters became co-heirs to the feudal barony of Gloucester.

[Source: Wikipedia, "William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester". see lionk in Sources.]

William married de Beaumont, Hawise in 1149 in Gloucestershire, England. Hawise (daughter of de Beaumont, Robert and de Gael, Amice de Montfort) was born in 1129 in Leicester, Leicestershire, England; died on 9 Dec 1208 in Dudley, Worcestershire, England; was buried after 9 Dec 1208 in Slimbridge, Gloucestershire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: LBHM-2M4

Notes:

MARGUERITE de Sully (-14 Dec 1145). "Henricus comes Augensis filius comitis Willermi" made donations to the abbey of St Michel, Tréport with the consent of "Margarita comitissa et fratres supradicti comitis Robertus, Willelmus major, Willelmus minor" by a charter dated 1101[784]. The necrology of the church of Eu records the death "15 Dec" of "Margareta Augensis comitissa, mater Johannis comitis"[785]. m as his third wife, HENRI I Comte d'Eu, son of GUILLAUME I Comte d'Eu & his [first/second] wife --- (-Fécamp 12 Jul 1140). [Medieval Lands.]

Marguerite married d'Eu, Henry I in 1122 in Eu, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France. Henry (son of of Hastings, William II and de Busli, Beatrice) was born in 1078 in Eu, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France; died on 12 Jul 1140 in Foucarmont, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France; was buried on 12 Jul 1140 in Foucarmont Abbey, Foucarmont, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Count of Savoy
• Appointments / Titles: The Blessed
• Appointments / Titles: The Saint
• FSID: LVYG-MC1

Umberto married of the Holy Roman Empire, Beatrice between 8 Jan 1176 and 7 Jan 1177 in France. Beatrice was born in 1138 in Wien, Wien, Wien, Austria; was christened in 1145 in Bourgogne, Marne, Champagne-Ardenne, France; died on 22 Nov 1184 in Château, Dordogne, Aquitaine, France; was buried after 22 Nov 1184 in Speyer Cathredal, Speyer, Speyer, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Countess of Ches
• FSID: G467-S4S

Notes:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fitz_Richard

Family/Spouse: d'Aubigny, Earl William. William (son of d'Aubigny, William and Bigod, Cecily) was born in 1120 in Belvoir Castle, Belvoir, Leicestershire, England; died in 1169 in Belvoir Castle, Belvoir, Leicestershire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Life Event: 2nd Lord of Little Dunmow

Family/Spouse: de Lucy, Maud. Maud (daughter of de Lucy, Sir Richard and de Boulogne, Rohese) was born in 1118 in Hereford, Herefordshire, England; died in DECEASED in Diss, Norfolk, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: L5TZ-KFQ

Notes:

“Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
“ALICE DE SENLIS, married ROGER [FITZ WILLIAM] DE HUNTINGFIELD, of Huntingfield, Linstead, and Mendham, Suffolk, Frampton, Huttoft, and Southorpe, Lincolnshire, East Bradenham, Norfolk, etc., son and heir of William Fitz Roger de Huntingfield, by Sibyl, daughter of Roger de Gigny. He was born before 1145. They had four sons, William, Roger, Thomas, and John. About 1180-83, by permission of her husband, Roger, Alice gave land and pasture which she held in Tytton (in Wyberton), Lincolnshire to Stixwould Priory. In 1183 Maurice de Craon acknowledged his rights to various manors in Lincolnshire, in exchange for the manor of Warneborne. In 1189 he had a dispute with the Prior of Longeville concerning the advowson of Harleton, Cambridgeshire. He subsequently took the case to the king's court, and a decision reached at Westminster in 1196 in the presence of Hubert Walter. In 1196 the Longeville monks agreed that the lord. of the manor shall nominate to the rectory, in return for a pension from the church; he in turn promised that if the Bishop will not increase the pension of the monks from 20s. to 40s., he will himself pay the money. In the period, 1198-1204, he gave Mendham Priory a pasture in Mendham, Suffolk and a water mill called `Kingesholme.' In 1199 he gave 200 marks for 15 librates of land of the honour of Lancaster in Norfolk and Suffolk. In 1200 Roger de Huntingfield was present when William the Lion, King of Scots, paid homage to King John at Lincoln. At an unknown date, he witnessed a charter of his wife's brother, Saher de Quincy, to Sibton Abbey. At an unknown date, he confirmed a gift of Thomas de Multon to Spalding Abbey. ROGER DE HUNTINGFIELD died in 1204. His wife, Alice, died the same year.

Blomefield Essay towards a Top. Hist. of Norfolk 5 (1806): 375. Stubbs Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Hovedene 4 (Rolls Ser. 51(4)) (1871): 141-142. Warner & Ellis Facsimiles of Royal & Other Charters in the British Museum 1 (1903): #45. Foster Final Concords of the County of Lincoln from the Feet of Fines A.D. 1244-1272 2 (Lincoln Rec. Soc. 17) (1920): 307-308. Salter Newington Longeville Charters (Oxfordshire Rec. Soc. 3) (1921): xxxiv-xxxvii, 75-76 (charter of Roger Fitz William de Huntingfield). CP. 6 (1926): 671 footnote a. Hatton Book of Seals (1950): 194-195, 200-201 (charter of Roger Fitz William dated 1198-1204). Paget Baronage of England (1957) 299:1. Hallam Settlement & Society (1965): 51. VCH Cambridge 5 (1973): 216. Franklin Cartulary of Daventry Priory (Pubs. of Northamptonshire Rec. Soc. 35) (1988): xx-xxi, 2-4. Wilkinson Women in 13th-Cent. Lincolnshire (2007): 174-175.

[Note: Evidence of the maiden name of Alice de Senlis (died 1204), mother of William de Huntingfield, the Magna Carta baron, is provided by her own charter to Stixwould Priory dated c.1180-3 [see Hallam Settlement & Society (1965): 51; Wilkinson Women in 13th Cent. Lincolnshire (2007): 174-175]. Alice has been identified by one recent historian as "perhaps" the daughter of Maud de Senlis, wife successively of Robert Fitz Richard (de Clare) (died 1136) and Saber de Quincy I [see Wilkinson Women in 13th Cent. Lincolnshire (2007): 175; Franklin Cartulary of Darentry Priory (Pubs. of Northamptonshire Rec. Soc. 35) (1988): xx-xxi, 2-4]. Another historian states Alice "was probably related to the [Senlis] earls of Northampton" [see Hatton Book of Seals (1950): 201]. Surviving charters indicate that Alice de Senlis' husband, Roger de Huntingfield, witnessed charters for both of Maud de Senlis' sons, Walter Fitz Robert and Saber de Quincy II [see Hatton Book of Seals (1950): 194, 201]. Roger de Huntingfield likewise held property at East Bradenham, Norfolk, the chief manor of which was previously held by Maud de Senlis, who gave the church there sometime before 1176 to Norwich Cathedral [see Blomefield Essay towards a Top. Hist. of Norfolk 6 (1807): 134-138; Dugdale Monasticon Anglicanum 5 (1825): 56, 58; Dugdale Monasticon Anglicanum 6(1) (1830): 148-149; Dodwell Charters of the Norwich Cathedral Priory 1 (Pubs. Pipe Roll Soc. n.s. 40) (1974): 180-183; Ward Women of the English Nobility & Gentry 1066-1500 (1995): 49-50]. In 1200 Roger de Huntingfield was present when William the Lion, King of Scots, paid homage to King John at Lincoln [see Stubbs Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Honedene 4 (Rolls Ser. 51(4)) (1871): 141-142]. Also present on this occasion were Roger le Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, Henry de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, Saber de Quincy IV, William Longespee, Earl of Salisbury, Robert de Roos, and William de Vescy, all of whom were near kinsfolk or related by marriage to King William the Lion. If Alice de Senlis, wife of Roger de Huntingfield, was the daughter of Maud de Senlis, it would make Alice a first cousin of King William the Lion. Given the chronology, passage of lands, naming patterns, etc., it seems virtually certain that Alice de Senlis was the daughter of Maud de Senlis and her 2nd husband, Saber de Quincy I, and that Alice's maritagium included Senlis family property at East Bradenham, Norfolk].”

Family/Spouse: de Huntingfield, Sir Roger. Roger was born in 1140 in East Bradenham, Norfolk, England; died in 1204 in Frampton, Lincolnshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: 9C6M-LL8

Family/Spouse: de Verdun, Nicolas. Nicolas was born in 1175 in Alton, Staffordshire, England; died on 23 Oct 1231 in Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Plantagenet, King John Lackland of England. John (son of Plantagenet, King of England Henry II and of Aquitaine, Queen Eleanor) was born on 31 Dec 1166 in Kings Manor House (Historical), Oxford, Oxfordshire, England; died on 18 Oct 1216 in Newark Castle, Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire, England; was buried on 19 Oct 1216 in Worcester Cathedral, Worcester, Worcestershire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Burial: Worcester Cathedral, Worcester, Worcestershire, England
• Appointments / Titles: Duke of Bedford
• House: House of Plantagenet
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Jan 1177 and 7 Jan 1186; Lord of Ireland
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1189 and 1199, Gloucestershire, England; Earl
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1199 and 1204, Maine (Historical), France; Count
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1199 and 1204, Poitou-Charentes, France; Count
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1199 and 1216, Aquitaine, France; Duke
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1199 and 1216, England; King
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Jan 1199 and 7 Jan 1217; King of England
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1202 and 1216, Angoulême, Charente, Poitou-Charentes, France; Count
• Death: 19 Oct 1216, Newark Castle, Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire, England

Notes:

John, the youngest of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, was at first not expected to inherit significant lands; became Henry's favourite child. John grew up to be around 5 ft 5 in. John's first period of rule in Ireland was not a success. Ireland had only recently been conquered by Anglo-Norman forces, and tensions were still rife between Henry II, the new settlers and the existing inhabitants.[28] John infamously offended the local Irish rulers by making fun of their unfashionable long beards. In order to remarry, John first needed to abandon Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, his first wife; as a cousin, John could not have legally wed her without this. Marrying Isabella of Angoulême, John was acquiring a key land route between Poitou and Gascony, which significantly strengthened his grip on Aquitaine. At the start of John's reign there was a sudden change in prices, as bad harvests and high demand for food resulted in much higher prices for grain and animals. This inflationary pressure was to continue for the rest of the 13th century and had long-term economic consequences for England. From Henry II onwards, ira et malevolentia had come to describe the right of the king to express his anger and displeasure at particular barons or clergy, building on the Norman concept of malevoncia – royal ill-will.[116] In the Norman period, suffering the king's ill-will meant difficulties in obtaining grants, honours or petitions; John was deeply suspicious of the barons. Chroniclers complained that John's mistresses were married noblewomen, which was considered unacceptable. During the remainder of his reign, John focused on trying to retake Normandy and England itself had to be secured against possible French invasion, John became involved in a dispute with Pope Innocent III that would lead to the king's excommunication. John refused Innocent's request that he consent to Langton's appointment, but the pope consecrated Langton anyway. He barred Langton from entering England and seized the lands of the archbishopric and other papal possessions.
Neither John nor the rebel barons seriously attempted to implement the peace accord. The failure of the agreement led rapidly to the First Barons' War. The rebel barons responded by inviting Prince Louis of France to lead them: Louis had a claim to the English throne by virtue of his marriage to Blanche of Castile, a granddaughter of Henry II. John contracted dysentery, which would ultimately prove fatal. By October 1216 John faced a "stalemate", "a military situation uncompromised by defeat". John's illness grew worse. John died on the night of 18 October. John's first wife, Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, was released from imprisonment in 1214; she remarried twice, and died in 1217. John's second wife, Isabella of Angoulême, left England for Angoulême soon after the king's death; she became a powerful regional leader, but largely abandoned the children she had had by John.
Popular representations of John first began to emerge during the Tudor period: Shakespeare's King John, Sir Walter Scott's historical romance, Ivanhoe, Howard Pyle's book The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood. Excerpts from Wikipedia.org.
Name: King John
Born: December 24, 1166 at Beaumont Palace : Oxford
Parents: Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine
House of: Angevin ( Plantagenet)
Ascended to the throne: April 6, 1199 aged 32 years
Crowned: May 27, 1199 at Westminster Abbey
Married: 1) Isabella of Gloucester, (annulled 1199), (2) Isabella, Daughter of Count of Angouleme
Children: Two sons including Henry III, three daughters and several illegitimate children
Died: October 18, 1216 at Newark Castle, aged 49 years, 9 months, and 24 days
Buried at: Worcester
Reigned for: 17 years, 6 months, and 13 days
Succeeded by: his son Henry III
---------------
John was nicknamed Lackland, probably because, as the youngest of Henry II's five sons, it was difficult to find a portion of his father's French possessions for him to inherit. He was acting king from 1189 during his brother Richard the Lion-Heart's absence on the Third Crusade. The legend of Robin Hood dates from this time in which John is portrayed as Bad King John. He was involved in intrigues against his absent brother, but became king in 1199 when Richard was killed in battle in France.

King John signs Magna Carta 1215
Most of his reign was dominated by war with France. Following the peace treaty of Le Goulet there was a brief peace, but fighting resumed again in 1202. John had lost Normandy and almost all the other English possessions in France to Philip II of France by 1204. He spent the next decade trying to regain these without success and was finally defeated by Philip Augustus at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. He was also in conflict with the Church. In 1205 he disputed the pope's choice of Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury, and Pope Innocent III placed England under an interdict, suspending all religious services, including baptisms, marriages, and burials. John retaliated by seizing church revenues, and in 1209 was excommunicated. Eventually, John submitted, accepting the papal nominee, and agreed to hold the kingdom as a fief of the papacy; an annual monetary tribute was paid to the popes for the next 150 years by successive English monarchs.

His concessions did not buy peace for long and the Barons War continued. The barons sought French aid and Prince Louis of France landed in England supported by attacks from the North by Alexander II of Scotland. John fled and according to legend lost most of his baggage and the crown jewels when crossing the tidal estuaries of the Wash. He became ill with dysentery and died at Newark Castle in October 1216.
Timeline for King John
Year Event
1199 John accedes to the throne on the death of his brother, Richard I.
1204 England loses most of its possessions in France.
1205 John refuses to accept Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury
1208 Pope Innocent III issues an Interdict against England, banning all church services except baptisms and funerals
1209 Pope Innocent III excommunicates John for his confiscation of ecclesiastical property
1209 Cambridge University founded
1212 Innocent III declares that John is no longer the rightful King
1213 John submits to the Pope’s demands and accepts the authority of the Pope
1214 Philip Augustus of France defeats the English at the Battle of Bouvines
1215 Beginning of the Barons' war. The English Barons march to London to demand rights which they lay down in the Magna Carta.
1215 John meets the English barons at Runnymede, agrees to their demands, and seals the Magna Carta which set limits on the powers of the monarch, lays out the feudal obligations of the barons, confirms the liberties of the Church, and grants rights to all freemen of the realm and their heirs for ever. It is the first written constitution.
1215 The Pope decrees that John need not adhere to the Magna Carta, and civil war breaks out
1216 The barons seek French aid in their fight against John. Prince Louis of France lands in England and captures the Tower of London
1216 John flees North and loses his war chest of cash and jewels in the Wash estuary
1216 John dies of a fever at Newark and is buried Worcester Cathedral

Family/Spouse: le Boteler, Regina Clementia. Regina (daughter of Plantagenet, King of England Henry II and Plantagenet, Agnes) was born on 19 Jun 1166 in Maine (Historical), France; died on 7 Sep 1201 in Nantes, Loire-Atlantique, Pays de la Loire, France; was buried after 7 Sep 1201 in England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

John married de Taillefer, Queen of England Isabelle on 24 Aug 1200 in Bordeaux, Gironde, Aquitaine, France. Isabelle (daughter of de Taillefer, Aymar and de Courtenay, Alice) was born on 2 Sep 1188 in Angoulême, Charente, Poitou-Charentes, France; was christened in 1188 in France; died on 10 Jun 1246 in Fontevrault Abbey, Fontevrault, Maine-et-Loire, Pays de la Loire, France; was buried in Fontevrault Abbey, Fontevrault, Maine-et-Loire, Pays de la Loire, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: de Ferrers, Agatha. Agatha was born in 1168 in Stowe-by-Chartley, Staffordshire, England; died in 1189 in Chinon, Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey, England; Earl of Surrey
• Appointments / Titles: Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey, England; Earl of Surrey
• Appointments / Titles: Warren Hall, Knutsford, Cheshire, England; Earl of Warrenne
• Appointments / Titles: Warren Hall, Knutsford, Cheshire, England; Earl of Warrenne
• FSID: LDYW-LFJ
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Jan 1200 and 7 Jan 1209, Surrey, England; High Sheriff of Surrey
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Jan 1202 and 7 Jan 1241, Surrey, England; 5th Earl of Surrey
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Jan 1204 and 7 Jan 1207, England; Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Jan 1208 and 7 Jan 1214, England; Warden of the Welsh Marches
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Jan 1214 and 7 Jan 1215, England; Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Jan 1215 and 7 Jan 1216; Magna Charta Surety
• Appointments / Titles: Between 8 Jan 1217 and 7 Jan 1227, Surrey, England; High Sheriff of Surrey

Family/Spouse: Marshall, Countess Matilda. Matilda (daughter of Marshal, Earl William and FitzGilbert, Isabel de Clare) was born in Sep 1192 in Pembroke, Pembrokeshire, Wales; was christened between 8 Sep and 7 Oct 1201; died on 3 Apr 1248 in Tintern Abbey, Tintern, Monmouthshire, Wales; was buried on 11 Apr 1248 in Tintern Abbey, Tintern, Monmouthshire, Wales. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Gloucestershire, England; 4th Countess of Gloucester
• FSID: KH8X-ZDW

Notes:

[Richard] married (c. 1172) Amice Fitzwilliam, 4th Countess of Gloucester (c. 1160–1220), second daughter, and co-heiress, of William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester, and Hawise de Beaumont. Sometime before 1198, Earl Richard and his wife Amice were ordered to separate by the Pope on grounds of consanguinity. They separated for a time because of this order but apparently reconciled their marriage with the Pope later on.
[Wikipedia.]

Family/Spouse: de Clare, Sir Richard. Richard was born in 1153 in Tonbridge Castle, Tonbridge, Kent, England; died on 30 Dec 1218 in Damietta, Egypt; was buried after 30 Dec 1218 in Tonbridge Priory, Tonbridge, Kent, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: MD2W-FVR
• Alternate Death: 1207, Southorpe, Lincolnshire, England

Notes:

“Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
“WILLIAM DE HUNTINGFIELD, Knt., of Huntingfield and Mendham, Suffolk, Harlton, Cambridgeshire, Frampton, Fishtoft, and Southorpe, Lincolnshire, etc., Constable of Dover Castle, 1203-4, Warden of the Cinque Ports, and Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk, 1209-11, justice itinerant in Lincolnshire, and, in right of his wife, patron of Castleacre Priory, son and heir of Roger [Fitz William] de Huntingfield, of Huntingfield, Linstead, and Mendham, Suffolk, Frampton, Huttoft, Southorpe, and Tytton (in Wyberton), Lincolnshire, East Bradenham, Norfolk, etc., by Alice de Senlis, daughter of Saher de Quincy, of Long Buckby and Daventry, Northamptonshire. He was born about 1160. He married before 1194 ISABEL FITZ WILLIAM (otherwise DE GRESSENHALL), widow successively of Berenger de Cressy, and Osmond de Stuteville, of Weston Colville, Cambridgeshire (died in Palestine, probably during the Siege of Joppa about 1187), and daughter and heiress of William Fitz Roger, of Gressenhall and Castleacre, Norfolk, by his wife, Aeliva. They had two sons, Roger, Knt., and presumably Saher, and four daughters, Alice, Isabel, Sarah, and Margaret (or Margery). In 1194 he disputed with his wife's son, William de Stuteville, concerning his wife's dower. In 1195 the Abbot of St. Edmunds granted the whole vill of Wendling, Norfolk to William de Huntingfield and his wife, Isabel, and her heirs for 50s. a year. Sometime c.1204-12, he witnessed a charter of Alexander, Abbot of Sibton to Thomas son of Roger de Huntingfield, presumably his brother. In 1205 he was granted the manor of Clafford, Hampshire. In the period, 1204-17, he witnessed a charter of Ralph the chaplain of Heveningham to John Fitz Robert, lord of Ubbeston. His wife, Isabel, died in 1207. In 1208 he had custody of the lands of his brother, Roger, which had been seized in consequence of the interdict. From 1208 to 1210 he was one of the justices before whom fines were levied. In the period, 1210-18, he witnessed a charter of his kinsman, Saher de Quincy, Earl of Winchester. In 1211 he gave the king six fair Norway goshawks for license to marry his daughter, Alice, then widow of Richard de Solers, and to have assignation of her dowry out of the lands of her late husband. In 1213 he held the office of accountant with Aubrey de Vere, Earl of Oxford, for the customs of Norfolk and Suffolk. In 1215 he joined the confederate barons against the king. He was one of the twenty-five barons appointed to secure the observance of Magna Carta, which King John signed 15 June 1215. He served as a witness to the charter granting freedom of elections to the abbeys. He was among the barons excommunicated by Pope Innocent III in late 1215, and his lands were taken into the king's hands. He reduced Essex and Suffolk for Prince Louis of France, and in retaliation John plundered his estates in Norfolk and Suffolk. In Nov. 1216 he was granted the vill of Grimsby, Lincolnshire with all liberties and free customs by Prince Louis of France. He fought at the Battle of Lincoln 20 May 1217, where he was taken prisoner by the king's forces. On 23 June 1217 all his lands in Lincolnshire were granted to John Marshal. On conclusion of peace, he made peace with King Henry III 6 Oct. 1217, and had restitution of his estates. In 1218 he sued Nichole de la Haye for the recovery of chattels worth £273, which she seized from him in Lincolnshire when he was at arms against the king; a compromise was reached whereby Nichole gave William 30 silver marks in return for which he quitclaimed to her "all the right and claim that he had against her." In 1219 he had leave to go to the Holy Land on crusade; he appointed Thomas his brother to act on his behalf during his absence. SIR WILLIAM DE HUNTINGFIELD died on crusade, possibly in the Holy Land, before 25 Jan. 1220/1.
Blomefield Essay towards a Top. Hist. of Norfolk 6 (1807): 134-138; 9 (1808): 510-515. Placitorum in Domo Capitulari Westmonasteriensi Asservatorum Abbrevatio (1811): 3, 38. Dugdale Monasticon Anglicarium 5 (1825): 52 (charter of Isabel de Gressenhall, wife of William de Huntingfield), 58. Benedict of Peterborough Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi Benedict Abbatis (or Chron. of the Reigns of Heny II. & Richard I. A.D. 1169-1192) 2 (Rolls Ser. 49) (1867): 149-150 (death of Osmund de Stuteville at Joppa). Foss Judges of England (1870): 358-359 (biog. of William de Huntingfield). Paris Chronica Majora 2 (Rolls Ser. 57) (1874): 604-605, 642-645. Lincolnshire Notes & Queries 2 (1891): 65-67. List of Sheriffs for England & Wales (PRO Lists and Indexes 9) (1898): 86. Copinger Manors of Suffolk 2 (1908): 100-103; 4 (1909): 66-68. Copinger Manors of Suffolk, 4(1909): 66-67. D.N.B. 10 (1908): 306 (biog. of William de Huntingfield). Lindsay et al. Charters, Bulls & Other Docs. Rel. the Abbey of Inchaffray (Scottish Hist. Soc. 56) (1908): 157-158. Rye Norfolk Fams. (1911): 386-387. Foster Final Concords of Lincoln from the Feet of Fines A.D. 1244-1272 2 (Lincoln Rec. Soc. 17) (1920): 333. Book of Fees 1 (1920): 195. Salter Newington Longeville Charters (Oxfordshire Rec. Soc. 3) (1921): 76. Farrer Honours & Knights Fees 3 (1925): 395-397. C.P. 6 (1926): 671, footnote a (sub Huntingfield) (also known as Isabel de Freville, and is stated to have died in 1209). Stenton Rolls of the Justices in Eyre (Selden Soc. 53) (1934): 233. TAG 14 (1937-38): 10-12. Stenton Pleas Before the King 1198-1202 1 (Selden Soc. 67) (1953): 199. Foster Reg. Antignissimum of the Cathedral Church of Lincoln 7 (Lincoln Rec. Soc. 46) (1953): 14. Davis Kalendar of Abbot Samson of Bury St. Edmunds & Related Docs. (Camden 3rd Ser. 84) (1954): 159 (charter of William and wife, Isabel; available at www.utoronto.ca/deeds/research/research.html). Paget Baronage of England (1957) 299: 1-5 (sub Huntingfield). Stenton Pleas Before the King1198-1202 3 (Selden Soc. 83) (1967): xxxi, cclxiv-vi, cdxix. VCH Cambridge 5 (1973): 217. Brown Sibton Abbey Cartularies & Charters 1 (Suffolk Charters 7) (1985): 21-22 (re. Cressy him.), 64, 91-92; 2 (Suffolk Charters 8) (1986): 53-56; 3 (Suffolk Charters 9) (1987): 152; 4 (Suffolk Charters 10) (1988): 4-5. Caenegem English Lawsuits from William I to Richard I 2 (Selden Soc. 107) (1991): 598-599. White Restoration & Reform; 1153-1165 (2000): 168. Kauffmann Biblical Imagery in Medieval England, 700-1550 (2003): 160. Jobson English Government in the 13th Cent. (2004): 117. Wilkinson Women in 13th-Cent. Lincolnshire (2007): 21. Suffolk Rec. Office, Ipswich Branch: Iveagh (Plaillipps) Suffolk MSS, HD 1538/301/1 (feoffment dated before 1221 in free alms from William de Huntingfeld to the Monks of St. Mary of Mendham, Suffolk for salvation of souls of himself, his wife Isabel, and his parents and all ancestors, he grants to the monks in free alms all his wood in Metfield, Suffolk called Haute) (available at www.a2a.org.uk/search/index.asp).
Children of William de Huntingfield, Knt., by Isabel Fitz William:
i. ROGER DE HUNTINGFIELD, Knt. [see next].
ii. ALICE DE HUNTINGFIELD, married (1st) in or after 1200 RICHARD DE SOLERS, of Faccombe and Tangley, Hampshire, and Bonby, Lincolnshire, younger son of Guillaume (or William) de Solers (or Soliers), of Ellingham, Hampshire, Constable of Moulins-la-Marche, 1180, by Mabel, daughter of Robert Fitz Robert (or Fitz Count), of Conerton, Cornwell, Castellan of Gloucester [grandson of King Henry I of England]. In 1200, as "Ric[ardus] de "Soliis," he gave £600 Anjou to have his lands in Normandy and England, and to marry as he pleased. RICHARD DE SOLERS died shortly before Michaelmas 1207. In 1208 his widow, Alice, sued Thomas Peverel for one-half of vill of Faccornbe, Hampshire as her dower. In 1211 her father gave the king six fair Norway goshawks for the marriage of his daughter, Alice, widow of Richard de Solers, and to have assignation of her dowry out of the lands of her late husband. She married (2nd) before 1215 HUGH LE RUS (or RUFUS, RUFFUS), of Akenharn, Bircholt, Clopton, Hasketon, Stradbroke, and Whittingham (in Fressingfield), Suffolk, Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk, 1225-7, son and heir of Ernald Rufus, of Bircholt, Hasketon, Stradbroke, and Whittingham (in Fressingfield), Suffolk, by his wife, Isabel. They had two sons, Hugh and William. He was granted the manor of Fawsley, Northamptonshire in 1214 by King John. In 1215 the Sheriff of Hampshire was ordered to deliver up to Hugh and Alice his wife the dower of Alice in Faccombe and Tangle)', Hampshire, of which they had been disseised in the Barons' War. He was granted a weekly market at Stradbroke, Suffolk in 1225. In 1227 he was granted a weekly market at Woodbridge, Suffolk, which he later granted to Woodbridge Priory. HUGH LE RUS died in 1230. Blomefield Essay towards a Top. Hist. of Norfolk 6 (1807): 134-138. Hardy Rotuli Normanniae in Turri Londinensi Asservati 1 (1835): 38. List of Sheriffs for England & Wales (PRO Lists and Indexes 9) (1898): 86. Copinger Manors of Suffolk 4 (1909): 84-85. VCH Hampshire 4 (1911): 314, 326-328. Book of Fees 2 (1923): 1268. Kirkus Great Roll of the Pipe for the 9th Year of the Reign of King John Michaelmas 1207 (Pubs. Pipe Roll Soc. n.s. 22) (1946): 60, 148. Stenton Great Roll of the Pipe for the 13th Year of the Reign of King John Michaelmas 1211 (Pubs. Pipe Roll Soc. n.s. 28) (1953): 6, 179, 185. Paget Baronage of England (1957) 299: 1-5 (sub Huntingfield). Hockey Beaulieu Cartulag (Southampton Recs. 17) (1974): 104. Brown Eye Priory Cartulay & Charters 1 (Suffolk Charters 12) (1992): 235-236; 2 (Suffolk Charters 13) (1994): 77-81.
Children of Alice de Huntingfield, by Hugh le Rus:
a. HUGH LE RUS, of Stradbroke, Suffolk, son and heir. He died without issue shortly before 24 Sept. 1232. Brown Eye Priory Cartulary & Charters 2 (Suffolk Charters 13)

Family/Spouse: de Huntingfield, Sir William. William (son of de Huntingfield, Sir Roger and de Senlis, Alice) was born in 1165 in East Bradenham, Norfolk, England; died on 25 Jan 1221 in Israel. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: G98D-ZKQ

Helisende married de St. Leger, Sir Reginald I in 1125 in Wartling, Sussex, England. Reginald (son of de St. Leger, Sir Geoffrey and FitzGilbert, Adeliza de Clare) was born in 1115 in Wartling, Sussex, England; died in 1176 in Sussex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Count
• Appointments / Titles: Count of Savoy & Maurienne
• FSID: 2RBD-G4X
• Alternate Birth: 27 May 1177, Charbonnières, Savoie, Rhône-Alpes, France
• Alternate Death: 27 Jan 1233, Aoste, Isère, Rhône-Alpes, France

Notes:

Thomas (Tommaso I; 1178 – 1 March 1233) was Count of Savoy from 1189 to 1233. He is sometimes numbered "Thomas I" to distinguish him from his son of the same name, who governed Savoy but was not count.

Thomas was born in Aiguebelle, the son of Humbert III of Savoy and Beatrice of Viennois. His birth was seen as miraculous; his monkish father had despaired of having a male heir after three wives. Count Humbert sought counsel from St. Anthelm, who blessed Humbert three times, and it was seen as a prophecy come true when Thomas was born shortly before Anthelm himself died on 26 June 1178. He was named in honour of Saint Thomas Becket.

Coat of arms of Savoy
Thomas was still a minor when his father died on 4 March 1189, and a council of regency was established, composed of his mother Beatrice, his father's cousin Boniface I of Montferrat, and the Bishop of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne. He had reached his majority by August 1191. Thomas possessed the martial abilities, energy, and brilliance that his father lacked, and Savoy enjoyed a golden age under his leadership. Despite his youth he began the push northwest into new territories. In the same year he granted Aosta Valley the "Charte des Franchises", recognising the right to administrative and political autonomy. This right was maintained until the eve of the French Revolution. Later he conquered Vaud, Bugey, and Carignano. He supported the Hohenstaufens, and was known as "Thomas the Ghibelline" because of his career as Imperial Vicar of Lombardy.

Career Edit

Thomas worked throughout his career to expand the control and influence of the County of Savoy. One of the key tools that he used was his large number of children, who he worked to get into positions of influence in neighboring regions. In part, this was done by getting many of his sons into episcopal offices in surrounding territories, in a time when bishops had temporal as well as spiritual authority. In addition to Guglielmo and Bonifacio, who made their careers in the clergy, their brother Thomas started out as a canon at Lausanne and became prévôt of Valence by 1226. Pietro was also a canon at Lausanne and served as acting bishop there until he was replaced in 1231. In 1219 he worked to get his daughter Beatrice married to the fourteen-year-old Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence. This established a close relationship between the two adjoining counties which would help cement Savoy control over trade between Italy and France.

Thomas also fought many battles to expand his control. In 1215, his troops fought in an alliance with Milan against Monferrato, destroying the town of Casale. In 1222, he captured Cavour.

Thomas also worked through diplomatic and economic means to expand his control. The county of Savoy long enjoyed control over critical passes through the Alps. In his quest to gain more control over Turin, Thomas made an agreement with their rival Asti to reroute their French trade around Turin through Savoyard lands in a treaty on 15 September 1224. In 1226, Emperor Frederick II came to northern Italy and named Thomas Imperial Vicar of Lombardy. In this role, he mediated in a Genoese rebellion and a dispute between the town of Marseille and their bishop. Thomas also made a policy of granting franchises and charters to towns on key trade routes which enabled the merchant class to develop more wealth and built support for his rule.

Thomas died at Moncalieri, Savoy.

Family and children Edit

In 1195 he ambushed the party of Count William I of Geneva, which was escorting the count's daughter, Margaret of Geneva, to France for her intended wedding to King Philip II of France. Thomas carried off Marguerite and married her himself, producing some eight sons and six daughters.

Amedeo, his immediate successor
Umberto, d. between March and November 1223
Tommaso, lord and then count in Piedmont and founder of a line that became the Savoy-Achaea
Aimone, d. 30 August 1237, Lord of Chablais
Guglielmo (William of Savoy), Bishop of Valence and Dean of Vienne
Amadeo of Savoy, Bishop of Maurienne
Pietro, who resided much in England, became Earl of Richmond, and ultimately in 1263 became the disputed count of Savoy
Filippo, archbishop of Lyon, who resigned, through marriage became Count Palatine of Burgundy and ultimately in 1268 became the disputed count of Savoy
Bonifacio who became archbishop of Canterbury
Beatrice of Savoy, d. 1265 or 1266, married in December 1219 to Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence (1209-1245) and was mother of four Queens-consort
Alasia of Savoy, abbess of the monastery of St Pierre in Lyon (d.1250)
Ágatha of Savoy, abbess of the monastery of St Pierre in Lyon (d.1245)
Margherita of Savoy, d. 1273, married in 1218 to Hartmann IV of Kyburg
Avita of Savoy (1215-92) who married Baldwin de Redvers, 7th Earl of Devon and Robert Aguillon (d.1286).
He had illegitimate children too:

Aymon (+ 1243), who was Count of Larches, with Beatrice of Grisel married
Thomas "the big", who was count of Lioches
Giulio

Family/Spouse: verch Tudor, Jane Marie. Jane was born in 1177 in Wales; died in DECEASED. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Thomas married de Genève, Countess Marguerite Beatrix between 8 May and 7 Jun 1195 in Charbonnières, Savoie, Rhône-Alpes, France. Marguerite (daughter of de Genève, William I and of the Holy Roman Empire, Beatrice) was born in 1180 in Genève, Switzerland; died on 15 Apr 1257 in Pierre-Châtel, Isère, Rhône-Alpes, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Faucigny, Beatrix. Beatrix was born in 1177; died in DECEASED. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: GDDS-GWT

Notes:

Matilda (Maud) d' Aubigny married Gilbert, 3rd Earl of Strathearn. The couple had several children; Robert (4th Earl of) STRATHEARN, Cecilia of STRATHEARN, and Ethna of STRATHEARN. Matilda was His Majesty George I's 14-Great Grandmother, Lady Diana's 22-G

Matilda married Strathearn, Gilbert in 1174 in Perthshire, Scotland. Gilbert was born in 1150 in Scotland; died in 1223 in Strathearn, Pethshire, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Alice married de Pecche, Gilbert in 1186 in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England. Gilbert (son of de Pecche, Sir Hamon and de Peverel, Alice) was born in 1145 in Great Bealings, Suffolk, England; died in 1212 in Great Bealings, Suffolk, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Life Event: Between 8 Sep and 7 Oct 1208; an itinerant justice on the eastern circuit of eyre
• Life Event: Between 8 Sep and 7 Oct 1203; Keeper of Dover Castle
• Life Event: Between 8 Nov and 7 Dec 1214; On his return from France he witnessed the king's grant of liberties to the English church.
• FSID: LZPL-P2T
• Occupation: Knight
• Occupation: Warden of the Cinque Ports of Norfolk & Suffolk
• Residence: Cirencester, Gloucestershire, England
• Life Event: Between 8 Jan 1210 and 7 Jan 1212; Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk
• Life Event: 1214; accompanied the king on his expedition to Poitou, where he was a leading witness to royal charters
• Military: 25 Jan 1220, Yerushalayim, Israel; Date and location of death while on the Yerushalayim Holy Crusade

Notes:

“Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
“WILLIAM DE HUNTINGFIELD, Knt., of Huntingfield and Mendham, Suffolk, Harlton, Cambridgeshire, Frampton, Fishtoft, and Southorpe, Lincolnshire, etc., Constable of Dover Castle, 1203-4, Warden of the Cinque Ports, and Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk, 1209-11, justice itinerant in Lincolnshire, and, in right of his wife, patron of Castleacre Priory, son and heir of Roger [Fitz William] de Huntingfield, of Huntingfield, Linstead, and Mendham, Suffolk, Frampton, Huttoft, Southorpe, and Tytton (in Wyberton), Lincolnshire, East Bradenham, Norfolk, etc., by Alice de Senlis, daughter of Saher de Quincy, of Long Buckby and Daventry, Northamptonshire. He was born about 1160. He married before 1194 ISABEL FITZ WILLIAM (otherwise DE GRESSENHALL), widow successively of Berenger de Cressy, and Osmond de Stuteville, of Weston Colville, Cambridgeshire (died in Palestine, probably during the Siege of Joppa about 1187), and daughter and heiress of William Fitz Roger, of Gressenhall and Castleacre, Norfolk, by his wife, Aeliva. They had two sons, Roger, Knt., and presumably Saher, and four daughters, Alice, Isabel, Sarah, and Margaret (or Margery). In 1194 he disputed with his wife's son, William de Stuteville, concerning his wife's dower. In 1195 the Abbot of St. Edmunds granted the whole vill of Wendling, Norfolk to William de Huntingfield and his wife, Isabel, and her heirs for 50s. a year. Sometime c.1204-12, he witnessed a charter of Alexander, Abbot of Sibton to Thomas son of Roger de Huntingfield, presumably his brother. In 1205 he was granted the manor of Clafford, Hampshire. In the period, 1204-17, he witnessed a charter of Ralph the chaplain of Heveningham to John Fitz Robert, lord of Ubbeston. His wife, Isabel, died in 1207. In 1208 he had custody of the lands of his brother, Roger, which had been seized in consequence of the interdict. From 1208 to 1210 he was one of the justices before whom fines were levied. In the period, 1210-18, he witnessed a charter of his kinsman, Saher de Quincy, Earl of Winchester. In 1211 he gave the king six fair Norway goshawks for license to marry his daughter, Alice, then widow of Richard de Solers, and to have assignation of her dowry out of the lands of her late husband. In 1213 he held the office of accountant with Aubrey de Vere, Earl of Oxford, for the customs of Norfolk and Suffolk. In 1215 he joined the confederate barons against the king. He was one of the twenty-five barons appointed to secure the observance of Magna Carta, which King John signed 15 June 1215. He served as a witness to the charter granting freedom of elections to the abbeys. He was among the barons excommunicated by Pope Innocent III in late 1215, and his lands were taken into the king's hands. He reduced Essex and Suffolk for Prince Louis of France, and in retaliation John plundered his estates in Norfolk and Suffolk. In Nov. 1216 he was granted the vill of Grimsby, Lincolnshire with all liberties and free customs by Prince Louis of France. He fought at the Battle of Lincoln 20 May 1217, where he was taken prisoner by the king's forces. On 23 June 1217 all his lands in Lincolnshire were granted to John Marshal. On conclusion of peace, he made peace with King Henry III 6 Oct. 1217, and had restitution of his estates. In 1218 he sued Nichole de la Haye for the recovery of chattels worth £273, which she seized from him in Lincolnshire when he was at arms against the king; a compromise was reached whereby Nichole gave William 30 silver marks in return for which he quitclaimed to her "all the right and claim that he had against her." In 1219 he had leave to go to the Holy Land on crusade; he appointed Thomas his brother to act on his behalf during his absence. SIR WILLIAM DE HUNTINGFIELD died on crusade, possibly in the Holy Land, before 25 Jan. 1220/1.
Blomefield Essay towards a Top. Hist. of Norfolk 6 (1807): 134-138; 9 (1808): 510-515. Placitorum in Domo Capitulari Westmonasteriensi Asservatorum Abbrevatio (1811): 3, 38. Dugdale Monasticon Anglicarium 5 (1825): 52 (charter of Isabel de Gressenhall, wife of William de Huntingfield), 58. Benedict of Peterborough Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi Benedict Abbatis (or Chron. of the Reigns of Heny II. & Richard I. A.D. 1169-1192) 2 (Rolls Ser. 49) (1867): 149-150 (death of Osmund de Stuteville at Joppa). Foss Judges of England (1870): 358-359 (biog. of William de Huntingfield). Paris Chronica Majora 2 (Rolls Ser. 57) (1874): 604-605, 642-645. Lincolnshire Notes & Queries 2 (1891): 65-67. List of Sheriffs for England & Wales (PRO Lists and Indexes 9) (1898): 86. Copinger Manors of Suffolk 2 (1908): 100-103; 4 (1909): 66-68. Copinger Manors of Suffolk, 4(1909): 66-67. D.N.B. 10 (1908): 306 (biog. of William de Huntingfield). Lindsay et al. Charters, Bulls & Other Docs. Rel. the Abbey of Inchaffray (Scottish Hist. Soc. 56) (1908): 157-158. Rye Norfolk Fams. (1911): 386-387. Foster Final Concords of Lincoln from the Feet of Fines A.D. 1244-1272 2 (Lincoln Rec. Soc. 17) (1920): 333. Book of Fees 1 (1920): 195. Salter Newington Longeville Charters (Oxfordshire Rec. Soc. 3) (1921): 76. Farrer Honours & Knights Fees 3 (1925): 395-397. C.P. 6 (1926): 671, footnote a (sub Huntingfield) (also known as Isabel de Freville, and is stated to have died in 1209). Stenton Rolls of the Justices in Eyre (Selden Soc. 53) (1934): 233. TAG 14 (1937-38): 10-12. Stenton Pleas Before the King 1198-1202 1 (Selden Soc. 67) (1953): 199. Foster Reg. Antignissimum of the Cathedral Church of Lincoln 7 (Lincoln Rec. Soc. 46) (1953): 14. Davis Kalendar of Abbot Samson of Bury St. Edmunds & Related Docs. (Camden 3rd Ser. 84) (1954): 159 (charter of William and wife, Isabel; available at www.utoronto.ca/deeds/research/research.html). Paget Baronage of England (1957) 299: 1-5 (sub Huntingfield). Stenton Pleas Before the King1198-1202 3 (Selden Soc. 83) (1967): xxxi, cclxiv-vi, cdxix. VCH Cambridge 5 (1973): 217. Brown Sibton Abbey Cartularies & Charters 1 (Suffolk Charters 7) (1985): 21-22 (re. Cressy him.), 64, 91-92; 2 (Suffolk Charters 8) (1986): 53-56; 3 (Suffolk Charters 9) (1987): 152; 4 (Suffolk Charters 10) (1988): 4-5. Caenegem English Lawsuits from William I to Richard I 2 (Selden Soc. 107) (1991): 598-599. White Restoration & Reform; 1153-1165 (2000): 168. Kauffmann Biblical Imagery in Medieval England, 700-1550 (2003): 160. Jobson English Government in the 13th Cent. (2004): 117. Wilkinson Women in 13th-Cent. Lincolnshire (2007): 21. Suffolk Rec. Office, Ipswich Branch: Iveagh (Plaillipps) Suffolk MSS, HD 1538/301/1 (feoffment dated before 1221 in free alms from William de Huntingfeld to the Monks of St. Mary of Mendham, Suffolk for salvation of souls of himself, his wife Isabel, and his parents and all ancestors, he grants to the monks in free alms all his wood in Metfield, Suffolk called Haute) (available at www.a2a.org.uk/search/index.asp).
Children of William de Huntingfield, Knt., by Isabel Fitz William:
i. ROGER DE HUNTINGFIELD, Knt. [see next].
ii. ALICE DE HUNTINGFIELD, married (1st) in or after 1200 RICHARD DE SOLERS, of Faccombe and Tangley, Hampshire, and Bonby, Lincolnshire, younger son of Guillaume (or William) de Solers (or Soliers), of Ellingham, Hampshire, Constable of Moulins-la-Marche, 1180, by Mabel, daughter of Robert Fitz Robert (or Fitz Count), of Conerton, Cornwell, Castellan of Gloucester [grandson of King Henry I of England]. In 1200, as "Ric[ardus] de "Soliis," he gave £600 Anjou to have his lands in Normandy and England, and to marry as he pleased. RICHARD DE SOLERS died shortly before Michaelmas 1207. In 1208 his widow, Alice, sued Thomas Peverel for one-half of vill of Faccornbe, Hampshire as her dower. In 1211 her father gave the king six fair Norway goshawks for the marriage of his daughter, Alice, widow of Richard de Solers, and to have assignation of her dowry out of the lands of her late husband. She married (2nd) before 1215 HUGH LE RUS (or RUFUS, RUFFUS), of Akenharn, Bircholt, Clopton, Hasketon, Stradbroke, and Whittingham (in Fressingfield), Suffolk, Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk, 1225-7, son and heir of Ernald Rufus, of Bircholt, Hasketon, Stradbroke, and Whittingham (in Fressingfield), Suffolk, by his wife, Isabel. They had two sons, Hugh and William. He was granted the manor of Fawsley, Northamptonshire in 1214 by King John. In 1215 the Sheriff of Hampshire was ordered to deliver up to Hugh and Alice his wife the dower of Alice in Faccombe and Tangle)', Hampshire, of which they had been disseised in the Barons' War. He was granted a weekly market at Stradbroke, Suffolk in 1225. In 1227 he was granted a weekly market at Woodbridge, Suffolk, which he later granted to Woodbridge Priory. HUGH LE RUS died in 1230. Blomefield Essay towards a Top. Hist. of Norfolk 6 (1807): 134-138. Hardy Rotuli Normanniae in Turri Londinensi Asservati 1 (1835): 38. List of Sheriffs for England & Wales (PRO Lists and Indexes 9) (1898): 86. Copinger Manors of Suffolk 4 (1909): 84-85. VCH Hampshire 4 (1911): 314, 326-328. Book of Fees 2 (1923): 1268. Kirkus Great Roll of the Pipe for the 9th Year of the Reign of King John Michaelmas 1207 (Pubs. Pipe Roll Soc. n.s. 22) (1946): 60, 148. Stenton Great Roll of the Pipe for the 13th Year of the Reign of King John Michaelmas 1211 (Pubs. Pipe Roll Soc. n.s. 28) (1953): 6, 179, 185. Paget Baronage of England (1957) 299: 1-5 (sub Huntingfield). Hockey Beaulieu Cartulag (Southampton Recs. 17) (1974): 104. Brown Eye Priory Cartulay & Charters 1 (Suffolk Charters 12) (1992): 235-236; 2 (Suffolk Charters 13) (1994): 77-81.
Children of Alice de Huntingfield, by Hugh le Rus:
a. HUGH LE RUS, of Stradbroke, Suffolk, son and heir. He died without issue shortly before 24 Sept. 1232. Brown Eye Priory Cartulary & Charters 2 (Suffolk Charters 13)

Family/Spouse: FitzWilliam, Isabel. Isabel (daughter of FitzRoger, William de Gressenhall and de Gressenhall, Aeliva, daughter of FitzRobert, Earl William and de Beaumont, Hawise) was born in 1154 in Gressenhall, Norfolk, England; died in 1207 in East Bradenham, Norfolk, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Heiress of Croxden
• FSID: LHH4-X9T

Notes:

They all retained the surname of their mother, apparently because yet another Theobald, a son by Theobald Butler's 1st wife, inherited the Butler properties, offices, and privilidges

Rohesia married de Botiller, Theobald II on 11 Sep 1225 in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England. Theobald (son of Walter, Theobald I and le Vavasour, Maud) was born between 8 Jan and 7 Feb 1200 in Arklow Abbey, Arklow, Wicklow, Ireland; was christened between 8 Jun and 7 Jul 1206 in Arklow, Wicklow, Ireland; died on 26 Jul 1230 in Poitiers, Vienne, Poitou-Charentes, France; was buried after 26 Jul 1230 in Arklow Abbey, Arklow, Wicklow, Ireland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Duke of Aquitaine
• Appointments / Titles: King
• Appointments / Titles: King of England
• Appointments / Titles: Lord of Ireland
• FSID: 9C69-MKH
• Occupation: King Of England 1216-1272
• Appointments / Titles: Between 4 Nov 1216 and 24 May 1220; King of England
• Burial: 27 Nov 1272, Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England

Henry married Berenger, Eleanor on 14 Jan 1236 in Canterbury Cathedral, Canterbury, Kent, England. Eleanor (daughter of Berenger, Count Raimund IV and de Savoie, Countess Béatrice) was born on 1 Jul 1223 in Aix, Bouches-du-Rhône, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France; was christened in Fontevrault Abbey, Fontevrault, Maine-et-Loire, Pays de la Loire, France; died on 25 Jun 1291 in Amesbury, Wiltshire, England; was buried on 11 Sep 1291 in Abbey of St. Mary and St. Melor, Amesbury, Wiltshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Princess of England
• Appointments / Titles: Princess of Wales
• FSID: 9HFS-GG1

Notes:

Joan, Lady of Wales
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Joan of Wales
Eglwys y Santes Fair, Biwmares, Ynys Mon, Church of St Mary and St Nicholas, Beaumaris, North Wales 61.jpg
Detail of Joan's sarcophagus in St Mary's and St Nicholas's Church, Beaumaris
Born c. 1191
Died 2 February 1237 (aged 45–46)
Spouse Llywelyn the Great
House Plantagenet
Father John of England
Mother Clemence
Joan, Lady of Wales and Lady of Snowdon, also known by her Welsh name of Siwan, (c. 1191 – 2 February 1237) was the wife of Llywelyn the Great, Prince of Wales and Gwynedd, effective ruler of most of Wales.

Early life[edit]
Joan was a natural daughter of King John of England. She should not be confused with her half-sister, Joan, Queen consort of Scotland.

Little is known about her early life. Her mother's name is known only from Joan's obituary in the Tewkesbury Annals, where she is called "Regina Clementina" (Queen Clemence); there is no evidence that her mother was in fact of royal blood. Joan may have been born in France, and probably spent part of her childhood there, as King John had her brought to the Kingdom of England from Normandy in December 1203 in preparation for her wedding to prince Llywelyn ab Iorwerth.

Thomas Pennant, in "Tours in Wales", Volume 2, published London, 1810, writes : "It is said that Llewelyn the Great had near this place [Trefriw] a palace; ... The church of Trefriw was originally built by Llewelyn, for the ease of his princess, who before was obliged to go on foot to Llanrhychwyn, a long walk among the mountains."

Marriage[edit]
Joan married Llywelyn the Great between December 1203 and October 1204. The wedding was celebrated at St Werburgh's Abbey in Chester. She and Llywelyn had at least two children together:

Elen ferch Llywelyn (Helen or Ellen) (1207–1253), married (1) John the Scot, Earl of Chester and (2) Robert II de Quincy
Dafydd ap Llywelyn (c. 1212–1246) married Isabella de Braose, died at Abergwyngregyn.
Some of Llywelyn's other recorded children may also have been Joan's:

Gwladus Ddu (1206–1251), married (1) Reginald de Braose and (2) Ralph de Mortimer (had issue).
Susanna, who was sent to England as a hostage in 1228.
Angharad ferch Llywelyn
Margaret, who married (1) Sir John de Braose (called 'Tadody'), the grandson of William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber. She married (2) Sir Walter de Clifford and had children by both husbands.[1]
In April 1226 Joan obtained a papal decree from Pope Honorius III, declaring her legitimate on the basis that her parents had not been married to others at the time of her birth, but without giving her a claim to the English throne.[2]

Adultery with William de Braose[edit]
At Easter 1230, William de Braose, who was Llywelyn's prisoner at the time, was discovered with Joan in Llywelyn's bedchamber. William de Braose was hanged on 2 May 1230, according to local folklore at Abergwyngregyn; the place was known as 'Gwern y Grog'. A letter from Nicholas, Abbot of Vaudy, suggests that the execution took place at Crogen near Bala (crogi = to hang).[3]

Joan was placed under house arrest for twelve months after the incident. She was then, according to the Chronicle of Chester, forgiven by Llywelyn, and restored to favour. She may have given birth to a daughter early in 1231.

Joan was never called Princess of Wales, but, in Welsh, "Lady of Wales".

Death and burial
She died at the royal home at Abergwyngregyn, on the north coast of Gwynedd, in 1237. Llywelyn's great grief at her death is recorded; he founded a Franciscan friary on the seashore at Llanfaes, opposite the royal home, in her honour. The friary was consecrated in 1240, shortly before Llywelyn died. It was destroyed in 1537 by Henry VIII of England during the Dissolution of the Monasteries. A stone coffin originally identified as Joan's can be seen in St Mary's and St Nicholas's parish church, Beaumaris, Anglesey. Above the empty coffin is a slate panel inscribed: "This plain sarcophagus, (once dignified as having contained the remains of Joan, daughter of King John, and consort of Llewelyn ap Iowerth, Prince of North Wales, who died in the year 1237), having been conveyed from the Friary of Llanfaes, and alas, used for many years as a horsewatering trough, was rescued from such an indignity and placed here for preservation as well as to excite serious meditation on the transitory nature of all sublunary distinctions. By Thomas James Warren Bulkeley, Viscount Bulkeley, Oct 1808"

The slate panel at Beaumaris
In recent years, doubt has been cast on the identity of the woman depicted on the coffin lid, which is not thought to belong to the coffin on which it now rests. Experts have suggested that the costume and style of carving belong to a much later decade than the 1230s when Joan died, although the coronet suggests a member of the royal family. Eleanor de Montfort is considered the most likely alternative.[4]

Fiction
Joan and her affair with William de Braose is the subject of Saunders Lewis's Welsh verse play Siwan. Edith Pargeter's novel The Green Branch is set in Wales and the Welsh Marches in 1228–31, when Llewelyn ruled Gwynedd and most of the rest of Wales.[5] Although named Joanna, Joan is the main character of Sharon Kay Penman's novel Here Be Dragons.[6]

References
1 Douglas Richardson. Magna Carta Ancestry, 2nd Edition, Vol. I, pg 387.
2 Douglas Richardson, Kimball G. Everingham, Plantagenet ancestry: a study in colonial and medieval families. Genealogical Pub Co, 2004
3 The Acts of Welsh Rulers: 1120–1283, ed. Huw Pryce. University of Wales Press, 2005. ISBN 9780708323830. p. 429. Accessed 6 October 2015
4 Madeleine Gray (2014). "Four weddings, three funerals and a historic detective puzzle: a cautionary tale" (PDF). Transactions of the Anglesey Antiquarian Society and Field Club. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
5 "Carla Nayland Book Review – The Green Branch by Edith Pargeter". carlanayland.org.
6 Penman, Sharon Kay (1985). Here Be Dragons. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. ISBN 9780030627736.

Joan married ap Iorwerth, Prince Llewelyn on 23 Apr 1205 in England. Llewelyn (son of ap Owain Gwynedd, Iorwerth and verch Madog, Margred) was born in 1173 in Aberffraw Castle, Aberffraw, Anglesey, Wales; died on 18 Apr 1240 in Aberconwy Abbey, Conwy, Caernarvonshire, Wales; was buried after 18 Apr 1240 in Aberconwy Abbey, Conwy, Caernarvonshire, Wales. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: LTTW-D77
• Possessions: Castle Acre, Norfolk, England
• Possessions: Holt Castle, Wrexham, Denbighshire, Wales
• Possessions: Conisbrough Castle, Conisbrough, Yorkshire, England
• Appointments / Titles: 1240; 6th Earl of Surrey
• Appointments / Titles: 1254; Knighted

Notes:

John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey (1231 – c. 29 September 1304) was a prominent English nobleman and military commander during the reigns of Henry III of England and Edward I of England. During the Second Barons' War he switched sides twice, ending up in support of the king, for whose capture he was present at Lewes in 1264. Warenne was later appointed a Guardian of Scotland and featured prominently in Edward I's wars in Scotland.

Warenne was the son and heir of William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey, and Maud Marshal. His mother was the daughter of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke and widow of Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk, making Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk his elder half-brother.

A boy when his father died, Warenne became a royal ward. Peter of Savoy was appointed guardian of his holdings and Warenne was raised at the royal court. In 1247, he married Henry III's half-sister Alice le Brun de Lusignan, a marriage that created resentment amongst the English nobility, who did not like seeing a wealthy English nobleman marrying a penniless foreigner.
...
Warenne died on 29 September 1304 in Kennington, Kent. He was interred in Lewes Priory at a service conducted by the Archbishop of Canterbury. He was succeeded by his grandson, also called John.
Issue
Warenne and Alice de Lusignan had three children:
1. Eleanor, who married Henry Percy and was the mother of Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy of Alnwick (see Percy Family)
2. Isabella, who married John Balliol (briefly the King of Scots), and was the mother of Edward Balliol;
3. William, who married Joan, daughter of Robert de Vere, 5th Earl of Oxford, and was accidentally killed at a tournament on 15 December 1286. Their son John succeeded his grandfather as earl of Surrey; their daughter Alice de Warenne married Edmund Fitzalan, 9th Earl of Arundel.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Warenne,_6th_Earl_of_Surrey

==========
“Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
“JOHN DE WARENNE, Knt., 7th Earl of Surrey, of Lewes, Sussex, Reigate, Surrey, Grantham and Stamford, Lincolnshire, Conisbrough, Yorkshire, etc., Constable of Bamburgh, Hope, and Pevensey Castles, Warden of the Maritime Parts, cos. Surrey and Sussex, 1295, Joint Warden north of Trent, 1295, justice itinerant, son and heir by his father's 2nd marriage, born in or after August 1231. He married in August 1247 ALICE (or ALIX) DE LUSIGNAN, daughter of Hugues [X] le Brun (or de Lusignan), Count of La Marche and Angoulême, seigneur of Lusignan, Château-Larcher, Montreuil-Bonnin, and la Mothe-Saint-Heray de Lusignan, by Isabel, widow of John, King of England [see ENGLAND 5], and daughter and heiress of Ademar Ill Taillefer, Count of Angoulême [see ENGLAND 5 for her ancestry]. Alice was the uterine half-sister of King Henry III of England [see ENGLAND 6]. They had one son, William, Knt., and two daughters, Eleanor and Isabel. By an unknown noblewoman, he had also two illegitimate sons, [Master] John [Vicar of Dewsbury, York, Rector of Dorking, Surrey and Fishlake, Yorkshire, Prebendary of Thockrington, living 1330] and [Master] William (Rector of Hatfield, Yorkshire, living 1314). He was with Edward, Prince of Wales, in Gascony in 1254, and knighted with him in Spain. In 1255 he joined the other nobles in their resistance to the influx of foreigners into England. In Sept. 1255 he was instructed to escort the King of Scotland to the King. His wife, Alice, died 9 Feb. 1255/6. In 1257 he accompanied Richard, Earl of Cornwall, King elect of the Romans, to Almain. In 1260 he went overseas in the service of Prince Edward. He joined Simon de Montfort and Prince Edward with many of the magnates in 1263. He was in the prince's army at the Battle of Lewes 14 May 1264, whence he and the king's brothers fled to Pevensey, subsequently crossing to France. In 1265 he fought at the Battle of Evesham under Prince Edward. He was in joint command of the royalist forces at Chesterfield in 1266. In 1266 he quitclaimed to the Prior and Convent of Lewes his right to the advowson of the church of Dewsbury, Yorkshire. In 1267 he received a pardon for excesses committed in the recent time of disturbance. He took the cross 24 June 1268, though it does not appear that he went on crusade. In May 1270 the king granted him a writ to recover certain parcels of land which belonged to David de Ashby in Ashby de la Zouch, Leicestershire, together with the wardship of Isabel, daughter of Stephen, son and heir of the said David de Ashby, against Alan la Zouche, Knt. and Ellen his wife, who the earl said unlawfully occupied the land. In July 1270 he quarreled in Westminster Hall with Alan la Zouche, Knt. and attacked him so violently that he died on 10 August following, his son escaping with difficulty. The earl fled to his castle at Reigate, Surrey, pursued by Prince Edward, and begged for mercy. On 4 August 1270 he was pardoned upon his agreeing to pay a substantial sum to the king. On 20 Nov. 1272, four days after the king's death, he swore allegiance to Prince Edward, then on his way home from a crusade. The Earl was one of the guardians of the realm until his return. In 1274-5 John d'Eiville arraigned an assize of mort d'ancestor against him touching the manor of Greetwell, Lincolnshire. In the same period, John son of Gilbert de Cokerington arraigned an assize of mort d'ancestor against him touching possessions in North Kynton and Covenham, Lincolnshire. In the same period, Simon le Franceis and others arraigned an assize of novel disseisin against him and others touching a tenement in Helpringham, Lincolnshire. In 1277-8 William Foliot and Isabel his wife arraigned an assize of novel disseisin against Ellen widow of Alan la Zouche and John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey, touching a tenement in Ashby, Northamptonshire. He was summoned to serve against the Welsh in 1277 and 1294, and against the Scots, 1291, 1297, and 1300. He was heir c.1282 to his sister, Isabel de Warenne, Countess of Arundel, by which he inherited the patronage of Marham Abbey, Norfolk, which abbey was founded by his sister in 1251. In 1282 the king granted him the land of Bromfield and Yale, together with the Castle of Dinas Bran in Denbighshire. In 1290 he was going as the king's envoy to Scotland. In 1291 he was appointed Keeper of Scotland. He defeated the Scots at the Battle of Dunbar 27 April 1296. On 3 Sept. 1296 he was appointed Keeper of the realm of Scotland. In August 1297 the Scots attacked his advance guard, under Henry de Percy, but were repelled; but on 10 Sept. the Earl was defeated with great slaughter at Stirling, and fled to Berwick, which he abandoned and lost. In Dec. 1297 he was appointed Captain of the army to oppose the invading Scots; in Jan. and Feb. 1297/8 he marched into Scotland. He commanded the rear-guard at the Battle of Falkirk 22 July 1298. In 1300 he commanded the second division at the Siege of Caerlaverock. He signed the Barons' letter to Pope Boniface VIII in 1301 as Comes Warenne. SIR JOHN DE WARENNE, 7th Earl of Surrey, died testate at Kennington, near London, about 29 Sept. 1304. He and his wife, Alice, were buried before the high altar at Lewes Priory, Sussex.

==========
Foundation for Medieval Genealogy
JOHN de Warenne (1231 or after-Kennington [Nov] 1304, bur Lewes Priory). The Chronicle of Tintern Abbey, Monmouthshire, names (in order) ”Johannes de Garren comes de Garren et Isabella de Aubeni soror eius et comitissa de Arundel” as the children of “Johanni de Garrene comiti de Surrey” and his wife Matilda Marshal of the Earls of Pembroke[1256]. He succeeded his father in 1240 as Earl of Surrey. Henry III King of England agreed that “unam filiarum filiæ...comitis [Sabaudiæ]” would marry “vel Johanni de Warenna qui si vixerit comes erit Warennæ, vel Edmundo de Lacy qui si vixerit comes erit Lincolniæ” by charter dated 1246[1257]. He was one of the guardians of the realm on the death of King Henry III, until the return of Edward I from crusade. He was appointed keeper of the realm of Scotland 3 Sep 1296, but never assumed the post as he was defeated by the Scots at the battle of Stirling[1258]. The Annales Londonienses record the death "circiter festum Exaltationis Sanctæ Crucis…apud Newentone" in 1304 of "comes Warenniæ" and his burial "in ecclesia Sancti Pancratii Lewensi"[1259].

John married de Lusignan, Alice in 1251 in Alnwick, Northumberland, England. Alice (daughter of de Lusignan, Count Hugh X and de Taillefer, Queen of England Isabelle) was born in 1223 in Lusignan, Vienne, Poitou-Charentes, France; was christened in 1224 in Lusignan, Vienne, Poitou-Charentes, France; died on 9 Feb 1256 in Lewes, Sussex, England; was buried on 14 Feb 1256 in Lewes Priory (Historical), Lewes, Sussex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Life Event: Countess of Gloucester
• FSID: LRVQ-MV3
• Alternate Birth: 1176, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England

Notes:

https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/111113537/maude-de_lacy

Mathilde married de Braose, Lord William IV in 1196 in England. William (son of de Braose, William III and de Valéry, Lady Maud) was born in 1175 in Bramber, Sussex, England; died in 1210 in Corfe Castle, Dorset, England; was buried in 1210 in Corfe Castle, Dorset, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: G3KC-DKJ

Notes:

“Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):

“SARAH DE HUNTINGFIELD, married (1st) after 11 Dec. 1213 WILLIAM BISET, of Kidderminster, Worcestershire, and Shamblehurst and Rockbourne, Hampshire, son and heir of Henry Biset, of Kidderminster, Worcestershire, and Rockbourne, Hampshire, by an unknown wife. They had no issue. WILLIAM BISET died before 1 Nov. 1220. She married (2nd) after 1221 (when she was in the king's gift) but before Hilary 1223 (date of lawsuit) RICHARD DE KEYNES (or KAYNES), of Horsted Keynes, Selmeston, and Iteford, Sussex, Greatworth, Cosgrove, Puxley (in Passenham), and Tiffield, Northamptonshire, etc., son and heir of William de Keynes, of Greatworth, Northamptonshire, etc., by his wife, Gunnor. They had two sons, William (minor at father's death, and evidently died after 1241) and Richard, and one daughter. He had livery of his father's lands 5 April 1218, and fought at the Siege of Bytham Castle in 1221. In Hilary term 1223 Richard and his wife, Sarah, were sued for dower in the vill of Kidderminster, Worcestershire by her former husband, William Biset's step-mother, Iseult Pantulf, and her husband, Amaury de Saint Amand. His wife, Sarah, was living 1226/8. RICHARD DE KEYNES died in 1241.

Coll. Top. et Gen. 6 (1840): 154-157 (Biset). Maitland Bracton's Note Book 3 (1887): 336. Feudal Aids 4 (1906): 43. VCH Hampshire 4 (1911): 582, VCH Worcester 3 (1913): 159. Sussex Arch. Colls. 63 (1922): 180-202. Book of Fees 2 (1923): 378, 602-3. Book of Fees 2 (1923): 692, 932, 944, 1337. Stenton Rolls of the Justices in Eyre for Lincolnshire (1218-1219) & Worcestershire (1221) (Selden Soc. 53) (1934): 520. Stenton Rolls of Justices in Eyre for Gloucestershire, Warwickshire & Shropshire (1221) (Selden Soc. 59) (1940): 105-106. Curia Regis Rolls 9. (1952): 76, 129-130, 293; 10 (1949): 18-19, 26, 119. Paget Baronage of England (1957) 304: 2. VCH Northampton 5 (2002): 77-98.”

Sarah married de Keynes, Lord Richard between 1221 and 1223 in England. Richard was born in 1200 in Horsted Keynes, Sussex, England; died in 1241 in Horsted Keynes, Sussex, England; was buried in 1241 in St Giles Churchyard, Horsted Keynes, Sussex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: G9LP-L1H
• Name: Emma de Saint Leger

Family/Spouse: de Longchamp, Hugh. Hugh was born in 1138 in Wilton, Hertfordshire, England; died in 1195 in Wilton Castle, Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Countess of Montpellier
• Appointments / Titles: Countess of Provence
• FSID: M1Q6-XVH
• Occupation: Countess of Savoy
• Birth: 1201, Chambéry, Savoie, Rhône-Alpes, France

Notes:

Beatrice di Savoia was born before 1204. She was the daughter of Tomaso I, Conte di Savoia and Margaret de Faucigny.2 She married Raimond Berengar V, Comte de Provence, son of Alfonso II, Comte de Provence and Gersend de Sabran, Comtesse de Forcalquier, in December 1220. She died circa 1266.
Children of Beatrice di Savoia and Raimond Berengar V, Comte de Provence

* Marguerite de Provence+3 b. 1221, d. 20 Dec 1295
* Eleanor of Provence+4 b. 1223, d. 24 Jun 1291
* Sanchia of Provence+1 b. c 1225, d. 9 Nov 1261
* Beatrice, Comtesse de Provence+3 b. 1234, d. c Jul 1267

Citations

1. [S106] Royal Genealogies Website (ROYAL92.GED), online ftp://ftp.cac.psu.edu/genealogy/public_html/royal/index.html. Hereinafter cited as Royal Genealogies Website.
2. [S11] Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy (London, U.K.: The Bodley Head, 1999), page 69. Hereinafter cited as Britain's Royal Family.
3. [S16] Jirí Louda and Michael MacLagan, Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe, 2nd edition (London, U.K.: Little, Brown and Company, 1999), table 45. Hereinafter cited as Lines of Succession.
4. [S105] Brain Tompsett, Royal Genealogical Data, online http://www3.dcs.hull.ac.uk/genealogy/royal/. Hereinafter cited as Royal Genealogical Data.

Family/Spouse: Berenger, Count Raimund IV. Raimund (son of de Provence, King of Aragon Alfonso II and de Sabran, Countess Gersinde II) was born in 1198 in Aix, Bouches-du-Rhône, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France; was christened in Forcalquier, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France; died on 26 Aug 1245 in Aix, Bouches-du-Rhône, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France; was buried after 26 Aug 1245 in Eglise Saint Jean de Malte, Aix, Bouches-du-Rhône, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: 9CZK-TNP
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1233 and 1253; Count of Savoy

Notes:

Amadeus IV (1197 – 11 June 1253)[1] was Count of Savoy from 1233 to 1253.

Amadeus was born in Montmélian, Savoy. The legitimate heir of Thomas I of Savoy and Margaret of Geneva, he had however to fight with his brothers for the inheritance of Savoy's lands after their father's death. His brothers Pietro and Aimone spurred a revolt in Aosta Valley against Amadeus, but he was able to crush it with the help of Manfred III of Saluzzo and Boniface II of Montferrat, who were his sons-in-law. Together with his brother, Thomas, he fought against the communes of Turin and Pinerolo, but with uncertain results.

He was succeeded by his young son Boniface.

Career
Head of the family
As the eldest son of Thomas I of Savoy, Amadeus inherited the county and associated lands on his father's death in 1233. However, his brothers Peter and Aymon demanded that he divide the territories and give them their share. In July 1234, he and his brother William convened a family meeting at Château de Chillon. While both sides arrived with armed troops, William was able to negotiate a treaty between the brothers. This treaty kept the lands intact, but recognized the authority of the younger brothers within certain regions under Amadeus.[2] These territories were on the frontiers of Savoy lands, designed to encourage the brothers to expand the county rather than diminish it. When his brother Thomas left his career in the church in 1235, Amadeus granted him similar territories.[3]

Before he had a son, Amadeus changed his mind many times regarding his will. Initially, he had made his sons-in-law his heirs, but in 1235, he rewrote his will in favour of his brother Thomas. In December of that year, it went back to having his sons-in-law as heirs, until Amadeus was preparing for the siege. Then he rewrote the will in favour of Thomas. In March 1239, his daughters convinced him to return it to their favour. On 4 November 1240, Thomas returned and persuaded him to rewrite the will in his brother's favour again. When Thomas left, once again the will was reversed.[4] His final will was written in 1252, leaving the title and nearly everything to his son, Boniface, and naming his brother Thomas as regent and second in line for the title.[5]

Among European powers
Amadeus faced many challenges in balancing the demands of the greater powers in Europe at that time. Henry III of England wrote to Amadeus in 1235 to seek his consent and blessing to marry the Count's niece, Eleanor of Provence[6] In 1238, Amadeus went to the court of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, in Turin, where he was knighted by the Emperor. Then with his brothers, he led troops as part of the siege of Brescia.[7] In July 1243, Amadeus and his brother Thomas were ordered by Enzo of Sardinia to join him in a siege of Vercelli, which had recently switched allegiances from the Empire to the Pope. Not only was the attack on the city unsuccessful, but Amadeus and his brother were excommunicated for it.[8] When the brothers wrote to the new Pope Innocent IV to appeal the excommunication, he granted their request.

In late 1244, when Pope Innocent IV fled from Rome, Amadeus met him in Susa and escorted him through the passes to Chambéry, and then provided his brother Philip as escort for the Pope downriver to Lyon. However, Amadeus was then willing to open the same passes to the imperial army. He also signed a treaty with Henry III on 16 January 1246 which gave rights of passage through the passes to the English in exchange for an annual payment of 200 marks. That same month, Amadeus joined a force which went to Provence to rescue his niece, Beatrice of Provence from the forces of Frederick and escort her to her marriage to Charles of Anjou[9] By May 1247, Frederick was ready to move against the Pope. He had gathered his army in Turin, and ordered those still loyal to him in the kingdoms of Arles and France to meet at Chambéry (the capital of Savoy). However, the revolt of Parma pulled Frederick back from this plan. That same summer, Amadeus blocked an attempt by the Pope to send 1500 soldiers to the Lombard League. On 8 November 1248, Frederick asked Amadeus and his brother Thomas to go to Lyon and start negotiations for peace. However, their efforts were unsuccessful and war continued until the death of Frederick.[10]

Family and children
He married twice, and each marriage produced children

c. 1217,[11] he married Marguerite of Burgundy, daughter of Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy.
Beatrice of Savoy (d. 1258), married firstly in 1233 Manfred III of Saluzzo (d. 1244),[12] married secondly on 21 April 1247 Manfred of Sicily
Margaret of Savoy (d. 1254), married firstly on 9 December 1235 Boniface II of Montferrat,[13] married secondly Aymar III, Count of Valentinois
on 18 Dec 1244, he married Cecilia of Baux, "Passerose", daughter of Barral of Baux[14]
Boniface, Count of Savoy
Beatrice of Savoy (1250 – 23 February 1292) married Peter of Chalon and Infante Manuel of Castile.
Eleonor of Savoy, married in 1269 Guichard de Beaujeu
Constance of Savoy, died after 1263

Amadeus married Burgundy, Marguerite of in 1217. Marguerite was born in UNKNOWN; died in DECEASED. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Strathearn, Pethshire, Scotland; 4th Earl
• FSID: GH9M-VQF

Notes:

Robert of Strathearn (died c. 1244) is the 4th Earl of Strathearn in Scotland.

Robert was the fourth son of Gille Brigte of Strathearn and his wife Matilda. He first appears on record in 1199, when he and his brothers were witnesses to their father's charters to the Abbey of Inchaffray. By 1210, all three of his elder brothers had died, and he became heir to the earldom of Strathearn. In 1219 he confirmed as heir-apparent all his father's grants to the abbey, and after his accession as earl around 1223, he made a vow never to disturb the monks in their possessions.

Aside from his taking part in the abbey's affairs, he appears in a wider sphere in 1237, when he travelled to York with King Alexander, to negotiate the Treaty of York with Henry III of England.

Earl Robert died before April 1244.

«b»Marriage and progeny«/b»
Earl Robert's wife, named Matilda 1178-1247. They had three sons and two daughters:

1.) Malise II of Strathearn, who succeeded as Earl

2.) Hugh, who became a friar and died c. 1290

3.) Gille Brigte/Gilbert, who acquired the lands of Durie and Belnollo in Fife, become the progenitor of the Duries of that Ilk

4.) Annabella, who married firstly John of Restalrig, and secondly Sir Patrick Graham of Kincardine, who was killed at the Battle of Dunbar

5.) Mary, married Sir John Johnstone

"Robert of Strathearn, who ruled Strathearn 1223–1245, is the fourth known Mormaer of Strathearn, but of course this is simply a source problem and certainly does not mean that he actually was the fourth.

"Robert was the fourth son of Mormaer Gille Brigte and his wife Matilda daughter of William de Aubingy. His three elder brothers appear to be deceased by circa 1210 when Robert was designed son and heir of Gilbert earl of Strathearn when witnessing his father's charter of St Bean of Fowlis to the Priory of Incharrfay. [1] He had witnessed his father's charters with his elder brothers from 1199 to that date.[2]

About 1220 Robert son of Gilbert earl of Strathearn confirmed to the canons of Inchaffray all the gifts which his father made to them, namely the lands of Craig, Ardunie, Ardbennie, Dubheads, Williamstone and Bellyclone, three acres of land next to the marsh of Fowlis towards the east, the 'toun' of Rahallo, as much of the marsh of Fowlis adjacent to the Isle of Masses (Insule Missarum) as was surrounded by a trench in the year 1219, a mill on the River Earn at Dunfallin which they built next to the earl's own mill and had been using since 1219; to be held by the canons as the charters of earl Gilbert bear witness. He also confirmed to the convent the churches which his father granted them, namely St Patrick of Strageath, St Serf of Dunning, St Bean of Fowlis St Bean of Kinkell, St Kessog of Auchterarder, St Serf of Monzievaird, St Serf of Tullieden, St Brigit of Kilbride and St Ethernan of Madderty.[3]

Robert succeeded to the earldom of Strathearn about 1223 on the death of his father.

Robert earl of Strathearn confirmed to his sister Cecilia and her husband Walter son of Alan the grant which earl Gilbert made to them of the land of Coulgask; to be held of earl Robert and his heirs in feu and heritage according to the terms of the charter of earl Gilbert,[4]

About 1230 Robert earl of Strathearn witnessed th charter of confirmation made by his brother Fergus regarding the gift their uncle Malise had made to Arbroath Abbey.[5]

Sir Robert earl of Strathearn about 1230 granted to the Abbey of Coupar Angus a full bovate of land in the territory of Meikleour (in Strathtay), for the upkeep of the bridge on the River Isla.[6]

Earl Robert about 1233 confirmed to the convent of the Abbey of Lindores the gift in alms which his brother Sir Fergus made to them of the 'toun' of Bennie.[7] About 1235 he announced also to the Abbey of Lindores that he held firm the undertaking of his father, earl Gilbert, to make the hosting of the lord king for the land of Exmagirdle (near Bridge of Earn).[8] [9]

The lands of Barry belonged to the Abbey of Balmerino but its church with its revenues to Arbroath. This led to complications regarding the gathering of tithes. Arbroath surrendered these to Balmerino and on 25 Dec 1235 Alexander II bestowed four and three quarters davoch of the lands of Tarves to compensate Arbroath Abbey. Robert earl of Strathearn was among the witnesses who were in the king's company that Christmas Day in St Andrews.[10]

Not much is known of his reign, but we do know that in 1237 he travelled to York as part of the Scottish delegation who negotiated the Treaty of York. [11][12]

It seems he largely confined himself to his comital demesne, which would explain his conspicuous absence from the civil records, despite a relatively long reign.

Robert married a daughter of Hugh de Moravia (or Sir Hugh Freskin) by a daughter of Duncan, Earl of Fife (this identification made by Andrew B. W. MacEwen). Her maritagium evidently included lands in Durie, Fife later granted by Reynold le Cheyne to their son Gilbert. Their issue included:

Maol Íosa II
Hugh
Gilbert
Annabelle, who married Sir John de Restalrig & Sir Patrick Graham of Kincardine
Mary mar. Sir John Johnstone.
Matilda mar. Alexander earl of Menteith.

Sources
↑ Charters of Inchaffray Abbey XXVIII see [1]
↑ Charters of Inchaffray Abbey IV see [2]
↑ Charters of Inchaffray Abbey XLI see [3]
↑ Liber Insule Missarum App. p.xxvii Chrtr.8 see [4]
↑ Liber S. Thome de Aberbrothoc Vol.i 81 see [5]
↑ Charters of the Abbey of Coupar Angus Vol.i XXXV p.80
↑ Chartulary of the abbey of Lindores XXVII see [6]
↑ NRS RH4/78 see [7]
↑ Chartulary of the abbey of Lindores XLIV see [8]
↑ Liber S. Thome de Aberbrothoc Vol.i 102 see [9]
↑ Rymer: Foedera Vol.i p.131 see [10]
↑ Calendar of documents relating to Scotland preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office, London. Vol.i 1358 see [11]
Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846-1931 : The Scots Peerage : Founded On Wood's Ed. Of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage Of Scotland; Containing An Historical And Genealogical Account Of The Nobility Of That Kingdom : Free Download, Borrow, And Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Accessed March 16 2020.>Robert, 4th Earl of Strathearn, Vol 8, pps 244-5
Project Medlands, SCOTLAND EARLS. 2020. Fmg.Ac. Accessed March 20 2020.>Mormaer & Earls of Strathearn

Robert married of the Orkneys, Mathilde in 1196 in Strathearn, Pethshire, Scotland. Mathilde (daughter of de Moravia, Lord Hugh and of Fife, Annabela) was born in 1180 in Orkney, Scotland; died in 1247 in Orkney, Scotland; was buried in 1247 in Dunblane, Perthshire, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: England; Baron

Family/Spouse: de Peverell, Eve. Eve (daughter of de Peverell, Richard) was born in 1165 in Ely, Cambridgeshire, England; died on 15 Jan 1267 in Ely, Cambridgeshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: KGC7-2VJ
• Residence: 1213

Notes:

Alice was born circa 1190 in Cheveley, Cambridge, England (from internet)

Family/Spouse: de Anesty, Nicholas. Nicholas was born in 1180 in Anstey Castle, Anstey, Hertfordshire, England; died in DECEASED in England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: G3KC-DKJ

Notes:

“Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):

“SARAH DE HUNTINGFIELD, married (1st) after 11 Dec. 1213 WILLIAM BISET, of Kidderminster, Worcestershire, and Shamblehurst and Rockbourne, Hampshire, son and heir of Henry Biset, of Kidderminster, Worcestershire, and Rockbourne, Hampshire, by an unknown wife. They had no issue. WILLIAM BISET died before 1 Nov. 1220. She married (2nd) after 1221 (when she was in the king's gift) but before Hilary 1223 (date of lawsuit) RICHARD DE KEYNES (or KAYNES), of Horsted Keynes, Selmeston, and Iteford, Sussex, Greatworth, Cosgrove, Puxley (in Passenham), and Tiffield, Northamptonshire, etc., son and heir of William de Keynes, of Greatworth, Northamptonshire, etc., by his wife, Gunnor. They had two sons, William (minor at father's death, and evidently died after 1241) and Richard, and one daughter. He had livery of his father's lands 5 April 1218, and fought at the Siege of Bytham Castle in 1221. In Hilary term 1223 Richard and his wife, Sarah, were sued for dower in the vill of Kidderminster, Worcestershire by her former husband, William Biset's step-mother, Iseult Pantulf, and her husband, Amaury de Saint Amand. His wife, Sarah, was living 1226/8. RICHARD DE KEYNES died in 1241.

Coll. Top. et Gen. 6 (1840): 154-157 (Biset). Maitland Bracton's Note Book 3 (1887): 336. Feudal Aids 4 (1906): 43. VCH Hampshire 4 (1911): 582, VCH Worcester 3 (1913): 159. Sussex Arch. Colls. 63 (1922): 180-202. Book of Fees 2 (1923): 378, 602-3. Book of Fees 2 (1923): 692, 932, 944, 1337. Stenton Rolls of the Justices in Eyre for Lincolnshire (1218-1219) & Worcestershire (1221) (Selden Soc. 53) (1934): 520. Stenton Rolls of Justices in Eyre for Gloucestershire, Warwickshire & Shropshire (1221) (Selden Soc. 59) (1940): 105-106. Curia Regis Rolls 9. (1952): 76, 129-130, 293; 10 (1949): 18-19, 26, 119. Paget Baronage of England (1957) 304: 2. VCH Northampton 5 (2002): 77-98.”

Sarah married de Keynes, Lord Richard between 1221 and 1223 in England. Richard was born in 1200 in Horsted Keynes, Sussex, England; died in 1241 in Horsted Keynes, Sussex, England; was buried in 1241 in St Giles Churchyard, Horsted Keynes, Sussex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: L4BD-744

Maud married de Amundeville, Richard in 1270 in Arundel, Sussex, England. Richard was born in 1221 in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England; died in 1287 in England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Maud married FitzAlan, Lord John in 1245 in England. John was born between 8 May and 7 Jun 1223 in Arundel, Sussex, England; died on 10 Nov 1267 in Arundel Castle, Arundel, Sussex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Hammer of the Scots
• Appointments / Titles: King of England
• Appointments / Titles: The Best Lance in the World
• Appointments / Titles: The Edward Justian
• Appointments / Titles: The Flower of Chivalry
• Nickname: Longshanks
• FSID: LHWS-PRY
• Occupation: Peerage of England
• Religion: Roman Catholic
• Military: 21 May 1264; Battle of Lewes
• Appointments / Titles: 1265; Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
• Military: 2 Jul 1271, Nazareth, Israel; 7th or 9th Crusade: After capturing Nazareth in 1271, he massacred all the Muslims found within its walls. In retaliation for this savagery, an Assassin with a poisoned dagger stabbed him three times, but his life was saved by his wife's prompt action of sucking the poison from the wounds, and by his vigorous constitution which resisted whatever poison remained in his system. So in 1272 he negotiated and signed a 10 year truce before heading home, which is when he learned of his father’s death. He finally reached England in 1274 and was crowned in Westminster Abbey on August 19th.
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1272 and 1307; Duke of Aquitaine
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1272 and 1307; King of England
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1272 and 1307; Lord of Ireland
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1272 and 1307; Lord of Scotland
• Appointments / Titles: 26 Aug 1274, Westminster, London, England; Coronation as King of England
• Military: Between 1276 and 1277, Wales; Supressed a minor rebellion in Wales.
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1279 and 1281; Count of Ponthieu
• Military: Between 1282 and 1283, Wales; He responded to a second rebellion with a full scale war of conquest. After this success he subjected Wales to English rule, built a series of castles and towns in the country and settled them with English settlers.
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1290 and 1306; Lord of Scotland
• Military: 1293, France; War between England and France broke out in 1293 as a result of the efforts of France to curb Edwards’s power in Gascony. He lost Gascony in 1293 and did not regain it until 1303.
• Military: 1296, Scotland; After invading and conquering Scotland, he declared himself King of that realm.
• Military: 1298, Scotland; In winning the Battle of Falkirk led by Sir William Wallace, he achieved the greatest military triumph of his career, but failed to crush Scottish opposition. Wallace was captured and executed in 1305.

Notes:

Reign 16 November 1272[1] – 7 July 1307
Coronation 19 August 1274
Predecessor Henry III
Successor Edward II
Born 17/18 June 1239 Palace of Westminster, London, England
Died 7 July 1307 (aged 68) Burgh by Sands, Cumberland, England
Burial Westminster Abbey, London, England
Spouse Eleanor of Castile (m. 1254–1290)
Margaret of France (m. 1299–1307)
Issue Eleanor, Countess of Bar
Joan, Countess of Hertford
Alphonso, Earl of Chester
Margaret, Duchess of Brabant
Mary of Woodstock
Elizabeth, Countess of Hereford
Henry
Edward II of England
Thomas, Earl of Norfolk
Edmund, Earl of Kent
House Plantagenet
Father Henry III of England
Mother Eleanor of Provence

Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots (Latin: Malleus Scotorum), was King of England from 1272 to 1307. The first son of Henry III, Edward was involved early in the political intrigues of his father's reign, which included an outright rebellion by the English barons. In 1259, he briefly sided with a baronial reform movement, supporting the Provisions of Oxford. After reconciliation with his father, however, he remained loyal throughout the subsequent armed conflict, known as the Second Barons' War. After the Battle of Lewes, Edward was hostage to the rebellious barons, but escaped after a few months and joined the fight against Simon de Montfort. Montfort was defeated at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, and within two years the rebellion was extinguished. With England pacified, Edward joined the Ninth Crusade to the Holy Land. The crusade accomplished little, and Edward was on his way home in 1272 when he was informed that his father had died. Making a slow return, he reached England in 1274 and was crowned at Westminster on 19 August.

He spent much of his reign reforming royal administration and common law. Through an extensive legal inquiry, Edward investigated the tenure of various feudal liberties, while the law was reformed through a series of statutes regulating criminal and property law. Increasingly, however, Edward's attention was drawn towards military affairs. After suppressing a minor rebellion in Wales in 1276–77, Edward responded to a second rebellion in 1282–83 with a full-scale war of conquest. After a successful campaign, Edward subjected Wales to English rule, built a series of castles and towns in the countryside and settled them with English people. Next, his efforts were directed towards Scotland. Initially invited to arbitrate a succession dispute, Edward claimed feudal suzerainty over the kingdom. In the war that followed, the Scots persevered, even though the English seemed victorious at several points. At the same time there were problems at home. In the mid-1290s, extensive military campaigns required high levels of taxation, and Edward met with both lay and ecclesiastical opposition. These crises were initially averted, but issues remained unsettled. When the King died in 1307, he left to his son, Edward II, an ongoing war with Scotland and many financial and political problems.

Edward I was a tall man for his era, hence the nickname "Longshanks". He was temperamental, and this, along with his height, made him an intimidating man, and he often instilled fear in his contemporaries. Nevertheless, he held the respect of his subjects for the way he embodied the medieval ideal of kingship, as a soldier, an administrator and a man of faith. Modern historians are divided on their assessment of the King: while some have praised him for his contribution to the law and administration, others have criticised him for his uncompromising attitude towards his nobility. Currently, Edward I is credited with many accomplishments during his reign, including restoring royal authority after the reign of Henry III, establishing Parliament as a permanent institution and thereby also a functional system for raising taxes, and reforming the law through statutes. At the same time, he is also often criticised for other actions, such as his brutal conduct towards the Scots, and issuing the Edict of Expulsion in 1290, by which the Jews were expelled from England. The Edict remained in effect for the rest of the Middle Ages, and it would be over 350 years until it was formally overturned under Oliver Cromwell in 1656.

He was involved early in the political intrigues of his father’s reign, which included rebellion by the English Barons. In 1259 he sided with a Baronial Reform Movement, supporting the Provisions of Oxford.

On 24 December 1264 he was forced to deliver the Earldom of Chester into the hands of Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester just before his escape. In late June 1260, Edward, attempting to alleviate Henry's money crisis, by subterfuge under cover of darkness requested admittance into the New Temple of the Knights Templar in London & robbed the treasuries of the city guilds. In June 1263 Prince Edward's foreign Flemish troops burned Bristol; the populace rose up & besieged him & his army in the castle. The Bishop of Worcester, Walter de Cantelou placated the townsfolk by taking Edward's pledge to make peace with de Montfort & the barons (Edward had no intention of honoring his pledge). March 1264 Simon's sons Henry & Bran de Montfort trap Prince Edward at Gloucester Castle, but Edward solemnly avows to Henry (they were extremely close, growing up together) that if Henry grants him a truce he will work with King Henry & Richard of Cornwall to arrange a truce & avoid war. Henry de Montfort was in command, & believed him. Edward was lying through his teeth. As soon as Henry & Bran de Montfort's army were out of sight, Edward seized the town & imposed harsh fines & penalties. On April 5 1264 the defeat at Northampton by Edward of Simon's forces (de Montfort was in London) crippled rebel forces. Northampton defenses had been allowed to decay in the years previous to de Montfort's occupation there, plus the battle was lost due to the treachery of the Prior at St. Andrew's. After the defeat, Edward allowed his army to have their sport on the town, culminating in utter destruction, rapine, murder, etc. of its inhabitants. Some 80 barons & knights were taken prisoner & the rebel army was gutted. The defeat touched off a riot in London (since Londoners were very favorable to Simon) on Apr 9, 1264 in which hundreds, mainly Jews, were slain. In May 1264 Edward looted lands of Robert de Ferrers, the Earl of Derby, & after Derby lost Tutbury Castle, he defected from Simon's support. King Henry meanwhile took Leicester & Nottingham. Simon & Gilbert de Clare attacked Rochester Castle (which surrendered) & besieged the town when Edward approached London so Simon went back to defend it. King Henry & Edward were practicing fierce cruelty by chopping off the nads & feet of all common soldiers captured from de Montfort's army. The Cinque Ports & Dover Castle held fast for Simon, & did not obey Henry & Edward's command for a naval force to attack London. Thwarted, Edward takes Gilbert de Clare's Tonbridge Castle. Simon continued to hold London, but was surrounded by Edward & Henry. In May 1264, the Bishop of Chichester tried to convince Henry III to negotiate, but he refused. The Bishops of London & Worcester (Walter de Cantelou) try to do the same on the eve of the Battle of Lewes; again Henry refuses. At Lewes, Montfort was outnumbered 2:1; Royalist forces numbered some 10,000. Montfort introduced a new strategy to warfare; he established a reserve command to be commanded by him, plus he introduced the concept of the night march. He was thought to be miles away by the Royalist forces on the eve of the battle, but he & his army undertook a night march to focre the battle on May 14, 1264. Henry was utterly taken by surprise, & his garrison lodged at the Priory were in some confusion; however, Edward, who garrisoned his men at Lewes Castle, was able to meet the rebel left flank of greenhorn & untrained Londoners under the command of Nicholas de Segrave. Edward routed them with no care for the "rules" of war in that he & his knights undertook a pursuit miles away from the battle only to slay every man they could find. This was thought caused by the Londoner's steadfast support for Monfort and their animosity toward Henry & especially Edward's mother Queen Eleanor (including the London mob's attack on her barge July 1263). From these beginnings Edward had a lifelong hatred for Londoners. On the eve of the Battle of Lewes, 14 May 1264, after Henry had refused the entreaty of the Bishops of London & Worcester (Walter de Cantelou) to negotiate, Simon formally renounced all allegiance to Henry, & was followed by his men. Including Gilbert de Clare, Hugh le Despenser, Humfrey de Bohun VI "the Younger", John Giffard, Sir John FitzJohn, Nicholas de Segrave, & Robert de Vere. Clare & Vere had the most to lose of any rebel supporters. At the battle itself, the left flank of green & hastily trained but no battle-experience Londoners was under the command of Nicholas de Segrave with 2nd an inexperienced John Giffard; the right flank was commanded by Simon's sons Henry & Guy de Montfort (Bran still being held in captivity at Windsor Castle by Henry) with 2nd Humphrey de Bohun VI "the Younger", the center column was commanded by Gilbert de Clare, 2nded by Sir John FitzJohn, with Simon himself commanding the new reserve force 2nded by Hugh le Despenser. For the Royalists, Henry commanded the center column, Richard of Cornwall commanded the left flank, & Edward commanded the vanguard. Royalist forces outnumbered the rebels by some 2:1 with some 10,000 men. Henry's force was augmented by a Scots force sent by his son in law Alexander III the Glorious, King of Scotland. With Edward were Dafydd ap Gruffydd, Hugh le Bigod, Henry Plantagenet of Almaine, Richard of Cornwall's son (& Edward's cousin & Simon's nephew), & John de Warenne. At the time of the battle, Simon was thought to be miles away, & still unable to ride a horse due to his broken leg. After Edward had absented himself from the field so long (carrying out his vengeance on the Londoners) Simon attacked & obliterated King Henry's force. Henry fled to the Priory. Richard of Cornwall was captured by Gilbert de Clare. When Edward & his men found out, Edward was urged to flee to Pevensey Castle & from there toward France. Edward refused to abandon his father, but the de Lusignans fled the battle, as did John de Warenne, Hugh le Bigod, Dafydd ap Gruddydd & over 300 knights. Only Edward's cousin Henry of Almaine (Richard of Cornwall's son) & Edwards’s household knights remained with him. Edward got through John FitzJohn's surrounding encampment to his father in the priory; Simon then offered a 12 hour truce & accepted their surrender the following morning. Lewes resulted in 2700 known dead (one of every five men). Under the Mise of Lewes, the Oxford Provisions were again reinstated as the law of the land, with an arbitration commission. Under no circumstances could Henry appoint aliens onto his council. Henry's extravagant spending was also to be brought under control & he to live within his means & pay off his enormous debts. A full amnesty was proclaimed for all rebels. No ransoms were to be paid for men captured neither at Lewes nor earlier at Northampton. Edward & Henry of Almaine surrendered themselves as hostages for their fathers' good faith. Edward was confined at Wallingford Castle with Richard of Cornwall. King Henry was lodged securely at the palace of the Bishop of London, In June 1264; Simon called a Parliament, one that included knights & town officials. The effect of Lewes that while Henry was still King, Simon had command of the realm. He also called for the terms of the Chivalric code to cover not only knights, but also commoners & Jews. In October 1264, the Pope (who hated Simon & the English Lords who had refused to succor his (the Pope's) abortive plans for Sicily) formally excommunicated Simon, his sons Henry, Bran & Guy, Gilbert de Clare, Hugh le Despenser, the Mayor of London Thomas Fitz Thomas, & many of their supporters. The Bishops of Worcester, London & Winchester refused to publish the sentence of anathema; the Pope laid England under Interdict Oct 21 1264, but the English clergy continued to support Simon & services & rites of the Church continued to be performed. Fought against and defeated Simon de Montfort (his uncle) in the Battle of Evesham and on 4 August 1265 took back his title with the death of Simon.

He spent much of his reign reforming royal administration and common law. Through an extensive legal inquiry, he investigated the tenure of various feudal liberties, while the law was reformed through a series of statutes regulating criminal and property law. He suppressed corruption in the administration of justice and passed legislation allowing feudal barons and the crown to collect revenues from properties willed to the church. He crushed clerical opposition when Pope Clement V allowed him in 1306 to suspend Archbishop Robert de Winchelsey. Early in his reign he divided the Curis Regis into three courts. 1) The Court of Kings Bench, to deal with criminal offenses reserved for the Kings judgment and with suits in which he was himself concerned; 2) The Court of Exchequer, to deal with all matters touching the Kings revenue; and 3) The Court of Common Pleas, to deal with suits between subject and subject. Edward took care that these courts should administer justice and dismissed judges and many other officials for corruption. He gave Scotland new constitution and representation in English Parliament.
While some historians have praised him for his contribution to the law, others have criticized him for his uncompromising attitude toward his nobility. Accomplishments include: Restoring royal authority after the reign of Henry III, Establishing Parliament as a permanent institution and thereby also a functional system for raising taxes, reforming the law through statutes. His criticisms include: His brutal conduct towards the Scots, and issuing the Edict of Expulsion in 1290 (by which the Jews were expelled from England and would take over 350 yrs before it was overturned in 1656 by Oliver Cromwell).

Family/Spouse: of Castille, Queen of England Eleanor. Eleanor was born in 1241 in Burgos, Burgos, Castilla-Leon, Spain; died on 5 Dec 1290 in Harby, Nottinghamshire, England; was buried on 24 Dec 1290 in Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Edward married de France, Marguerite on 8 Sep 1299 in Canterbury Cathedral, Canterbury, Kent, England. Marguerite (daughter of de France, Philip III and de Brabant, Maria) was born in 1279 in Paris, Île-de-France, France; died on 14 Feb 1318 in Marlborough Castle, Marlborough, Wiltshire, England; was buried after 14 Feb 1318 in Greyfriars, London, London, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: LRQB-GXC

Notes:

Gwladus Ddu
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Gwladus Ddu, ("Gwladus the Dark Eyes"), full name Gwladus ferch Llywelyn (died 1251) was a Welsh noblewoman who was a daughter of Llywelyn the Great of Gwynedd and married two Marcher lords. Sources differ as to whether Gwladus was Llywelyn's legitimate daughter by his wife Joan or an illegitimate daughter by Tangwystl Goch. Some sources say that Joan gave her lands to Gwladus, which suggests, but does not prove, the former. Gwladus is recorded in Brut y Tywysogion as having died at Windsor in 1251.

Marriage
She married firstly, Reginald de Braose, Lord of Brecon and Abergavenny in about 1215, but they are not known to have had a daughter Matilda de Braose. After Reginald's death in 1228 she was probably the sister recorded as accompanying Dafydd ap Llywelyn to London in 1229.

She married secondly, Ralph de Mortimer of Wigmore about 1230. Ralph died in 1246, and their son, Roger de Mortimer, inherited the lordship.

Issue
Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer, in 1247, married Maud de Braose, by whom he had seven children.
Hugh de Mortimer
John de Mortimer
Peter de Mortimer

References
Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis; Lines 132-C-29, 176B-28

John Edward Lloyd (1911) A history of Wales from the earliest times to the Edwardian conquest (Longmans, Green & Co.)

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Categories: 1251 deaths Women of medieval Wales Welsh royalty 13th-century Welsh people
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Gwladys married de Braose, Baron Reginald in 1215. Reginald (son of de Braose, William III and de Valéry, Lady Maud) was born in 1178 in Bramber, Sussex, England; died on 16 Jun 1228 in Brecon, Breconshire, Wales; was buried after 16 Jun 1228 in Brecon Cathedral, Brecon, Breconshire, Wales. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Gwladys married de Mortimer, Sir Ralph in 1230 in Herefordshire, England. Ralph (son of de Mortimer, Roger and de Ferrers, Lady Isabel Millicent) was born on 22 Feb 1190 in Wigmore Castle, Wigmore, Herefordshire, England; died on 6 Aug 1246 in Wigmore, Herefordshire, England; was buried in Wigmore Abbey, Wigmore, Herefordshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: 7th Earl of Surrey
• Appointments / Titles: 8th Earl of Warren
• Appointments / Titles: Sir Knight
• FSID: LCTG-XCG

William married de Vere, Joan in 1283 in Surrey, England. Joan (daughter of de Vere, Earl Robert and de Sanford, Alice) was born in 1264 in Oxford, Oxfordshire, England; died on 28 Nov 1293 in Lewes, Sussex, England; was buried on 21 Nov 1293 in Lewes Priory (Historical), Lewes, Sussex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Bramber, Sussex, England; Lord of Bramber Gover
• Appointments / Titles: Gower, Glamorgan, Wales; Lord of Gower
• Appointments / Titles: Stinton Hall, Salle, Norfolk, England; Lord of Stinton
• Nickname: Tadody
• FSID: LH73-R16

Notes:

John de Braose, Lord of Gower, born c1197, died 18 July 1232 at Bamber, co Sussex from a fall from a horse; married 1219 Margaret, died 1263, daughter of Llewellyn ap Iorwerth, Prince of Wales. [Magna Charta Sureties]

------------------------------------
Nicknamed "Tadody" by the Welsh when he was hidden in Gower as a child after King John had his father and grandmother killed. He was later in the custody of Engelard de Cigogny (castellan of Windsor) along with his brother Giles. Cigogny was ordered to give the two boys up to William de Harcourt in 1214. At this time John became separated from his brother. He was present at the signing of the Magna Charta in 1215.

John disputed his uncle Reginald's claim to the Braose lands, sometimes resorting to arms. Llewelyn, Prince of Wales, helped him to secure Gower (1219). In 1221, with the advice and permission of Llewelyn, he repaired his castle of Abertawy (Swansea). He purchased the Rape of Bramber from Reginald and his son William in 1226. In that year John confirmed the family gifts to Sele Priory, near Bramber, and to the Abbey of St FLorent, Saumur, and added others. After the death of Reginald (1228) he became Lord of Skenfrith, Grosmont, and Whitecastle, the three Marcher castles, by charter from the king but he lost these in 1230 to Hugh de Burgh at the same time as Gower became a subtenancy of de Burgh's Honour of Carmarthen and Cardigan.

See Castle of Abertawy, Swansea

-----------------------------------
Joan de Braose, surnamed Tadody, had been privately nursed by a Welsh woman at Gower. This John had grants of lands from King Henry III and was also possessed of the Barony of Brembye, in Sussex, where he died in 1231, by a fall from his horse, his foot sticking in the stirrup. He married, it is stated, Margaret, dau. of Llewellyn, Prince of Wales, by whom (who m. afterwards Walter de Clifford) he had a son, his successor, William de Braose. [Sir Bernard Burke, Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited and Extinct Peerages, Burke's Peerage, Ltd., London, England, 1883, p. 72, Braose, Baron Braose, of Gower]
- Jim Weber, Rootsweb

-----------------------------------------
Sir John "Tadody" de Braose, Lord of Bramber and Gower "Lord Bramber gower", "Lord of Stinton", "de Braose", "de Briouse" B: 1197 Gower, Glamorganshire, Wales D: 07/18/1232 Bramber, Sussex, England. He was in royal custody until he came of age in January 1218, indicating a birth year about 1197. He had been privately nursed by a Welsh woman, at Gower. This John de Braos had grants of lands from King Henry III. and held also the Barony of Brembye, in Sussex, where he died in 1231, by a fall from his horse, his foot remaining in the stirrup. Nicknamed "Tadody" by the Welsh when he was hidden in Gower as a child after King John had his father and grandmother killed. He was later in the custody of Engelard de Cigogny (castellan of Windsor) along with his brother Giles. Cigogny was ordered to give the two boys up to William de Harcourt in 1214. At this time John became separated from his brother. M: Margred verch Llewelyn B: 1202 Meisgyn, Penychen, Glamorganshire, Wales D:1264 Clifford Castle, Herefordshire, England, buried Priory Church/Aconbury, Herefordshire, England. John disputed his uncle Reginald's claim to the Braose lands, sometimes resorting to arms. Llewelyn, Prince of Wales, helped him to secure Gower (1219). In 1221, with the advice and permission of Llewelyn, he repaired his castle of Abertawy (Swansea). He purchased the Rape of Bramber from Reginald and his son William in 1226. In that year John confirmed the family gifts to Sele Priory, near Bramber, and to the Abbey of St FLorent, Saumur, and added others. After the death of Reginald (1228) he became Lord of Skenfrith, Grosmont, and Whitecastle, the three Marcher castles, by charter from the king but he lost these in 1230 to Hugh de Burgh at the same time as Gower became a subtenancy of de Burgh's Honour of Carmarthen and Cardigan.

John married verch Llywelyn, Lady Margred in 1219 in Bramber Castle, Bramber, Sussex, England. Margred was born in 1202 in Glamorgan, Wales; was christened in 1208 in Gloucestershire, England; died on 28 Oct 1267 in Clifford Castle, Clifford, Herefordshire, England; was buried on 28 Oct 1267 in Priory Church, Aconbury, Herefordshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: LZK4-191

Notes:

1. “Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
“RICHARD DE KEYNES, of Horsted Keynes, Selmeston, and lteford, Sussex, and Charwelton, Northamptonshire, younger son, but eventual heir, born about 1228. He was granted livery of his father's lands in 1249. He married ALICE DE MANKESEY, daughter and heiress of Robert de Mankesey, of Catteshal and Lingfield, Surrey, and Thornham, Kent, by Isabel, daughter of Thomas de Bavelingham. They had one daughter, Joan. He was supporter of his overlord, Simon de Montfort, in 1264. RICHARD DE KEYNES was living in 1276, and died sometime before 1295.
Year Books of Edward III: Years XVII & XVIII 10 (Rolls Ser. 31b) (1903): 584-595. Wrottesley Peds.from the Plea Rolls (1905): 432. Sussex Arch. Colls. 50 (1907): 70; 63 (1922): 181-202. VCH Surrey 3 (1911): 32. Cal. Mgrs. Misc. 1 (1916): 546 (Date of Inquisition: 1307. Location Sussex. "Richard de Kaynes held of Simon de Montfort, sometime earl of Leicester, 2 1/2 knights of the honour of Leicester of the yearly value of 301, in Selmeston, Iteford and Horsted Kaynes, and after the forfeiture of the said earl [the said Richard] attorned to King Henry III for his homage and service; he was succeeded by Joan, his daughter and heir, who married Roger de Leukenore; Thomas de Leukenore, their son and heir, succeeded them, and now holds the said fees, and has attorned to the present king for his homage"). C.C.R 1247-1251 (1922): 187. Book of Fees 2 (1923): 666, 674, 688, 1289, 1362, 1377 (Robert de Mankesey held the manor of Lingfield, Surrey, in 1242/3. It reappears in the mid-1500s held by Drew Barantine, Esq., one of the heirs of the senior Lewknor family), VCH Northampton 5 (2002): 77-98.”

2. “Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
“SARAH DE HUNTINGFIELD, married (1st) after 11 Dec. 1213 WILLIAM BISET, of Kidderminster, Worcestershire, and Shamblehurst and Rockbourne, Hampshire, son and heir of Henry Biset, of Kidderminster, Worcestershire, and Rockbourne, Hampshire, by an unknown wife. They had no issue. WILLIAM BISET died before 1 Nov. 1220. She married (2nd) after 1221 (when she was in the king's gift) but before Hilary 1223 (date of lawsuit) RICHARD DE KEYNES (or KAYNES), of Horsted Keynes, Selmeston, and Iteford, Sussex, Greatworth, Cosgrove, Puxley (in Passenham), and Tiffield, Northamptonshire, etc., son and heir of William de Keynes, of Greatworth, Northamptonshire, etc., by his wife, Gunnor. They had two sons, William (minor at father's death, and evidently died after 1241) and Richard, and one daughter. He had livery of his father's lands 5 April 1218, and fought at the Siege of Bytham Castle in 1221. In Hilary term 1223 Richard and his wife, Sarah, were sued for dower in the vill of Kidderminster, Worcestershire by her former husband, William Biset's step-mother, Iseult Pantulf, and her husband, Amaury de Saint Amand. His wife, Sarah, was living 1226/8. RICHARD DE KEYNES died in 1241.
Coll. Top. et Gen. 6 (1840): 154-157 (Biset). Maitland Bracton's Note Book 3 (1887): 336. Feudal Aids 4 (1906): 43. VCH Hampshire 4 (1911): 582, VCH Worcester 3 (1913): 159. Sussex Arch. Colls. 63 (1922): 180-202. Book of Fees 2 (1923): 378, 602-3. Book of Fees 2 (1923): 692, 932, 944, 1337. Stenton Rolls of the Justices in Eyre for Lincolnshire (1218-1219) & Worcestershire (1221) (Selden Soc. 53) (1934): 520. Stenton Rolls of Justices in Eyre for Gloucestershire, Warwickshire & Shropshire (1221) (Selden Soc. 59) (1940): 105-106. Curia Regis Rolls 9. (1952): 76, 129-130, 293; 10 (1949): 18-19, 26, 119. Paget Baronage of England (1957) 304: 2. VCH Northampton 5 (2002): 77-98.”

Richard married de Mankesey, Alice in 1259 in England. Alice (daughter of de Mankesey, Robert and de Bavelingham, Isabel) was born in 1228 in England; died in DECEASED in England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: L62S-BWQ

Family/Spouse: de Gresley, Robert. Robert was born in 1173 in Manchester, Lancashire, England; died in 1231. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Countess of Provence
• Appointments / Titles: Queen of England
• Appointments / Titles: Queen of England

Notes:

Eleanor of Provence
1223-1291
Queen of England, 1236-1272
"Beautiful, resourceful, clever—and unpopular"

Eleanor of Provence, the queen of Henry III of England, was his loyal marriage-partner for thirty-six years. Strong-willed, ambitious and practical, she played a major role in ruling the kingdom during the volatile thirteenth century. So why is she so little remembered in the roster of medieval queens? Probably because Henry filled his reign with so many miscalculations and disasters that not even a strong helpmeet could avert them. If Eleanor had been a reigning queen instead of a queen-consort, things might have been different.

As daughter of Count Raymond of Provence, Eleanor grew up steeped in the sunny, pleasure-loving culture of Southern France. She was acquainted with the nobility of the Mediterranean world. When she married Henry she brought from her birthplace her taste for the good life and her familiarity with many influential players on the European stage. Eleanor also brought her relatives to install in important offices in England. This didn't endear her to Henry's barons or to the English people, who mistrusted foreigners.

What Henry, an ambitious but ineffective king, lacked in willpower Eleanor more than made up for. Like her two predecessors on the English throne, Isabella of Angouleme and Eleanor of Aquitaine, Eleanor of Provence was fiercely ambitious for her children and supremely self-confident in exercising her power.

She was intimately involved in Henry's battles. These included excursions to France to fight for the Continental lands the French and English had been squabbling about for decades. At home, Henry and Eleanor had rebellious barons to contend with. When Henry was captured by his own barons and forced to agree to their terms for reforms, Eleanor went to France and raised a formidable army to free her husband. But her invasion fleet was wrecked before it reached England. Her son Edward (later Edward I), as combative as his mother, fought off the rebels and rescued his father.

After Henry died in 1272 Eleanor became Queen Dowager, but she never gave up her active role in promoting the royal family's interests. Only after fourteen years did she take off her crown and don the veil at the nunnery of Amesbury. There she lived a quiet, pious life until her death in 1291.

Queen Eleanor of Provence was beautiful, resourceful, clever-and unpopular. Her foreign airs and entanglements, her influence on her husband and her imperious manner could not endear her to the English. The chronicler summed up her contradictory qualities after her death: "the generous and devout virago."

http://www.medievalqueens.com/queen-eleanor-of-provence.htm

Eleanor of Provence (c. 1223 – 24/25 June 1291) was Queen consort of England, as the spouse of King Henry III of England, from 1236 until his death in 1272. She served as regent of England during the absence of her spouse in 1253.

Although she was completely devoted to her husband, and staunchly defended him against the rebel Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, she was very much hated by the Londoners. This was because she had brought a large number of relatives with her to England in her retinue; these were known as "the Savoyards", and they were given influential positions in the government and realm. On one occasion, Eleanor's barge was attacked by angry citizens who pelted her with stones, mud, pieces of paving, rotten eggs and vegetables.

Eleanor was the mother of five children including the future King Edward I of England. She also was renowned for her cleverness, skill at writing poetry, and as a leader of fashion
Eleanor and Henry together had five children:
1.Edward I (1239–1307), married Eleanor of Castile (1241–1290) in 1254, by whom he had issue, including his heir Edward II. His second wife was Margaret of France, by whom he had issue.
2.Margaret (1240–1275), married King Alexander III of Scotland, by whom she had issue.
3.Beatrice (1242–1275), married John II, Duke of Brittany, by whom she had issue.
4.Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster (1245–1296), married Aveline de Forz in 1269, who died four years later without issue; married Blanche of Artois in 1276, by whom he had issue.
5.Katherine (25 November 1253 – 3 May 1257)

Eleanor married of England, Henry III on 14 Jan 1236 in Canterbury Cathedral, Canterbury, Kent, England. Henry (son of Plantagenet, King John Lackland of England and de Taillefer, Queen of England Isabelle) was born on 8 Oct 1207 in Winchester Castle, Winchester, Hampshire, England; was christened after 8 Oct 1207 in Bermondsey, London, England; died on 23 Nov 1272 in Westminster Palace, Westminster, London, England; was buried after 23 Nov 1272 in Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Countess of Provence
• Appointments / Titles: Queen of France
• Occupation: Peerage of France
• Appointments / Titles: Between 27 May 1234 and 25 Aug 1270; Queen Consort of France
• Appointments / Titles: 28 May 1234; Coronation as Queen of France

Notes:

Margaret of Provence
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Queen consort of France
Tenure 27 May 1234 – 25 August 1270
Coronation 28 May 1234
Born Spring 1221 Forcalquier, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Died 20 December 1295 (aged 74) Paris
Burial Saint Denis Basilica
Spouse Louis IX of France
Issue among others...
Isabella, Queen of Navarre
Louis of France
Philip III of France
John Tristan, Count of Valois
Peter, Count of Perche
Blanche, Infanta of Castile
Margaret, Duchess of Brabant
Robert, Count of Clermont
Agnes, Duchess of Burgundy
House Barcelona
Father Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of

Margaret of Provence (1221 – 20 December 1295) was Queen of France as the wife of King Louis IX.

Family
Margaret was born in the spring of 1221 in Forcalquier.[1] She was the eldest of four daughters of Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence, and Beatrice of Savoy. Her younger sisters were Queen Eleanor of England, Queen Sanchia of Germany, and Queen Beatrice of Sicily. She was especially close to Eleanor, to whom she was close in age, and with whom she sustained friendly relationships until they grew old.[2]

Marriage
In 1233, Blanche of Castile sent one of her knights to Provence, partly to offset the troublesome Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse, and partly to meet Margaret, whose grace and beauty were widely reported. Margaret and her father entertained the knight well, and soon Blanche was negotiating with the count of Provence, so that his daughter might marry the king. Margaret was chosen as a good match for the king more for her religious devotion and courtly manner than her beauty. She was escorted to Lyon by her parents for the marriage treaty to be signed. From there, she was escorted to her wedding in Sens by her uncles from Savoy, William and Thomas. On 27 May 1234 at the age of thirteen, Margaret became wife of Louis IX of France and queen consort of France.[3] She was crowned the following day.[1] The wedding and her coronation as queen were celebrated at the cathedral of Sens.[3]

The marriage was a difficult one in numerous aspects.[3] Blanche still wielded strong influence over her son, and would throughout her life.[4] As a sign of her authority, shortly after the wedding Blanche dismissed Margaret's uncles and all of the servants she had brought with her from her childhood. Margaret resented Blanche and vice versa from the beginning.[3] Margaret, like her sisters, was noted for her beauty, she was said to be "pretty with dark hair and fine eyes",[5] and in the early years of their marriage she and Louis enjoyed a warm relationship. Her Franciscan confessor, William de St. Pathus, related that on cold nights Margaret would place a robe around Louis' shoulders, when her deeply religious husband rose to pray. Another anecdote recorded by St. Pathus related that Margaret felt that Louis' plain clothing was unbecoming to his royal dignity, to which Louis replied that he would dress as she wished, if she dressed as he wished.

They enjoyed riding together, reading, and listening to music. The attentions of the king and court being drawn to the new queen only made Blanche more jealous, and she worked to keep the king and queen apart as much as possible.

During the Seventh Crusade
Margaret accompanied Louis on the Seventh Crusade (their first). Her sister Beatrice also joined. Though initially the crusade met with some success, like the capture of Damietta in 1249, it became a disaster after the king's brother was killed and the king then captured.

Queen Margaret was responsible for negotiations and gathering enough silver for his ransom. She was thus for a brief time the only woman ever to lead a crusade. In 1250, while in Damietta, where she earlier in the same year successfully maintained order,[3] she gave birth to her son Jean Tristan.[6][7]

The chronicler Jean de Joinville, who was not a priest, reports incidents demonstrating Margaret's bravery after Louis was made prisoner in Egypt: she decisively acted to assure a food supply for the Christians in Damietta, and went so far as to ask the knight who guarded her bedchamber to kill her and her newborn son if the city should fall to the Arabs. She also convinced some of those who had been about to leave to remain in Damietta and defend it. Joinville also recounts incidents that demonstrate Margaret's good humor, as on one occasion when Joinville sent her some fine cloth and, when the queen saw his messenger arrive carrying them, she mistakenly knelt down thinking that he was bringing her holy relics. When she realized her mistake, she burst into laughter and ordered the messenger, "Tell your master evil days await him, for he has made me kneel to his camelines!"

However, Joinville also remarked with noticeable disapproval that Louis rarely asked after his wife and children. In a moment of extreme danger during a terrible storm on the sea voyage back to France from the Crusade, Margaret begged Joinville to do something to help; he told her to pray for deliverance, and to vow that when they reached France she would go on a pilgrimage and offer a golden ship with images of the king, herself and her children in thanks for their escape from the storm. Margaret could only reply that she dared not make such a vow without the king's permission, because when he discovered that she had done so, he would never let her make the pilgrimage. In the end, Joinville promised her that if she made the vow he would make the pilgrimage for her, and when they reached France he did so.[8][9]

Political significance
Her leadership during the crusade had brought her international prestige and after she returned to France, Margaret was often asked to mediate disputes. She feared the ambitions of her husband's brother Charles though, and strengthened the bond with her sister Eleanor and her husband Henry III of England as a counterweight. In 1254, she and her husband invited them to spend Christmas in Paris.

Then, in 1259, the Treaty of Paris came about since the relationship between Louis and Henry III of England had improved. Margaret was present during the negotiations, along with all her sisters and her mother. In later years Louis became vexed with Margaret's ambition. It seems that when it came to politics or diplomacy she was indeed ambitious, but somewhat inept. An English envoy at Paris in the 1250s reported to England, evidently in some disgust, that "the queen of France is tedious in word and deed," and it is clear from the envoy's report of his conversation with the queen that she was trying to create an opportunity for herself to engage in affairs of state even though the envoy was not impressed with her efforts. After the death of her eldest son Louis in 1260, Margaret induced the next son, Philip, to swear an oath that no matter at what age he succeeded to the throne, he would remain under her tutelage until the age of thirty. When Louis found out about the oath, he immediately asked the pope to excuse Philip from the vow on the grounds that he himself had not authorized it, and the pope immediately obliged, ending Margaret's attempt to make herself a second Blanche of Castile. Margaret subsequently failed as well to influence her nephew Edward I of England to avoid a marriage project for one of his daughters that would promote the interests in her native Provence of her brother-in-law, Charles of Anjou, who had married her youngest sister Beatrice.

Later years
After the death of Louis on his second crusade in 1270,[3] during which she remained in France, she returned to Provence. She became a more politically active figure after his death.[3] As Emmerson notes, she was particularly exigent - to the point of raising troops - in defending her rights in Provence, where her husband's brother, Charles of Anjou, maintained his political authority and control of property after his wife's (her sister's) death, contrary to the intentions of the old count, who had died in 1245.[3] She was devoted to her sister Queen Eleanor of England, and they stayed in contact until Eleanor's death in 1291. Her last years were spent doing pious work, including the founding of the Franciscan nunnery of Lourcines in 1289.[3] Margaret herself died in Paris, at the Poor Clares monastery she had founded,[10] on 20 December 1295, at the age of seventy-four. She was buried near (but not beside) her husband in the Basilica of St-Denis outside Paris. Her grave, beneath the altar steps, was never marked by a monument, so its location is unknown; probably for this reason, it was the only royal grave in the basilica that was not ransacked during the French Revolution, and it probably remains intact today.

Issue
With Louis IX of France eleven children[3] were born:
1. Blanche (1240 – 29 April 1243)
2. Isabella (2 March 1241 – 28 January 1271), married Theobald II of Navarre
3. Louis (25 February 1244 – January 1260)
4. Philip III of France (1 May 1245 – 5 October 1285), married firstly Isabella of Aragon, by whom he had issue, including Philip IV of France and Charles, Count of Valois; he married secondly Maria of Brabant, by whom he had issue, including Margaret of France.
5. John (born and died in 1248)
6. John Tristan (1250 – 3 August 1270), born in Egypt on his father's first Crusade and died in Tunisia on his second
7. Peter (1251–1284)
8. Blanche (1253–1323), married Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castile
9. Margaret (1254–1271), married John I, Duke of Brabant
10. Robert, Count of Clermont (1256 – 7 February 1317), married Beatrice of Burgundy, Lady of Bourbon, by whom he had issue. It is from him that the Bourbon kings of France descend in the male line.
11. Agnes (c. 1260 – 19 December 1327), married Robert II, Duke of Burgundy

References
1. Richardson 2011, p. 121.
2. Howell 2001, p. 3.
3. Emmerson 2013, p. 448.
4. Shadis 2010, p. 17-19.
5. Costain 1951, p. 125-126.
6. Joinville 1963, p. 262-263.
7. Hodgson 2007, p. 167-170.
8. Joinville 2008.
9. Hodgson 2007, p. 105-106, 120-125.

Sources
Costain, Thomas B. (1951). The Magnificent Century.

Emmerson, Richard K. (2013). Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-77519-2.

Hodgson, Natasha (2007). Women, Crusading and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative. Boydell.

Howell, Margaret (2001). Eleanor of Provence: Queenship in Thirteenth-Century England. Blackwell Publishers Ltd.

Joinville; Villehardouin (1963). Shaw, M.R.B., ed. Joinville and Villehardouin: Chronicles of the Crusades. NY: Penguin Classics.

Joinville; Villehardouin (2008). Smith, Caroline, ed. Chronicles of the Crusades. Penguin Classics.

Murray, Jacqueline (1999). Conflicted Identities and Multiple Masculinities.

Richardson, Douglas (2011). Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study In Colonial And Medieval Families (2 ed.). ISBN 978-1-461-04513-7.

Robson, Michael (2007). "Queen Isabella (c.1295/1358) and the Greyfriars: An example of royal patronage based on her accounts for 1357/1358". Franciscan Studies. Franciscan Institute Publications. 65: 325–348. doi:10.1353/frc.2007.0006.

Sanders, I.J. (1951). "The Texts of the Peace of Paris, 1259". The English Historical Review. Oxford University Press. 66 (258): 81–97. doi:10.1093/ehr/lxvi.cclviii.81.

Shadis, Miriam (2010). Berenguela of Castile (1180–1246) and Political Women in the High Middle Ages. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-23473-7.

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Categories: 1221 births 1295 deaths House of Aragon French queens consort Frankish queens consort
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Marguerite married de France, Louis IX on 27 May 1234 in Sens Cathedral, Sens, Ille-et-Vilaine, Bretagne, France. Louis was born on 25 Apr 1214 in Poissy, Yvelines, Île-de-France, France; died on 25 Aug 1270 in Tunis, Tunisia; was buried after 25 Aug 1270 in Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Countess of Provence
• Appointments / Titles: Princess of Savoy
• Death: 17 May 1259, Saluzzo, Cuneo, Piemonte, Italy

Notes:

Beatrice of Savoy (before 4 March 1223 – 10 May before 1259) was a daughter of Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy and his first wife Marguerite of Burgundy.[1][page needed] She was a member of the House of Savoy by birth and by her first marriage she was Marchioness consort of Saluzzo.

Beatrice was the elder of two daughters; her younger sister Margaret was married to Boniface II, Marquess of Montferrat. After the death of their mother, their father married Cecile of Baux and had further children including Boniface, Count of Savoy and a younger Beatrice.

Beatrice was first betrothed not long after her birth on 4 March 1223 to Manfred III, Marquess of Saluzzo. However, the contract was broken off but was then renewed on 2 October 1227; a contract signed on that date refers to the dowry of Beatrice.[2] The couple were married in March 1233. They were married for eleven years until Manfred's death in 1244, leaving Beatrice with two children and pregnant with twins. They had the following children:

Alice (c. 1236 – before 12 Jul 1311), married Edmund de Lacy, Baron of Pontefract and had issue
Thomas (1239–1296), succeeded Manfred as Marquess
Agnes (1245 – after 4 August 1265), married John, son of Eustace de Vesci, no issue
Margaret (born 1245), born posthumously, twin of Agnes

Only two years after Manfred's death on 8 May 1246, Beatrice was betrothed a second time to a Manfred, an illegitimate son of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor by his mistress and possibly wife Bianca Lancia. Her marriage was arranged to recognize an alliance between Beatrice's father and Frederick.[3] The couple were married by proxy in March 1247 and the marriage contract was signed on 21 April 1247. Manfred and Beatrice had one daughter, Constance (1249-1302) who went on to marry Peter III of Aragon and became mother of Alfonso III of Aragon, James II of Aragon and Elizabeth of Aragon.

In a testament from Beatrice's father dated 24 May 1253, the succession rights of Beatrice were bypassed in favor of her younger half-brother; the testament fails to mention Beatrice's second husband, possibly indicating a breakdown in the marriage.[4] Beatrice died before 1259. Her husband became King of Sicily in 1258 and went on to marry Helena Angelina Doukaina and father children with her.

Beatrice married de Saluzzo, Marquess Manfredi III in Mar 1233 in Italy. Manfredi (son of de Saluzzo, Boniface and of Torres, Maria) was born in 1210 in Saluzzo, Cuneo, Piemonte, Italy; died in 1244 in Saluzzo, Cuneo, Piemonte, Italy; was buried in 1244 in Sicilia, Italy. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: G8L6-BT7

Family/Spouse: Graham, Sir Patrick of Kincardine. Patrick was born in 1239 in Blairhoyle, Perthshire, Scotland; died on 28 Apr 1296 in Dunbar, East Lothian, Scotland; was buried after 28 Apr 1296 in Dunbar Castle, Dunbar Burgh, East Lothian, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Sir
• Occupation: Constable Tunbridge Castle & MP

Hugo married de Hastings, Adelinde in 1191 in East Peckham, Kent, England. Adelinde (daughter of de Hastings, Richard and de Hauteville, Flandina) was born in 1177 in Ashill, Norfolk, England; died in DECEASED in London, London, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: LH1B-7W8

Notes:

Anesty is a village and civil parish in the East Hertfordshire district of Hertfordshire. Little Hormead is a hamlet in Hertfordshire.

Dionisie de Anesty died between 1293 and 1304. She was the second wife of the wealthy landowner Warin de Munchensi, stepmother to the great heiress Joan de Munchensi (King Henry III's sister in law). Dionsie de Anesty (her forename is sometimes modernized to Denise) was the daughter and only child of Nicholas de Anesty, a farmer living at Anstey Castle in Hertfordshire. She inherited land from her mother, a descendant of Hamon Peche, sheriff of Cambridgeshire 1155-1165. Dionisie first married Walter Langton. (This is thought to have been the Walter who was brother of the archbishop of Canterbury, Stephen Langton, and fought in the Albigensian Crusade: he would have been about 70 by the time of the marriage.) There were no children of the marriage and Walter was dead by 1234. In that year Dionisie married Warrin de Munchensi, lord of Swanscombe, Painwick and other estates. Warin's first wife, Joan, daughter of William Marshal, had just died leaving two small children, John and Joan. Dionisie was stepmother to these; in 1236 she bore Warin a son, William. Warin died in 1255. Dionisie married 3rd Robert Butyller. There were no children of that marriage. She outlived her son William, a turbulent politician who died in 1287. She acted as his executrix and as guardian of her granddaughter, named Dionisie after her, who was still a child when William died. In 1293 Dionisie endowed a nunnery in the order of Poor Clares at Waterbeach in Cambridgeshire. Walter de Bibbesworth's Treatise, addressed to Madame Dyonise de Mountechensi is preceded in some manuscripts by a letter of dedication in which he explains, "you have asked me to put in writing for your children a phrase book to teach them French."

“Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
“JOAN MARSHAL, married after 1219 (as his 1st wife) WARIN DE MUNCHENSY, Knt., of Swanscombe, Kent, 2nd son of William de Munchensy, Knt., of Swanscombe, Kent, Winfarthing and Gooderstone, Norfolk, etc., by Aveline, daughter of Roger de Clare, Earl of Hertford [see CLARE 4.ii for his ancestry]. He was born about 1192 (came of age in 1213). He was heir about 1208 to his older brother, William de Munchensy. They had one son, John, and one daughter, Joan. He was involved on the side of the Barons against King John, and his lands were forfeited. He was taken prisoner at the Battle of Lincoln 20 May 1217. He returned to allegiance by Nov. 1217. In 1221 he accompanied the king to the Siege of Byham. He was serving in Wales in 1223, with his brother-in-law, William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke. He was with the king overseas in 1229-30, and in Wales at the end of 1233. He married (2nd) between November 1234 and June 1235 DENISE DE ANESTY, widow of Walter Langton (died 1234), of Langton, Lincolnshire, and Ridgwell, Essex (brother of Archbishop Stephen Langton), and daughter and heiress of Nicholas de Anesty, of Ansty and Little Hormead, Hertfordshire, Bourn, Cambridgeshire, etc., by ___, sister of Hamon Pecche. They had one son, William. In 1237-8 he and his wife, Denise, acquired 1-1/2 virgate in Bourn, Cambridgeshire from William Haretail. He was serving in Gascony in 1242-44, where he took part in the Battle of Saintes. He was summoned against the Scots in 1244, and, in June 1245, for service in Wales. He was in Gascony again in 1252. He was at Dover 26 Dec. 1254, the day King Henry III appears to have crossed from Boulogne. SIR WARIN DE MUNCHENSY died testate about 20 July 1255. His widow, Denise, married (3rd) before 4 June 1260 ROBERT LE BOTELER (or LE BOTILLER). In 1260 he and his wife, Denise, were granted protection, they then going beyond seas. In 1266 he was granted a safe conduct, he then coming to the king's court. His wife, Denise, again went beyond seas in 1271. ROBERT LE BOTELER died before autumn 1272. In 1294 his widow, Denise, founded the nunnery of Waterbeach, Cambridgeshire. She died shortly before 23 May 1304, and was buried in the church of the Grey Friars, London.
Dugdale Monasticon Anglicanum 5 (1825): 271 (Abbey of Tintern, Titulus illorum de Verdon et de Genevill …: "Secunda filia antedicto Willihelmi Marescalli vocabatur Johanna, nupta Warino de Montecaniso, de qua habuit exitum Johannem de Montecaniso qui obiit sine hærede de se, et Johannam sororem ejus nuptam domino Willihelmo de Valentia."). Lipscomb Hist. & Antiqs. of Buckingham 1 (1847): 200-201 (Clare ped.). Clark Earls, Earldom, & Castle of Pembroke (1880): 69-75. Matthew of Paris Chronica Majora 5 (Rolls Ser. 57) (1880):504 (sub AD. 1255: "Obiit eodem tempore nobilis baro, inter omnes Angliae nobiles vel nobilissimus et sapientissimus vel unus de nobilioribus et sapientibus, Warinus de Muntcheinsil ... Dominus autem rex ilico custodiam haeredis ejus nomine Willeimi contulit Willelmo de Valentia fratri suo uterino, qui filiam ejusdem Warini, ut gener ejus esset, desponsaverat."). Stubbs Historical Works of Gervase of Canterbury 2 (Rolls Ser. 73) (1880): 110-111. Francisque-Michel Riles Gascons 1 (1885): 6, 10-11, 30-32, 190. Papal Regs.: Letters 1 (1893): 566 (Denise de Munchensy, foundress of Waterbeach Abbey, styled "king's kinswoman"). Desc. Cat. Ancient Deeds 2 (1894): 91. C.C.R. 1302-1307 (1908): 513. C.P.R. 1258-1266 (1910): 75, 621, 667. C.F.R. 1 (1911): 493. Inv. of the Hist. Monuments in Herefordshire (1911): 12. VCH Hampshire 4 (1911): 51-56. VCH Hertford 3 (1912): 232-240. Genealogist n.s. 34 (1918): 181-189 (William d'Aubeney, Earl of Arundel, styled "uncle" [avunculus] of Warin de Munchensy in 1213, he being half-brother of Warin's mother, Aveline de Clare). Bourdillon Order of Minoresses in England (1926): 13-16. Powicke Stephen Langton (1928). Pubs Bedfordshire Hist. oc. 13 (1930): Ped. 11 (Lenveyse, Birkin, Anstey ped.). C.P. 9 (1936): 421-422 (sub Munchensy). VCH Cambridge 2 (1948): 292-293; 5 (1973): 4-16. Sanders English Baronies (1960): 63, 144. Clanchy From Memory to Written Record: England 1066-1307 (1993): 197-200, 245. McCash Cultural Patronage of Medieval Women (1996): 245-246, 262-263. Higgitt Murthly Hours (2000): 175. Gee Women, Art & Patronage from Henry III to Edward III: 1216-1377 (2002): 75-76, 142. Lawrence Letters of Adam Marsh 1 (2006): 56-63.”

Denise married de Munchensy, Warin in 1234. Warin (son of de Munchensy, William and de Clare, Aveline) was born in 1192 in Gooderstone, Norfolk, England; died on 20 Jul 1255 in Swaffham, Norfolk, England; was buried after 20 Jul 1255 in Norfolk, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: LZK4-191

Notes:

1. “Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
“RICHARD DE KEYNES, of Horsted Keynes, Selmeston, and lteford, Sussex, and Charwelton, Northamptonshire, younger son, but eventual heir, born about 1228. He was granted livery of his father's lands in 1249. He married ALICE DE MANKESEY, daughter and heiress of Robert de Mankesey, of Catteshal and Lingfield, Surrey, and Thornham, Kent, by Isabel, daughter of Thomas de Bavelingham. They had one daughter, Joan. He was supporter of his overlord, Simon de Montfort, in 1264. RICHARD DE KEYNES was living in 1276, and died sometime before 1295.
Year Books of Edward III: Years XVII & XVIII 10 (Rolls Ser. 31b) (1903): 584-595. Wrottesley Peds.from the Plea Rolls (1905): 432. Sussex Arch. Colls. 50 (1907): 70; 63 (1922): 181-202. VCH Surrey 3 (1911): 32. Cal. Mgrs. Misc. 1 (1916): 546 (Date of Inquisition: 1307. Location Sussex. "Richard de Kaynes held of Simon de Montfort, sometime earl of Leicester, 2 1/2 knights of the honour of Leicester of the yearly value of 301, in Selmeston, Iteford and Horsted Kaynes, and after the forfeiture of the said earl [the said Richard] attorned to King Henry III for his homage and service; he was succeeded by Joan, his daughter and heir, who married Roger de Leukenore; Thomas de Leukenore, their son and heir, succeeded them, and now holds the said fees, and has attorned to the present king for his homage"). C.C.R 1247-1251 (1922): 187. Book of Fees 2 (1923): 666, 674, 688, 1289, 1362, 1377 (Robert de Mankesey held the manor of Lingfield, Surrey, in 1242/3. It reappears in the mid-1500s held by Drew Barantine, Esq., one of the heirs of the senior Lewknor family), VCH Northampton 5 (2002): 77-98.”

2. “Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
“SARAH DE HUNTINGFIELD, married (1st) after 11 Dec. 1213 WILLIAM BISET, of Kidderminster, Worcestershire, and Shamblehurst and Rockbourne, Hampshire, son and heir of Henry Biset, of Kidderminster, Worcestershire, and Rockbourne, Hampshire, by an unknown wife. They had no issue. WILLIAM BISET died before 1 Nov. 1220. She married (2nd) after 1221 (when she was in the king's gift) but before Hilary 1223 (date of lawsuit) RICHARD DE KEYNES (or KAYNES), of Horsted Keynes, Selmeston, and Iteford, Sussex, Greatworth, Cosgrove, Puxley (in Passenham), and Tiffield, Northamptonshire, etc., son and heir of William de Keynes, of Greatworth, Northamptonshire, etc., by his wife, Gunnor. They had two sons, William (minor at father's death, and evidently died after 1241) and Richard, and one daughter. He had livery of his father's lands 5 April 1218, and fought at the Siege of Bytham Castle in 1221. In Hilary term 1223 Richard and his wife, Sarah, were sued for dower in the vill of Kidderminster, Worcestershire by her former husband, William Biset's step-mother, Iseult Pantulf, and her husband, Amaury de Saint Amand. His wife, Sarah, was living 1226/8. RICHARD DE KEYNES died in 1241.
Coll. Top. et Gen. 6 (1840): 154-157 (Biset). Maitland Bracton's Note Book 3 (1887): 336. Feudal Aids 4 (1906): 43. VCH Hampshire 4 (1911): 582, VCH Worcester 3 (1913): 159. Sussex Arch. Colls. 63 (1922): 180-202. Book of Fees 2 (1923): 378, 602-3. Book of Fees 2 (1923): 692, 932, 944, 1337. Stenton Rolls of the Justices in Eyre for Lincolnshire (1218-1219) & Worcestershire (1221) (Selden Soc. 53) (1934): 520. Stenton Rolls of Justices in Eyre for Gloucestershire, Warwickshire & Shropshire (1221) (Selden Soc. 59) (1940): 105-106. Curia Regis Rolls 9. (1952): 76, 129-130, 293; 10 (1949): 18-19, 26, 119. Paget Baronage of England (1957) 304: 2. VCH Northampton 5 (2002): 77-98.”

Richard married de Mankesey, Alice in 1259 in England. Alice (daughter of de Mankesey, Robert and de Bavelingham, Isabel) was born in 1228 in England; died in DECEASED in England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: 7th Earl of Arundel
• Appointments / Titles: Lord
• Appointments / Titles: Lord of Clun
• Appointments / Titles: Lord of Oswestry
• FSID: L5DP-LM7

Notes:

John FitzAlan, 7th Earl of Arundel was an English nobleman. He was also feudal Lord of Clun and Oswestry in the Welsh Marches.

John married de Mortimer, Countess Isabella on 21 May 1260 in Arundel, Sussex, England. Isabella (daughter of de Mortimer, Baron Roger and de Braose, Maud) was born in 1248 in Wigmore Castle, Wigmore, Herefordshire, England; died in 1300 in England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• House: House of Plantagenet
• FSID: MCT9-W4B

Notes:

Elizabeth of Rhuddlan (7 August 1282 – 5 May 1316) was the eighth and youngest daughter of King Edward I and Queen Eleanor of Castile. Of all of her siblings, she was closest to her younger brother King Edward II, as they were only two years apart in age.

In April 1285 there were negotiations with Floris V for Elizabeth's betrothal to his son John I, Count of Holland. The offer was accepted and John was sent to England to be educated. On 8 January 1297 Elizabeth was married to John at Ipswich. In attendance at the marriage were Elizabeth's sister Margaret, her father, Edward I of England, her brother Edward, and Humphrey de Bohun. After the wedding Elizabeth was expected to go to Holland with her husband, but did not wish to go, leaving her husband to go alone. It is recorded that while in Ipswich the King, in some outburst, threw his daughter's coronet into the fire: a great ruby and a great emerald were supplied by Adam the Goldsmith for stones lost as a result.

After some time traveling England, it was decided Elizabeth should follow her husband. Her father accompanied her, traveling through the Southern Netherlands between Antwerp, Mechelen, Leuven and Brussels, before ending up in Ghent. There, they remained for a few months, spending Christmas with her two sisters Eleanor and Margaret. On 10 November 1299, John died of dysentery, though there were rumours of his murder. No children had been born from the marriage.

On her return trip to England, Elizabeth went through Brabant to see her sister Margaret. When she arrived in England, she met her stepmother Margaret, whom Edward had married while she was in Holland. On 14 November 1302 Elizabeth was married to Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford, 3rd of Essex, also Constable of England, at Westminster Abbey.

The children of Elizabeth and Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford were:

1. Margaret de Bohun (born 1302 - died 7 Feb. 1304).
2. Humphrey de Bohun (born c. Oct. 1303 - died c. Oct. 1304).
3. Lady Eleanor de Bohun (17 October 1304 – 1363)
4. John de Bohun, 5th Earl of Hereford (23 November 1306 – 1335)
5. Humphrey de Bohun, 6th Earl of Hereford (6 December c. 1309 – 1361)
6. Margaret de Bohun, 2nd Countess of Devon (3 April 1311 – 1391)
7. William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton (1312–1360).
8. Edward de Bohun (1312–1334), twin of William
9. Eneas de Bohun, (1314 - after 1322); he is mentioned in his father's will
10. Isabel de Bohun (b&d 5 May 1316)

During Christmas 1315, Elizabeth, who was pregnant with her eleventh child, was visited by her sister-in-law, Queen Isabella of France. On 5 May 1316 she went into labour, giving birth to her daughter Isabella. Both Elizabeth and her daughter Isabella died shortly after the birth, and were buried together in Walden Abbey Church, Walden Essex. [1]

[1] Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, Wikipedia.

Elizabeth married de Bohun, Earl Humphrey on 14 Nov 1302 in Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England. Humphrey (son of de Bohun, Humphrey) was born in 1276 in Pleshey Castle, Pleshey, Essex, England; died on 16 Mar 1322 in Boroughbridge, Yorkshire, England; was buried after 16 Mar 1322 in Blackfriars (demolished), Pontefract, Yorkshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: 93ZS-SVW
• Appointments / Titles: 1 Jun 1300; Prince of England
• Appointments / Titles: 16 Dec 1312; 1st Earl of Norfolk
• Appointments / Titles: 10 Feb 1316; 1st Earl Mashall of England
• Will: 18 Aug 1338, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, England

Notes:

Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk (1 June 1300 – August 1338), was a younger son of King Edward I (1272-1307) by his wife Margaret of France and was a younger half-brother of King Edward II (1307-1327). He occupied the office of Earl Marshal of England.
Born 1 June 1300 Brotherton, Yorkshire
Died 4 August 1338 (aged 38) Framlingham Castle, Suffolk, England
Burial Bury St Edmunds Abbey, Suffolk
Title 1st Earl of Norfolk
Tenure 1312 – 1338
Known for Younger half-brother of Edward II of England
Years active 1316 – 1338
Wars Second War of Scottish Independence
Battle of Halidon Hill
Offices Earl Marshal
Successor Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk
Spouse(s) Alice Hales
Mary Brewes
Issue Edward of Norfolk
Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk
Alice of Norfolk
Parents Edward I of England
Margaret of France

Early life
Thomas of Brotherton, born 1 June 1300, was the fifth son of Edward I, and the eldest son of his second marriage to Margaret (1279?–1318), the daughter of Philippe III of France (d.1285). He was born at the manor house at Brotherton, Yorkshire, while his mother was on her way to Cawood, where her confinement was scheduled to take place. According to Hilton, Margaret was staying at Pontefract Castle and was following a hunt when she went into labour. The chronicler William Rishanger records that during the difficult delivery his mother prayed, as was the custom at the time, to Thomas Becket, and Thomas of Brotherton was thus named after the saint and his place of birth.

Edward I quickly rushed to the queen and the newborn baby and had him presented with two cradles. His brother Edmund was born in the year after that. They were overseen by wet nurses until they were six years old. Like their parents, they learned to play chess and to ride horses. They were visited by nobles and their half-sister Mary of Woodstock, who was a nun. Their mother often accompanied Edward on his campaigns to Scotland, but kept herself well-informed on their well-being.

His father died when he was 7 years old. Thomas's half-brother, Edward, became king of England and Thomas was heir presumptive until his nephew Edward was born in 1312. The Earldom of Cornwall had been intended for Thomas, but Edward instead bestowed it upon his favourite, Piers Gaveston, in 1306. When Thomas was 10 years old, Edward assigned to him and his brother Edmund, the estates of Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk who had died without heirs in 1306.

Career
In 1312, he was titled "Earl of Norfolk" and on 10 February 1316 he was created Earl Marshal. While his brother was away fighting in Scotland, he was left Keeper of England. He was known for his hot and violent temper. He was one of the many victims of the unchecked greed of the king's new favourite, Hugh Despenser the Younger and his father Hugh Despenser the Elder, who stole some of the young earl's lands. He allied himself with Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer when they invaded England in 1326, and stood as one of the judges in the trials against both Despensers. When his nephew Edward III reached his majority and took the government into his own hands Thomas became one of his principal advisors. It was in the capacity of Lord Marshal that he commanded the right wing of the English army at the Battle of Halidon Hill on 19 July 1333.

He died about 20 September 1338, and was buried in the choir of the Abbey of Bury St Edmunds.

He was succeeded by his daughter, Margaret, as Countess of Norfolk. She was later created Duchess of Norfolk for life in 1397.

As a son of Edward I of England, he was entitled to bear the coat of arms of the Kingdom of England, differenced by a label argent of three points.

Marriages and issue
He married firstly, before 8 January 1326, Alice de Hales (d. before 12 October 1330), daughter of Sir Roger de Hales of Hales Hall in Loddon in Roughton, Norfolk, by his wife, Alice, by whom he had a son and two daughters:

Edward of Norfolk, who married Beatrice de Mortimer, daughter of Roger de Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, but died without issue before 9 August 1334.
Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk, who married firstly John Segrave, 4th Baron Segrave, and secondly Sir Walter Manny.
Alice of Norfolk, who married Sir Edward de Montagu.
Alice Hales died by October 1330, when a chantry was founded for her soul in Bosham, Sussex.

He married secondly, before 4 April 1336, Mary de Brewes (died 11 June 1362), widow of Sir Ralph de Cobham, (d. 5 February 1326), and daughter of Sir Peter de Brewes (d. before 7 February 1312) of Tetbury, Gloucestershire, by Agnes de Clifford (d. before 1332), by whom he had no surviving issue.

Thomas married Hales, Lady Alice before 8 Jan 1326 in Loddon, Norfolk, England. Alice (daughter of Hales, Sir Roger and Hales, Lady Alice) was born in 1302 in Loddon, Norfolk, England; died before 12 Oct 1330 in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, England; was buried after 12 Oct 1330 in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: 1st Baron Mortimer
• Appointments / Titles: Wigmore, Herefordshire, England; 6th Lord of Wigmore
• FSID: LD97-5H9

Notes:

Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer of Wigmore Castle in Herefordshire, was famous and honored knight who was a loyal ally of King Henry III of England. He was at times an enemy, at times an ally, of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales.

Born in 1231, Roger was the son of Ralph de Mortimer and his Welsh wife, Gwladys Ddu, daughter of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth and Joan Plantagenet, daughter of John, King of England.

In 1256 Roger went to war with Llywelyn ap Gruffudd when the latter invaded his lordship of Gwrtheyrnion or Rhayader. This war would continue intermittently until the deaths of both Roger and Llywelyn in 1282. They were both grandsons of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth.

Mortimer fought for the King against the rebel Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, and almost lost his life in 1264 at the Battle of Lewes fighting Montfort's men. In 1265 Mortimer's wife, Maud de Braose helped rescue Prince Edward; and Mortimer and the Prince made an alliance against de Montfort.

In August 1265, de Montfort's army was surrounded by the River Avon on three sides, and Prince Edward's army on the fourth. Mortimer had sent his men to block the only possible escape route, at the Bengeworth bridge. The Battle of Evesham began in earnest. A storm roared above the battle field. Montfort's Welsh soldiers broke and ran for the bridge, where they were slaughtered by Mortimer's men. Mortimer himself killed Hugh Despencer and Montfort, and crushed Montfort's army. Mortimer was awarded Montfort's severed head and other parts of his anatomy, which he sent home to Wigmore Castle as a gift for his wife, Lady Mortimer.

Mortimer took part in Edward I's 1282 campaign against Llewelyn the Last, and was put in charge of operations in mid-Wales. It was a major setback for Edward when Mortimer died in October 1282.
His wife was Maud de Braose, daughter of William de Braose, Lord of Abergavenny by Eva Marshal. Roger Mortimer had married Maud in 1247. She was, like him, a scion of a Welsh Marches family.

Their eight known children were:

Ralph Mortimer, died 10 August 1274, Sheriff of Shropshire and Staffordshire.

Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Baron Mortimer (1251–1304), married Margaret de Fiennes, the daughter of William II de Fiennes and Blanche de Brienne. Had issue, including Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March.

Isabella Mortimer, died 1292. She married (1) John Fitzalan, 7th Earl of Arundel; and (2) Robert de Hastang.

Margaret Mortimer, died 1297. She married Robert de Vere, 6th Earl of Oxford.

Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer of Chirk, died 1326.

Geoffrey Mortimer, died 1273. He was a knight.

William Mortimer, (c.1259-before June 1297) was hostage for his father in 1264. He was knighted, and married Hawise, daughter and heir of Robert de Mucegros. Died childless.

Iseult de Mortimer died shortly before 4 August 1338. She married Hugh de Audley, Knight and Lord Audley. Their eldest son, Ralph, was a famed knight but died in his youth. The second son, Edmund, was recalled from Oxford University and appointed his father's heir.

Roger Mortimer died on 30th October 1282 and was buried at Wigmore Abbey

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Mortimer%2C_1st_Baron_Mortimer_of_Wigmore

Roger married de Braose, Maud in 1247. Maud (daughter of de Braose, Earl William V and Marshal, Lady Eva) was born in 1224 in Bramber Castle, Bramber, Sussex, England; died on 23 Mar 1301 in Wigmore, Herefordshire, England; was buried after 23 Mar 1301 in St Mary the Virgin Churchyard, Elmley Castle, Worcestershire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Countess
• FSID: MR85-LG8
• Appointments / Titles: 9 Mar 1302; Countess of Arundel

Notes:

Wikipedia info: "Alice de Warenne, Countess of Arundel (15 June 1287 – 23 May 1338) was an English noblewoman and heir apparent to the Earldom of Surrey. In 1305, she married Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel.
Family
Alice, the only daughter of William de Warenne (1256-1286) and Joan de Vere, was born on 15 June 1287 in Warren, Sussex, six months after her father was accidentally killed in a tournament on 15 December 1286. On the death of her paternal grandfather, John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey in 1304, her only sibling John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey succeeded to the earldom. He became estranged from his childless wife and they never reconciled, leaving Alice as the heir presumptive to the Surrey estates and title.

Marriage to the Earl of Arundel
In 1305, Alice married Edmund Fitzalan, 9th Earl of Arundel, the son of Richard Fitzalan, 8th Earl of Arundel and Alice of Saluzzo. He had initially refused her, for reasons which were not recorded; however, by 1305, he had changed his mind and they were wed. They had nine recorded children, and their chief residence was Arundel Castle in Sussex. Arundel inherited his title on 9 March 1302 upon his father's death. He was summoned to Parliament as Lord Arundel in 1306, and was later one of the Lords Ordainers. He also took part in the Scottish wars.

The Earl of Arundel and his brother-in-law John de Warenne were the only nobles who remained loyal to King Edward II, after Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March returned to England in 1326. He had allied himself to the King's favourite Hugh le Despenser, and agreed to the marriage of his son to Despenser's granddaughter. Arundel had previously been granted many of the traitor Mortimer's forfeited estates, and was appointed Justice of Wales in 1322 and Warden of the Welsh Marches in 1325. He was also made Constable of Montgomery Castle which became his principal base.

The Earl of Arundel was captured in Shropshire by the Queen's party. On 17 November 1326 in Hereford, Arundel was beheaded by order of the Queen, leaving Alice de Warenne a widow. Her husband's estates and titles were forfeited to the Crown following Arundel's execution, but later restored to her eldest son, Richard.[citation needed]

Alice died before 23 May 1338, aged 50. Her brother died in 1347 without legitimate issue, thus the title of Surrey eventually passed to Alice's son, Richard."

Alice married Rufford, Thomas Hesketh in 1295. Thomas was born in 1275 in Ormskirk, Lancashire, England; died in 1304 in Gawsworth, Cheshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Alice married FitzAlan, Lord Edmund in 1305. Edmund (son of FitzAlan, Lord Richard and of Saluzzo, Countess Alisona) was born on 1 May 1285 in Arundel, Sussex, England; died on 25 Nov 1326 in Hereford, Herefordshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Knight
• Appointments / Titles: Lord of Stinton Manor

Family/Spouse: de Rus, Lady Alice. Alice was born on 1 Jan 1248 in Salle, Norfolk, England; died on 4 Feb 1300 in Stinton Hall, Salle, Norfolk, England; was buried on 7 Feb 1300 in Woodbridge, Suffolk, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: GMG2-9WW

Notes:

“Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):

“JOAN DE KEYNES, daughter and heiress. She married before 1271 ROGER DE LEWKNOR (or LEUKENORE), Knt., of South Mimms, Middlesex, Mendlesham, Suffolk, and Little Rayne, Essex, and, in right of his wife, of Greatworth, Northamptonshire, and Horsted Keynes, Selmeston, and Iteford, Sussex, Sheriff of Surrey and Sussex, 1289-90, son and heir of Nicholas de Lewknor, Knt., of South Mimms, Middlesex, Mendlesham, Suffolk, and Little Rayne, Essex, Keeper of the Wardrobe, Justice of Forest, Justice to the Jews. He was born about 1244-6 (aged 24 or 26 in 1268). They had one son, Thomas, Knt. In 1265, after the Battle of Evesham, he and his father were involved in the seizure of property in Hertfordshire, Middlesex, and Surrey, mostly owned by London citizens who supported Simon de Montfort and his party. He presented to the church of Greatworth, Northamptonshire in 1272. He was going abroad in 1272, as a knight of Thomas de Clare. He and his wife, Joan, were defendants in a fine for the manor of Selmeston. Sussex in 1276. SIR ROGER DE LEWKNOR died shortly before 24 Sept. 1295.

Bridges Hist. & Antiqs. of Northamptonshire 1 (1791): 125. Berry County Gens.: Sussex Fams, (1830): 130 (Lewknor ped.). Sussex Arch. Colls. 3 (1850): 89-102; 63 (1922): 181-202. List of Sheriffs for England & Wales (PRO Lists and Indexes 9) (1898): 135. Year Books of Edward III: Years XVII & XVIII 10 (Rolls Ser. 31b) (1903): 584-595. Cal. IPM 1(1904): 211-212; 3 (1912): 179-180. Wrottesley Peds. from the Plea Rolls (1905): 432. Feudal Aids 5 (1908): 128. Comber Sussex Gens. 3 (1933): 148-158 (sub Lewknor). VCH Middlesex 5 (1976): 282. VCH Northampton 5 (2002): 77-98.”

Joan married de Lewknor, Sir Roger in 1271 in Horsted Keynes, Sussex, England. Roger was born between 1244 and 1246 in South Mimms, Middlesex, England; died on 24 Sep 1295 in South Mimms, Middlesex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: LYS8-5DV

Notes:

Also known as De Grelle born De Gresley

Family/Spouse: Muschamp, Isabella. Isabella (daughter of Muschamp, Robert and de Chastillon, Hawise) was born in 1178 in North Muskham, Nottinghamshire, England; died in 1235 in Greasley, Nottinghamshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Hammer of the Scots
• Appointments / Titles: King of England
• Appointments / Titles: The Best Lance in the World
• Appointments / Titles: The Edward Justian
• Appointments / Titles: The Flower of Chivalry
• Nickname: Longshanks
• FSID: LHWS-PRY
• Occupation: Peerage of England
• Religion: Roman Catholic
• Military: 21 May 1264; Battle of Lewes
• Appointments / Titles: 1265; Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
• Military: 2 Jul 1271, Nazareth, Israel; 7th or 9th Crusade: After capturing Nazareth in 1271, he massacred all the Muslims found within its walls. In retaliation for this savagery, an Assassin with a poisoned dagger stabbed him three times, but his life was saved by his wife's prompt action of sucking the poison from the wounds, and by his vigorous constitution which resisted whatever poison remained in his system. So in 1272 he negotiated and signed a 10 year truce before heading home, which is when he learned of his father’s death. He finally reached England in 1274 and was crowned in Westminster Abbey on August 19th.
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1272 and 1307; Duke of Aquitaine
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1272 and 1307; King of England
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1272 and 1307; Lord of Ireland
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1272 and 1307; Lord of Scotland
• Appointments / Titles: 26 Aug 1274, Westminster, London, England; Coronation as King of England
• Military: Between 1276 and 1277, Wales; Supressed a minor rebellion in Wales.
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1279 and 1281; Count of Ponthieu
• Military: Between 1282 and 1283, Wales; He responded to a second rebellion with a full scale war of conquest. After this success he subjected Wales to English rule, built a series of castles and towns in the country and settled them with English settlers.
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1290 and 1306; Lord of Scotland
• Military: 1293, France; War between England and France broke out in 1293 as a result of the efforts of France to curb Edwards’s power in Gascony. He lost Gascony in 1293 and did not regain it until 1303.
• Military: 1296, Scotland; After invading and conquering Scotland, he declared himself King of that realm.
• Military: 1298, Scotland; In winning the Battle of Falkirk led by Sir William Wallace, he achieved the greatest military triumph of his career, but failed to crush Scottish opposition. Wallace was captured and executed in 1305.

Notes:

Reign 16 November 1272[1] – 7 July 1307
Coronation 19 August 1274
Predecessor Henry III
Successor Edward II
Born 17/18 June 1239 Palace of Westminster, London, England
Died 7 July 1307 (aged 68) Burgh by Sands, Cumberland, England
Burial Westminster Abbey, London, England
Spouse Eleanor of Castile (m. 1254–1290)
Margaret of France (m. 1299–1307)
Issue Eleanor, Countess of Bar
Joan, Countess of Hertford
Alphonso, Earl of Chester
Margaret, Duchess of Brabant
Mary of Woodstock
Elizabeth, Countess of Hereford
Henry
Edward II of England
Thomas, Earl of Norfolk
Edmund, Earl of Kent
House Plantagenet
Father Henry III of England
Mother Eleanor of Provence

Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots (Latin: Malleus Scotorum), was King of England from 1272 to 1307. The first son of Henry III, Edward was involved early in the political intrigues of his father's reign, which included an outright rebellion by the English barons. In 1259, he briefly sided with a baronial reform movement, supporting the Provisions of Oxford. After reconciliation with his father, however, he remained loyal throughout the subsequent armed conflict, known as the Second Barons' War. After the Battle of Lewes, Edward was hostage to the rebellious barons, but escaped after a few months and joined the fight against Simon de Montfort. Montfort was defeated at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, and within two years the rebellion was extinguished. With England pacified, Edward joined the Ninth Crusade to the Holy Land. The crusade accomplished little, and Edward was on his way home in 1272 when he was informed that his father had died. Making a slow return, he reached England in 1274 and was crowned at Westminster on 19 August.

He spent much of his reign reforming royal administration and common law. Through an extensive legal inquiry, Edward investigated the tenure of various feudal liberties, while the law was reformed through a series of statutes regulating criminal and property law. Increasingly, however, Edward's attention was drawn towards military affairs. After suppressing a minor rebellion in Wales in 1276–77, Edward responded to a second rebellion in 1282–83 with a full-scale war of conquest. After a successful campaign, Edward subjected Wales to English rule, built a series of castles and towns in the countryside and settled them with English people. Next, his efforts were directed towards Scotland. Initially invited to arbitrate a succession dispute, Edward claimed feudal suzerainty over the kingdom. In the war that followed, the Scots persevered, even though the English seemed victorious at several points. At the same time there were problems at home. In the mid-1290s, extensive military campaigns required high levels of taxation, and Edward met with both lay and ecclesiastical opposition. These crises were initially averted, but issues remained unsettled. When the King died in 1307, he left to his son, Edward II, an ongoing war with Scotland and many financial and political problems.

Edward I was a tall man for his era, hence the nickname "Longshanks". He was temperamental, and this, along with his height, made him an intimidating man, and he often instilled fear in his contemporaries. Nevertheless, he held the respect of his subjects for the way he embodied the medieval ideal of kingship, as a soldier, an administrator and a man of faith. Modern historians are divided on their assessment of the King: while some have praised him for his contribution to the law and administration, others have criticised him for his uncompromising attitude towards his nobility. Currently, Edward I is credited with many accomplishments during his reign, including restoring royal authority after the reign of Henry III, establishing Parliament as a permanent institution and thereby also a functional system for raising taxes, and reforming the law through statutes. At the same time, he is also often criticised for other actions, such as his brutal conduct towards the Scots, and issuing the Edict of Expulsion in 1290, by which the Jews were expelled from England. The Edict remained in effect for the rest of the Middle Ages, and it would be over 350 years until it was formally overturned under Oliver Cromwell in 1656.

He was involved early in the political intrigues of his father’s reign, which included rebellion by the English Barons. In 1259 he sided with a Baronial Reform Movement, supporting the Provisions of Oxford.

On 24 December 1264 he was forced to deliver the Earldom of Chester into the hands of Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester just before his escape. In late June 1260, Edward, attempting to alleviate Henry's money crisis, by subterfuge under cover of darkness requested admittance into the New Temple of the Knights Templar in London & robbed the treasuries of the city guilds. In June 1263 Prince Edward's foreign Flemish troops burned Bristol; the populace rose up & besieged him & his army in the castle. The Bishop of Worcester, Walter de Cantelou placated the townsfolk by taking Edward's pledge to make peace with de Montfort & the barons (Edward had no intention of honoring his pledge). March 1264 Simon's sons Henry & Bran de Montfort trap Prince Edward at Gloucester Castle, but Edward solemnly avows to Henry (they were extremely close, growing up together) that if Henry grants him a truce he will work with King Henry & Richard of Cornwall to arrange a truce & avoid war. Henry de Montfort was in command, & believed him. Edward was lying through his teeth. As soon as Henry & Bran de Montfort's army were out of sight, Edward seized the town & imposed harsh fines & penalties. On April 5 1264 the defeat at Northampton by Edward of Simon's forces (de Montfort was in London) crippled rebel forces. Northampton defenses had been allowed to decay in the years previous to de Montfort's occupation there, plus the battle was lost due to the treachery of the Prior at St. Andrew's. After the defeat, Edward allowed his army to have their sport on the town, culminating in utter destruction, rapine, murder, etc. of its inhabitants. Some 80 barons & knights were taken prisoner & the rebel army was gutted. The defeat touched off a riot in London (since Londoners were very favorable to Simon) on Apr 9, 1264 in which hundreds, mainly Jews, were slain. In May 1264 Edward looted lands of Robert de Ferrers, the Earl of Derby, & after Derby lost Tutbury Castle, he defected from Simon's support. King Henry meanwhile took Leicester & Nottingham. Simon & Gilbert de Clare attacked Rochester Castle (which surrendered) & besieged the town when Edward approached London so Simon went back to defend it. King Henry & Edward were practicing fierce cruelty by chopping off the nads & feet of all common soldiers captured from de Montfort's army. The Cinque Ports & Dover Castle held fast for Simon, & did not obey Henry & Edward's command for a naval force to attack London. Thwarted, Edward takes Gilbert de Clare's Tonbridge Castle. Simon continued to hold London, but was surrounded by Edward & Henry. In May 1264, the Bishop of Chichester tried to convince Henry III to negotiate, but he refused. The Bishops of London & Worcester (Walter de Cantelou) try to do the same on the eve of the Battle of Lewes; again Henry refuses. At Lewes, Montfort was outnumbered 2:1; Royalist forces numbered some 10,000. Montfort introduced a new strategy to warfare; he established a reserve command to be commanded by him, plus he introduced the concept of the night march. He was thought to be miles away by the Royalist forces on the eve of the battle, but he & his army undertook a night march to focre the battle on May 14, 1264. Henry was utterly taken by surprise, & his garrison lodged at the Priory were in some confusion; however, Edward, who garrisoned his men at Lewes Castle, was able to meet the rebel left flank of greenhorn & untrained Londoners under the command of Nicholas de Segrave. Edward routed them with no care for the "rules" of war in that he & his knights undertook a pursuit miles away from the battle only to slay every man they could find. This was thought caused by the Londoner's steadfast support for Monfort and their animosity toward Henry & especially Edward's mother Queen Eleanor (including the London mob's attack on her barge July 1263). From these beginnings Edward had a lifelong hatred for Londoners. On the eve of the Battle of Lewes, 14 May 1264, after Henry had refused the entreaty of the Bishops of London & Worcester (Walter de Cantelou) to negotiate, Simon formally renounced all allegiance to Henry, & was followed by his men. Including Gilbert de Clare, Hugh le Despenser, Humfrey de Bohun VI "the Younger", John Giffard, Sir John FitzJohn, Nicholas de Segrave, & Robert de Vere. Clare & Vere had the most to lose of any rebel supporters. At the battle itself, the left flank of green & hastily trained but no battle-experience Londoners was under the command of Nicholas de Segrave with 2nd an inexperienced John Giffard; the right flank was commanded by Simon's sons Henry & Guy de Montfort (Bran still being held in captivity at Windsor Castle by Henry) with 2nd Humphrey de Bohun VI "the Younger", the center column was commanded by Gilbert de Clare, 2nded by Sir John FitzJohn, with Simon himself commanding the new reserve force 2nded by Hugh le Despenser. For the Royalists, Henry commanded the center column, Richard of Cornwall commanded the left flank, & Edward commanded the vanguard. Royalist forces outnumbered the rebels by some 2:1 with some 10,000 men. Henry's force was augmented by a Scots force sent by his son in law Alexander III the Glorious, King of Scotland. With Edward were Dafydd ap Gruffydd, Hugh le Bigod, Henry Plantagenet of Almaine, Richard of Cornwall's son (& Edward's cousin & Simon's nephew), & John de Warenne. At the time of the battle, Simon was thought to be miles away, & still unable to ride a horse due to his broken leg. After Edward had absented himself from the field so long (carrying out his vengeance on the Londoners) Simon attacked & obliterated King Henry's force. Henry fled to the Priory. Richard of Cornwall was captured by Gilbert de Clare. When Edward & his men found out, Edward was urged to flee to Pevensey Castle & from there toward France. Edward refused to abandon his father, but the de Lusignans fled the battle, as did John de Warenne, Hugh le Bigod, Dafydd ap Gruddydd & over 300 knights. Only Edward's cousin Henry of Almaine (Richard of Cornwall's son) & Edwards’s household knights remained with him. Edward got through John FitzJohn's surrounding encampment to his father in the priory; Simon then offered a 12 hour truce & accepted their surrender the following morning. Lewes resulted in 2700 known dead (one of every five men). Under the Mise of Lewes, the Oxford Provisions were again reinstated as the law of the land, with an arbitration commission. Under no circumstances could Henry appoint aliens onto his council. Henry's extravagant spending was also to be brought under control & he to live within his means & pay off his enormous debts. A full amnesty was proclaimed for all rebels. No ransoms were to be paid for men captured neither at Lewes nor earlier at Northampton. Edward & Henry of Almaine surrendered themselves as hostages for their fathers' good faith. Edward was confined at Wallingford Castle with Richard of Cornwall. King Henry was lodged securely at the palace of the Bishop of London, In June 1264; Simon called a Parliament, one that included knights & town officials. The effect of Lewes that while Henry was still King, Simon had command of the realm. He also called for the terms of the Chivalric code to cover not only knights, but also commoners & Jews. In October 1264, the Pope (who hated Simon & the English Lords who had refused to succor his (the Pope's) abortive plans for Sicily) formally excommunicated Simon, his sons Henry, Bran & Guy, Gilbert de Clare, Hugh le Despenser, the Mayor of London Thomas Fitz Thomas, & many of their supporters. The Bishops of Worcester, London & Winchester refused to publish the sentence of anathema; the Pope laid England under Interdict Oct 21 1264, but the English clergy continued to support Simon & services & rites of the Church continued to be performed. Fought against and defeated Simon de Montfort (his uncle) in the Battle of Evesham and on 4 August 1265 took back his title with the death of Simon.

He spent much of his reign reforming royal administration and common law. Through an extensive legal inquiry, he investigated the tenure of various feudal liberties, while the law was reformed through a series of statutes regulating criminal and property law. He suppressed corruption in the administration of justice and passed legislation allowing feudal barons and the crown to collect revenues from properties willed to the church. He crushed clerical opposition when Pope Clement V allowed him in 1306 to suspend Archbishop Robert de Winchelsey. Early in his reign he divided the Curis Regis into three courts. 1) The Court of Kings Bench, to deal with criminal offenses reserved for the Kings judgment and with suits in which he was himself concerned; 2) The Court of Exchequer, to deal with all matters touching the Kings revenue; and 3) The Court of Common Pleas, to deal with suits between subject and subject. Edward took care that these courts should administer justice and dismissed judges and many other officials for corruption. He gave Scotland new constitution and representation in English Parliament.
While some historians have praised him for his contribution to the law, others have criticized him for his uncompromising attitude toward his nobility. Accomplishments include: Restoring royal authority after the reign of Henry III, Establishing Parliament as a permanent institution and thereby also a functional system for raising taxes, reforming the law through statutes. His criticisms include: His brutal conduct towards the Scots, and issuing the Edict of Expulsion in 1290 (by which the Jews were expelled from England and would take over 350 yrs before it was overturned in 1656 by Oliver Cromwell).

Family/Spouse: of Castille, Queen of England Eleanor. Eleanor was born in 1241 in Burgos, Burgos, Castilla-Leon, Spain; died on 5 Dec 1290 in Harby, Nottinghamshire, England; was buried on 24 Dec 1290 in Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Edward married de France, Marguerite on 8 Sep 1299 in Canterbury Cathedral, Canterbury, Kent, England. Marguerite (daughter of de France, Philip III and de Brabant, Maria) was born in 1279 in Paris, Île-de-France, France; died on 14 Feb 1318 in Marlborough Castle, Marlborough, Wiltshire, England; was buried after 14 Feb 1318 in Greyfriars, London, London, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Nickname: The Bold
• FSID: 936P-BMS
• Appointments / Titles: Between 25 Aug 1270 and 5 Oct 1285; King of France

Notes:

Philip III of France
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

King of France
Reign 25 August 1270 – 5 October 1285
Coronation 30 August 1271
Predecessor Louis IX
Successor Philip IV
Born 30 April 1245 Poissy
Died 5 October 1285 (aged 40) Perpignan
Burial Initially Narbonne, later Saint DenisBasilica
Spouse Isabella of Aragon
Maria of Brabant
Issue Louis of France
Philip IV of France
Charles, Count of Valois
Louis, Count of Évreux
Blanche, Duchess of Austria
Margaret, Queen of England
House Capet
Father Louis IX of France
Mother Margaret of Provence
Religion Roman Catholicism

Philip III of France
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Philippe III redirects here. It can also refer to Philippe III de Croÿ and Philippe III, Duke of Orléans.
Philip III (30 April 1245 – 5 October 1285), called the Bold
(French: le Hardi),[1] was King of France from 1270 to 1285,
a member of the House of Capet.
Philip proved indecisive, soft in nature, and timid. The strong
personalities of his parents apparently crushed him, and
policies of his father dominated him. People called him "the
Bold" on the basis of his abilities in combat and on
horseback and not on the basis of his political or personal
character. He was pious but not cultivated. He followed the
suggestions of others, first of Pierre de La Broce and then of
his uncle King Charles I of Naples, Sicily, and Albania.
His father, Louis IX, died in Tunis during the Eighth
Crusade. Philip, who was accompanying him, came back to
France to claim his throne and was anointed at Reims in
1271.
Philip made numerous territorial acquisitions during his
reign, the most notable being the County of Toulouse which
was annexed to the Crown lands of France in 1271.
Following the Sicilian Vespers, a rebellion triggered by Peter
III of Aragon against Philip's uncle Charles I of Naples,
Philip led an unsuccessful Aragonese Crusade in support of
his uncle. Philip was forced to retreat and died from dysentry
in Perpignan in 1285. He was succeeded by his son Philip the
Fair.
Contents
1 Biography
1.1 Early life
1.2 Advent of Sorrow
1.3 Inheritances
1.4 Sicilian Vespers
1.5 Family matters
1.6 Aragonese Crusade and death
2 Review from Dante
3 Marriage and children
4 Ancestry
5 Notes
6 Sources
Biography
Early life
Philip was born in Poissy to King Saint Louis IX of France[2] and Margaret of Provence, queen consort of
France. As a younger son, Philip was not expected to rule a kingdom. At the death of his elder brother Louis in
1260, he became the heir to the throne. He was then 15 years old and has less skill than his brother, being of a
gentle character, submissive, timid and versatile, almost crushed by the strong personalities of his parents.
His mother Margaret made him promise to remain under her tutelage until the age of 30, but his father King
Louis had him released from this oath by the pope, preferring to improve his son through education. Pope
Urban IV released Philip from his oath on June 6, 1263. From 1268 Pierre de La Brosse became mentor. Saint
Louis also provided him his own advice, writing in particular Enseignements, which inculcate primarily the
notion of justice as the first duty of the king. He also received a very faith-oriented education. Guillaume
d'Ercuis was also his chaplain before being the tutor of his son, the future king Philip IV.
Advent of Sorrow
Following the Treaty of Corbeil (1258), concluded on March 11, 1258 between James I of Aragon and his
father, Philip was married in 1262 to Isabella of Aragon in Clermont by the archbishop of Rouen Eudes Rigaud.
As Count of Orléans, he accompanied his father to the Eighth Crusade in Tunis, 1270. Shortly before his
departure, St. Louis had given the regency of the kingdom into the hands of Mathieu de Vendôme and Simon II
de Clermont-Nesle, Count of Clermont, to whom he had also entrusted the royal seal. After taking Carthage,
the army was struck by an epidemic of dysentery, which spared neither Philip nor his family. His brother John
Tristan, Count of Valois died first, on August 3, and on August 25 the king died.[3] To prevent putrefaction of
the remains of the sovereign, they recoursed to Mos Teutonicus.
Philip, then 25 years old, was proclaimed king in Tunis. With neither great personality or will, very pious, but a
good rider, he owed his nickname of "Bold" to his valor in combat than strength of character. He was unable to
command the troops at the death of his father. He left his uncle Charles I of Naples to negotiate with
Muhammad I al-Mustansir, Hafsid Sultan of Tunis; there was a truce of ten years which allowed him to return
to France. He got the payment of tribute from the caliph of Tunis in exchange for the departure of the crusaders.
A treaty was concluded October 28, 1270 between the kings of France, Sicily and Navarre and the barons on
one hand and the caliph of Tunis on the other.
Other deaths followed this debacle. In December, in Trapani, Sicily, the brother-in-law of Philip, King
Theobald II of Navarre is dead. He was quickly followed to the grave by Philip's sister Isabella. Finally, a
month later, in Calabria, his wife Isabella, while pregnant with their fifth child, fell off her horse. She broke her
spine, miscarried and died in terrible pain at Cosenza.
Philip III arrived in Paris on May 21, 1271, and made foremost tribute to the deceased. The next day the funeral
of his father was held. The new sovereign was crowned King of France in Reims 15 August 1271.
Inheritances
Alphonse, Count of Poitiers and Toulouse, uncle of the newly crowned king Philip III, returning from the
crusade, died childless in Italy on 21 August 1271. Philip inherited the counties from his uncle and united them
to the Crown lands of France, the royal domain. His inheritance included a portion of Auvergne, then the Terre
royale d'Auvergne, later the Duchy of Auvergne. In accordance with wishes of Alphonse, he granted the Comtat
Venaissin to Blessed Pope Gregory X in 1274. This inheritance also included the Agenais. Several years of
negotiations yielded the Treaty of Amiens (1279) with King Edward I of England, which restored this territory
to the English.
Sicilian Vespers
King Philip III of France meanwhile supported policy of his uncle, King Charles I of Naples, Sicily, and
Albania, in Italy.
Marriage of Philip and Marie of
Brabant, Queen of France
King Peter III of Aragon and Valencia in 1282 triggered the Sicilian Vespers rebellion against King Charles I of
Naples, Sicily, and Albania. The success of rebellion and invasion led to the coronation of Peter III of Aragon
as king of Sicily therefore beginning the dynasty of the House of Barcelona in Sicily.
King Peter II of Aragon in 1205 put his realm under the suzerainty of the pope. Pope Martin IV
excommunicated king Peter III of Aragon, the conqueror, and declared his kingdom forfeit.[4] The pope then
granted Aragon to Charles, Count of Valois, son of Philip III, king of France.
Family matters
Joan I of Navarre, daughter of the deceased king Henry I of Navarre, reigned as queen regnant of Navarre.
Philip IV of France, son of Philip III and heir to the French throne, took her as his wife in 1284 per the Treaty
of Orléans signed by Philip III and Joan's mother, Blanche of Artois.
In 1284, Peter, Count of Perche and Alençon, died without surviving children; therefore, his oldest living
brother, Philip III, king of France, inherited his domains.
Aragonese Crusade and death
Philip III of France in 1284 responded to the Sicilian Vespers in support
of his partially dethroned uncle. With his sons, the king entered
Roussillon at the head of a large army on the ultimately unsuccessful
Aragonese Crusade. The war took the name "crusade" from its papal
sanction; nevertheless, one historian labelled it "perhaps the most
unjust, unnecessary and calamitous enterprise ever undertaken by the
Capetian monarchy.".[5] On 26 June 1285, Philip III the Bold
entrenched himself before Girona in an attempt to besiege the city.
Despite the strong resistance, the French took Girona on 7 September
1285.
Philip quickly experienced a reversal, however, as an epidemic of
dysentery hit hard the French camp. The disease afflicted king Philip III
personally. The French retreated, and the Aragonese enemy handily
defeated the French at the Battle of the Col de Panissars on 1 October
1285.
Philip III died of dysentery in Perpignan, the capital of his ally James II of Majorca, on 5 October 1285. His
son, Philip IV of France the Fair, succeeded him as king of France. The attempt of Philip to conquer Aragon
nearly bankrupted the French monarchy, causing challenges for his successor.[6]
Following the Mos Teutonicus custom, his body was divided in several parts buried in different places : the
flesh was sent to the Narbonne Cathedral, the entrails to La Noë abbey in Normandy, his heart to the nowdemolished
church of the Couvent des Jacobins in Paris and his bones to Basilica of St Denis, at the time north
of Paris.[7]
Review from Dante
In Divine Comedy, Dante envisions the spirit of Philip outside the gates of Purgatory with a number of other
contemporary European rulers. Dante does not name Philip directly, but refers to him as "the small-nosed"[8]
and "the father of the Pest of France," a reference to king Philip IV of France.
Marriage and children
On 28 May 1262, Philip married Isabella, daughter of King James I of Aragon and his second wife Yolande of
Hungary.[9] They had the following children:
1. Louis (died May 1276). He was poisoned, possibly by orders of his stepmother.
2. Philip IV of France (1268 – 29 November 1314), his successor, married Joan I of Navarre
3. Robert (1269–1271)
4. Charles, Count of Valois (12 March 1270 – 16 December 1325), Count of Valois from 1284, married first
to Margaret of Anjou in 1290, second to Catherine I of Courtenay in 1302, and last to Mahaut of
Chatillon in 1308
5. Stillborn son (1271)
After death of Queen Isabella, he married on 21 August 1274 Marie, daughter of the late Henry III, Duke of
Brabant, and Adelaide of Burgundy, Duchess of Brabant. Their children were:
1. Louis, Count of Évreux (May 1276 – 19 May 1319), Count of Évreux from 1298, married Margaret of
Artois
2. Blanche of France, Duchess of Austria (1278 – 19 March 1305, Vienna), married the duke, the future
king Rudolf I of Bohemia and Poland, on 25 May 1300.
3. Margaret of France, Queen of England (1282 – 14 February 1318), married king Edward I of England on
8 September 1299
Ancestry
Ancestors of Philip III of France
16. Louis VII of France
8. Philip II of France
17. Adela of Champagne
4. Louis VIII of France
18. Baldwin V of Hainaut
9. Isabella of Hainaut
19. Margaret I of Flanders
2. Louis IX of France
20. Sancho III of Castile
10. Alfonso VIII of Castile
21. Blanche of Navarre
5. Blanche of Castile
22. Henry II of England
11. Eleanor of England
23. Eleanor of Aquitaine
1. Philip III of France
24. Alfonso II of Aragon
12. Alfonso II of Provence
25. Sancha of Castile
6. Ramon Berenguer IV of Provence
26. Rainer of Sabran
13. Garsenda of Sabran
27. Garsenda of Forcalquier
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Philip III of
France.
3. Margaret of Provence
28. Humbert III, Count of Savoy
14. Thomas, Count of Savoy
29. Beatrice of Viennois
7. Beatrice of Savoy
30. William I of Geneva
15. Margaret of Geneva
31. Beatrice of Faucigny
Notes
1. Elizabeth M. Hallam, Capetian France: 987-1328, (Longman House, 1980), 275.
2. Jim Bradbury, The Capetians: The History of a Dynasty, (Continuum, 2007), 237.
3. The disease in question was eitherd ysentery or typhus; Riley-Smith 2005, pp. 210–211
4. Jim Bradbury, The Capetians: The History of a Dynasty, 239.
5. Chaytor, p 105.
6. Jonathan Sumption, The Hundred Years War:Trial by Battle, Vol. I, (Faber and Faber Limited, 1990), 24.
7. Cárdenas, Fabricio (2014). 66 petites histoires du Pays Catalan [66 Little Stories of Catalan Country] (in French).
Perpignan: Ultima Necat. ISBN 978-2-36771-006-8. OCLC 893847466 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/893847466).
8. Philip III, Yolanda de Pontfarcy, The Dante Encyclopedia, ed. Richard Lansing, (Routledge, 2010), 691.
9. Philip III the Bold, William Chester Jordan, Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, ed. William W. Kibler and Grover A.
Zinn, (Routledge, 2007), 727.
Sources
Chaytor, H. J. A History of Aragon and Catalonia. 1933.
Philip III of France
House of Capet
Born: 30 April 1245 Died: 5 October 1285
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Louis IX
King of France
25 August 1270 – 5 October 1285
Succeeded by
Philip IV
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_III_of_France&oldid=764586946"
Categories: 1245 births 1285 deaths People from Poissy Burials at the Basilica of St Denis
Roman Catholic monarchs House of Capet Counts of Orléans Kings of France
Christians of the Eighth Crusade People of the War of the Sicilian Vespers
13th-century monarchs in Europe 13th-century French people Deaths from dysentery
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From Life Sketch

Philip III, called the Bold, was a Capetian King of France who reigned from 1270 to 1285. Philip proved indecisive, soft in nature, and timid. He was born 30 April, 1245 in Poissy France. His parents were Louis IX King of France and Margaret of Provence.
He married Isabella of Aragon in 1262. Philip, the second son of Louis IX of France (Saint Louis), became heir to the throne on the death of his elder brother Louis (1260).

While accompanying his father on the Eighth Crusade in Tunis in 1270, his father King Louis IX died of dysentery. Phillip was proclaimed king in Tunis.
Phillip, then 25, with neither a great personality, will or piousness, was a good rider. He owed his nickname "Bold" to his valor in combat rather than strength of character. Other deaths in his family followed that year. In December, in Sicily, his brother-in-law, King Thepbald II of Navarre died. Then Philip's sister Isabella. And tragically, a month later, in Calabria, his wife Isabella, while pregnant with their fifth child, fell off her horse. She broke her spine, miscarried and died in terrible pain at Cosenza..
Philip III arrived in Paris on May 21, 1271, and made foremost tribute to the deceased. The next day the funeral of his father was held. The new sovereign was crowned King of France in Reims 15 August 1271.
Philip continued his father’s highly successful administration by keeping in office his able and experienced household clerks. Philip was less successful militarily. In 1276 he declared war to support the claims of his nephews as heirs in Castile but soon abandoned the venture. In 1284, at the instigation of Pope Martin IV, Philip launched a campaign against Peter III of Aragon, as part of the War of the Sicilian Vespers, in which the Aragonese opposed the Angevin rulers of Sicily. Philip crossed the Pyrenees with his army in May 1285, but the atrocities perpetrated by his forces provoked a guerrilla uprising. After a meaningless victory at Gerona and the destruction of his fleet at Las Hormigas, Philip was forced to retreat. Philip III died of dysentery on 5 October 1285. His son, Philip IV of France, "the Fair", succeeded him as king of France. The attempt of Philip to conquer Aragon nearly bankrupted the French monarchy, causing challenges for his successor.
Following the Mos Teutonicus custom, his body was divided in several parts and buried in different places : the flesh was sent to the Narbonne Cathedral, the entrails to La Noë abbey in Normandy, his heart to the now-demolished church of the Couvent des Jacobins in Paris and his bones to Basilica of St. Denis, at the time north of Paris.
It is through Phillip's 1st marriage to Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France, daughter of King James I of Aragon that is our genealogical connection (through their 2nd son Philip IV King of France. They had 5 children: 1) Louis (died May 1276 poisoned, possibly by orders of his stepmother. 2) Philip IV of France (our connection), 3) Robert (1269-1271), 4) Charles, Count of Valois and 5) a stillborn child in 1271. After Isabella's death, Phillip remarried and had additional children.

Philip married de Aragon, Queen of France Isabella on 4 Jun 1262 in Clermont, Puy-de-Dôme, Auvergne, France. Isabella was born in 1243 in Montpellier, Hérault, Languedoc-Roussillon, France; died on 5 Feb 1271 in Cosenza, Calabria, Italy; was buried in Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Philip married de Brabant, Maria on 21 Aug 1274 in Vincennes, Val-de-Marne, Île-de-France, France. Maria (daughter of van Brabant, Hendrik III and de Bourgogne, Duchess Adélaïde) was born on 13 May 1254 in Leuven, Vlaams-Brabant, Belgium; died on 12 Jan 1322 in Les Mureaux, Yvelines, Île-de-France, France; was buried after 12 Jan 1322 in Cordelier Convent, Paris, Île-de-France, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: LRSM-MTQ
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1244 and 1296, Saluzzo, Cuneo, Piemonte, Italy; 4th Marquess of Saluzzo

Notes:

Thomas I (1239–1296) was the fourth Marquess of Saluzzo from 1244 to his death. He was the son of Manfred III and Beatrice of Savoy.[1] He succeeded his father Manfred III. He was also the grandson of Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy.[1]

Biography
Under the reign of Thomas, Saluzzo blossomed, achieving a greatness which had eluded his ancestors. He crafted a state the borders of which remained unchanged for over two centuries. He extended the march to include Carmagnola. He was often at odds with Asti and he was a prime enemy of Charles of Anjou and his Italian pretensions. During his tenure, he made Saluzzo a free city, giving it a podestà to govern in his name. He defended his castles and roccaforti (strongholds) vigorously and built many new ones in the cities.

Armando Tallone, Tomaso I Marchese di Saluzzo, 1916
Marriage & issue
He married Luisa of Ceva. They had:

Manfred IV, succeeded his father[1]
Alice of Saluzzo, who married Richard Fitzalan, 8th Earl of Arundel[2]

Family/Spouse: de Ceva, Luigia. Luigia (daughter of de Ceva, Giorgio and d'Este, Elisa Alessine Menzia) was born in 1240 in Ceva, Cuneo, Piemonte, Italy; died on 29 Aug 1293 in Piemonte, Italy; was buried on 22 Aug 1293 in Revello, Cuneo, Piemonte, Italy. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]