| Notes |
- Malcolm II
King of Scots
Reign 1005–1034
Predecessor Kenneth III
Successor Duncan I
Born c. 954
Died 25 November 1034
Glamis
Burial Iona
Issue Bethóc
Donada
Olith
House Alpin
Father Kenneth II
Malcolm II of Scotland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Malcolm (Gaelic: Máel Coluim; c. 954 - 25 November
1034)[1] was King of the Scots from 1005 until his death.[2]
He was a son of King Kenneth II; the Prophecy of Berchán
says that his mother was a woman of Leinster and refers to
him as Forranach, "the Destroyer".[3]
To the Irish annals which recorded his death, Malcolm was
ard rí Alban, High King of Scotland. In the same way that
Brian Bóruma, High King of Ireland, was not the only king
in Ireland, Malcolm was one of several kings within the
geographical boundaries of modern Scotland: his fellow
kings included the king of Strathclyde, who ruled much of
the south-west, various Norse-Gael kings on the western
coast and the Hebrides and, nearest and most dangerous
rivals, the kings or Mormaers of Moray. To the south, in the
Kingdom of England, the Earls of Bernicia and Northumbria,
whose predecessors as kings of Northumbria had once ruled
most of southern Scotland, still controlled large parts of the
southeast.[4]
Contents
1 Early years
2 Children
3 Bernicia
4 Cnut
5 Orkney and Moray
6 Strathclyde and the succession
7 Death and posterity
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Early years
Malcolm II was born to Kenneth II of Scotland. He was grandson of Malcolm I of Scotland. In 997, the killer
of Constantine is credited as being Kenneth, son of Malcolm. Since there is no known and relevant Kenneth
alive at that time (King Kenneth having died in 995), it is considered an error for either Kenneth III, who
succeeded Constantine, or, possibly, Malcolm himself, the son of Kenneth II.[5] Whether Malcolm killed
Constantine or not, there is no doubt that in 1005 he killed Constantine's successor Kenneth III in battle at
Monzievaird in Strathearn.[6]
John of Fordun writes that Malcolm defeated a Norwegian army "in almost the first days after his coronation",
but this is not reported elsewhere. Fordun says that the Bishopric of Mortlach (later moved to Aberdeen) was
founded in thanks for this victory over the Norwegians.[7]
Children
Malcolm demonstrated a rare ability to survive among early Scottish kings by reigning for twenty-nine years.
He was a clever and ambitious man. Brehon tradition provided that the successor to Malcolm was to be selected
by him from among the descendants of King Aedh, with the consent of Malcolm's ministers and of the church.
Ostensibly in an attempt to end the devastating feuds in the north of Scotland, but obviously influenced by the
Norman feudal model, Malcolm ignored tradition and determined to retain the succession within his own line.
But since Malcolm had no son of his own, he undertook to negotiate a series of dynastic marriages of his three
daughters to men who might otherwise be his rivals, while securing the loyalty of the principal chiefs, their
relatives. First he married his daughter Bethoc to Crinan, Thane of The Isles, head of the house of Atholl and
secular Abbot of Dunkeld; then his youngest daughter, Olith, to Sigurd, Earl of Orkney. His middle daughter,
Donada, was married to Finlay, Earl of Moray, Thane of Ross and Cromarty and a descendant of Loarn of
Dalriada. This was risky business under the rules of succession of the Gael, but he thereby secured his rear and,
taking advantage of the renewal of Viking attacks on England, marched south to fight the English. He defeated
the Angles at Carham in 1018 and installed his grandson, Duncan, son of the Abbot of Dunkeld and his choice
as Tanist, in Carlisle as King of Cumbria that same year.[8]
Bernicia
The first reliable report of Malcolm II's reign is of an invasion of Bernicia in 1006, perhaps the customary crech
ríg (literally royal prey, a raid by a new king made to demonstrate prowess in war), which involved a siege of
Durham. This appears to have resulted in a heavy defeat by the Northumbrians, led by Uhtred of Bamburgh,
later Earl of Bernicia, which is reported by the Annals of Ulster.[9]
A second war in Bernicia, probably in 1018, was more successful. The Battle of Carham, by the River Tweed,
was a victory for the Scots led by Malcolm II and the men of Strathclyde led by their king, Owen the Bald. By
this time Earl Uchtred may have been dead, and Eiríkr Hákonarson was appointed Earl of Northumbria by his
brother-in-law Cnut the Great, although his authority seems to have been limited to the south, the former
kingdom of Deira, and he took no action against the Scots so far as is known.[10] The work De obsessione
Dunelmi (The siege of Durham, associated with Symeon of Durham) claims that Uchtred's brother Eadwulf
Cudel surrendered Lothian to Malcolm II, presumably in the aftermath of the defeat at Carham. This is likely to
have been the lands between Dunbar and the Tweed as other parts of Lothian had been under Scots control
before this time. It has been suggested that Cnut received tribute from the Scots for Lothian, but as he had
likely received none from the Bernician Earls this is not very probable.[11]
Cnut
Cnut, reports the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, led an army into Scotland on his return from pilgrimage to Rome.
The Chronicle dates this to 1031, but there are reasons to suppose that it should be dated to 1027.[12]
Burgundian chronicler Rodulfus Glaber recounts the expedition soon afterwards, describing Malcolm as
"powerful in resources and arms … very Christian in faith and deed."[13] Ralph claims that peace was made
between Malcolm and Cnut through the intervention of Richard, Duke of Normandy, brother of Cnut's wife
Emma. Richard died in about 1027 and Rodulfus wrote close in time to the events.[14]
It has been suggested that the root of the quarrel between Cnut and Malcolm lies in Cnut's pilgrimage to Rome,
and the coronation of Holy Roman Emperor Conrad II, where Cnut and Rudolph III, King of Burgundy had the
place of honour. If Malcolm were present, and the repeated mentions of his piety in the annals make it quite
possible that he made a pilgrimage to Rome, as did Mac Bethad mac Findláich ("Macbeth") in later times, then
the coronation would have allowed Malcolm to publicly snub Cnut's claims to overlordship.[15]
Cnut obtained rather less than previous English kings, a promise of peace and friendship rather than the
promise of aid on land and sea that Edgar and others had obtained. The sources say that Malcolm was
accompanied by one or two other kings, certainly Mac Bethad, and perhaps Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of
Mann and the Isles, and of Galloway.[16] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle remarks of the submission "but he
[Malcolm] adhered to that for only a little while".[17] Cnut was soon occupied in Norway against Olaf
Haraldsson and appears to have had no further involvement with Scotland.
Orkney and Moray
Olith a daughter of Malcolm, married Sigurd Hlodvisson, Earl of Orkney.[18] Their son Thorfinn Sigurdsson
was said to be five years old when Sigurd was killed on 23 April 1014 in the Battle of Clontarf. The
Orkneyinga Saga says that Thorfinn was raised at Malcolm's court and was given the Mormaerdom of
Caithness by his grandfather. Thorfinn, says the Heimskringla, was the ally of the king of Scots, and counted on
Malcolm's support to resist the "tyranny" of Norwegian King Olaf Haraldsson.[19] The chronology of
Thorfinn's life is problematic, and he may have had a share in the Earldom of Orkney while still a child, if he
was indeed only five in 1014.[20] Whatever the exact chronology, before Malcolm's death a client of the king of
Scots was in control of Caithness and Orkney, although, as with all such relationships, it is unlikely to have
lasted beyond his death.
If Malcolm exercised control over Moray, which is far from being generally accepted, then the annals record a
number of events pointing to a struggle for power in the north. In 1020, Mac Bethad's father Findláech mac
Ruaidrí was killed by the sons of his brother Máel Brigte.[21] It seems that Máel Coluim mac Máil Brigti took
control of Moray, for his death is reported in 1029.[22]
Despite the accounts of the Irish annals, English and Scandinavian writers appear to see Mac Bethad as the
rightful king of Moray: this is clear from their descriptions of the meeting with Cnut in 1027, before the death
of Malcolm mac Máil Brigti. Malcolm was followed as king or earl by his brother Gillecomgan, husband of
Gruoch, a granddaughter of King Kenneth III. It has been supposed that Mac Bethad was responsible for the
killing of Gille Coemgáin in 1032, but if Mac Bethad had a cause for feud in the killing of his father in 1020,
Malcolm too had reason to see Gille Coemgáin dead. Not only had Gillecomgan's ancestors killed many of
Malcolm's kin, but Gillecomgan and his son Lulach might be rivals for the throne. Malcolm had no living sons,
and the threat to his plans for the succession was obvious. As a result, the following year Gruoch's brother or
nephew, who might have eventually become king, was killed by Malcolm.[23]
Strathclyde and the succession
It has traditionally been supposed that King Owen the Bald of Strathclyde died at the Battle of Carham and that
the kingdom passed into the hands of the Scots afterwards. This rests on some very weak evidence. It is far
from certain that Owen died at Carham, and it is reasonably certain that there were kings of Strathclyde as late
as 1054, when Edward the Confessor sent Earl Siward to install "Malcolm son of the king of the Cumbrians".
The confusion is old, probably inspired by William of Malmesbury and embellished by John of Fordun, but
there is no firm evidence that the kingdom of Strathclyde was a part of the kingdom of the Scots, rather than a
loosely subjected kingdom, before the time of Malcolm II of Scotland's great-grandson Malcolm Canmore.[24]
By the 1030s Malcolm's sons, if he had any, were dead. The only evidence that he did have a son or sons is in
Rodulfus Glaber's chronicle where Cnut is said to have stood as godfather to a son of Malcolm.[25] His
grandson Thorfinn would have been unlikely to be accepted as king by the Scots, and he chose the sons of his
other daughter, Bethóc, who was married to Crínán, lay abbot of Dunkeld, and perhaps Mormaer of Atholl. It
may be no more than coincidence, but in 1027 the Irish annals had reported the burning of Dunkeld, although
no mention is made of the circumstances.[26] Malcolm's chosen heir, and the first tánaise ríg certainly known in
Scotland, was Duncan.
19th-century engraving of "King
Malcolm's grave stone" (Glamis no.
2) at Glamis
It is possible that a third daughter of Malcolm married Findláech mac Ruaidrí and that Mac Bethad was thus his
grandson, but this rests on relatively weak evidence.[27]
Death and posterity
Malcolm died in 1034, Marianus Scotus giving the date as 25
November 1034. The king lists say that he died at Glamis, variously
describing him as a "most glorious" or "most victorious" king. The
Annals of Tigernach report that "Malcolm mac Cináeda, king of
Scotland, the honour of all the west of Europe, died." The Prophecy of
Berchán, perhaps the inspiration for John of Fordun and Andrew of
Wyntoun's accounts where Malcolm is killed fighting bandits, says that
he died by violence, fighting "the parricides", suggested to be the sons
of Máel Brigte of Moray.[28]
Perhaps the most notable feature of Malcolm's death is the account of
Marianus, matched by the silence of the Irish annals, which tells us that
Duncan I became king and ruled for five years and nine months. Given
that his death in 1040 is described as being "at an immature age" in the
Annals of Tigernach, he must have been a young man in 1034. The
absence of any opposition suggests that Malcolm had dealt thoroughly
with any likely opposition in his own lifetime.[29]
Tradition, dating from Fordun's time if not earlier, knew the Pictish
stone now called "Glamis 2" as "King Malcolm's grave stone". The stone is a Class II stone, apparently formed
by re-using a Bronze Age standing stone. Its dating is uncertain, with dates from the 8th century onwards
having been proposed. While an earlier date is favoured, an association with accounts of Malcolm's has been
proposed on the basis of the iconography of the carvings.[30]
On the question of Malcolm's putative pilgrimage, pilgrimages to Rome, or other long-distance journeys, were
far from unusual. Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Cnut and Mac Bethad have already been mentioned. Rognvald Kali
Kolsson is known to have gone crusading in the Mediterranean in the 12th century. Nearer in time, Dyfnwal of
Strathclyde died on pilgrimage to Rome in 975 as did Máel Ruanaid uá Máele Doraid, King of the Cenél
Conaill, in 1025.
Not a great deal is known of Malcolm's activities beyond the wars and killings. The Book of Deer records that
Malcolm "gave a king's dues in Biffie and in Pett Meic-Gobraig, and two davochs" to the monastery of Old
Deer.[31] He was also probably not the founder of the Bishopric of Mortlach-Aberdeen. John of Fordun has a
peculiar tale to tell, related to the supposed "Laws of Malcolm MacKenneth", saying that Malcolm gave away
all of Scotland, except for the Moot Hill at Scone, which is unlikely to have any basis in fact.[32]
Notes
1. Skene, Chronicles, pp. 99–100.
2. Malcolm's birth date is not known, but must have been around 980 if thFel ateyjarbók is right in dating the marriage of
his daughter and Sigurd Hlodvisson to the lifetime of Olaf Tryggvason; Early Sources, p. 528, quoting Olaf
Tryggvason's Saga.
3. Early Sources, pp. 574–575.
4. Higham, pp. 226–227, notes that the kings of the English had neither lands nor mints north of thTee es.
5. Early Sources, pp. 517–518. John of Fordun has Malcolm as the killer; Duncan, p. 46, creditKs enneth MacDuff with
the death of Constantine.
6. Chronicon Scotorum, s.a. 1005; Early Sources, pp. 521–524; Fordun, IV, xxxviii. Berchán places Cináed's death by the
Earn.
7. Early Sources, p. 525, note 1; Fordun, IV, xxxix–xl.
References
For primary sources see also External links below.
Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul
Watkins, Stamford, 1990. ISBN 1-871615-03-8
Anon., Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkne,y tr. Hermann Pálsson and Paul Edwards. Penguin, London,
1978. ISBN 0-14-044383-5
8. 1. BETHOC [Beatrix Beatrice Betoch] "Genealogy of King William the Lyon" dated 1175 names "Betoch filii
Malcolmi" as parent of "Malcolmi filii Dunecani". The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated1 717 names "Cran
Abbatis de Dunkelden et Bethok filia Malcolm mac Kynnet" as parents of King Duncan. source Beatrice who married
Crynyne Abthane of Dul and Steward of the Isles 2. DONADA [Dovada Duada Doada Donalda] R alph Holinshed's
1577 Chronicle of Scotland names "Doada" as second daughter of Malcolm II King of Scotland and adds that she
married "Sinell the thane of Glammis, by whom she had issue one Makbeth". 3. OLITH [Alice Olith Anlite] Orkneyinga
Saga records that "Earl Sigurd" married "the daughter of Malcolm King of Scots". Snorre records the marriage of
"Sigurd the Thick" and "a daughter of the Scottish king Malcolm". Ulster journal of archaeolo,g Vyolume 6 By Ulster
Archaeological Society names her as (Alice) wife of Sygurt and daughter of Malcolm II. The American historical
magazine, Volume 2 By Publishing Society of New York, Americana Society pg 529 names her Olith or Alice.
9. Duncan, pp. 27–28; Smyth, pp. 236–237; Annals of Ulste, rs.a. 1006.
10. Duncan, pp. 28–29 suggests that Earl Uchtred may not have died until 1018. Fletcher accepts that he died in Spring
1016 and the Eadwulf Cudel was Earl of Bernicia when Carham was fought in 1018; Higham, pp. 225–230, agrees.
Smyth, pp. 236–237 reserves judgement as to the date of the battle, 1016 or 1018, and whether Uchtred was still living
when it was fought. See also Stenton, pp. 418–419.
11. Early Sources, p. 544, note 6; Higham, pp. 226–227.
12. ASC, Ms D, E and F; Duncan, pp. 29–30.
13. Early Sources, pp. 545–546.
14. Ralph was writing in 1030 or 1031; Duncan, p. 31.
15. Duncan, pp. 31–32; the alternative, he notes, that Cnut was concerned about support foOrl af Haraldsson, "is no better
evidenced."
16. Duncan, pp. 29–30. St. Olaf's Saga, c. 131 says "two kings came south from Fife in Scotland" to meet Cnut, suggesting
only Malcolm and Mac Bethad, and that Cnut returned their lands and gave them gifts. That Echmarcach was king of
Galloway is perhaps doubtful; the Annals of Ulster record the death oSf uibne mac Cináeda, rí Gall-Gáedel ("King of
Galloway") by Tigernach, in 1034.
17. ASC, Ms. D, s.a. 1031.
18. Early Sources, p. 528; Orkneyinga Saga, c. 12.
19. Orkneyinga Saga, cc. 13–20 & 32; St. Olaf's Saga, c. 96.
20. Duncan, p.42; reconciling the various dates of Thorfinn's life appears impossible on the face of it. Either he was born
well before 1009 and must have died long before 1065, or the accounts in thOe rkneyinga Saga are deeply flawed.
21. Annals of Tigernach, s.a. 1020; Annals of Ulste,r s.a. 1020, but the killers are not named. The Annals of Ulstern ad the
Book of Leinster call Findláech "king of Scotland".
22. Annals of Ulster and Annals of Tigernach, s.a. 1029. Malcolm's death is not said to have been by violence and he too is
called king rather than mormaer.
23. Duncan, pp. 29–30, 32–33 and compare HudsonP, rophecy of Berchán, pp. 222–223. Early Sources, p.571; Annals of
Ulster, s.a. 1032 & 1033; Annals of Loch Cé, s.a. 1029 & 1033. The identity of theM . m. Boite killed in 1033 is
uncertain, being reading as "the son of the son of Boite" or as "M. son of Boite", Gruoch's brother or nephew
respectively.
24. Duncan, pp. 29 and 37–41; Oram,D avid I, pp. 19–21.
25. Early Sources, p. 546; Duncan, pp. 30–31, understands Rodulfus Glaber as meaning that Duke Richard was godfather to
a son of Cnut and Emma.
26. Annals of Ulster and Annals of Loch Cé, s.a. 1027.
27. Hudson, pp. 224–225 discusses the question and the reliability oAf ndrew of Wyntoun's chronicle, on which this rests.
28. Early Sources, pp. 572–575; Duncan, pp. 33–34.
29. Duncan, pp. 32–33.
30. Laing, Lloyd (2001), "The date and context of the Glamis, Angus, carved Pictish stones ("http://webarchive.nationalarch
ives.gov.uk/20090809004407/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_311/131_223_239.pdf) (PDF),
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Edinburgh, 131: 223–239, archived from the original (http://ads.a
hds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_131/131_223_239.pd f()PDF) on 2009-08-09
31. Gaelic Notes in the Book of Deer.
32. Fordun, IV, xliii and Skene's notes; Duncan, p. 150; Barrow, Kingdom of the Scots, p. 39.
Barrow, G.W.S., The Kingdom of the Scots. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2003. ISBN 0-7486-1803-1
Clarkson, Tim, Strathclyde and the Anglo-Saxons in the Viking Age, Birlinn, Edinburgh, 2014, ISBN 9781906566784
Duncan, A.A.M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independenc eE.dinburgh University Press,
Edinburgh, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8
Fletcher, Richard, Bloodfeud: Murder and Revenge in Anglo-Saxon England. Penguin, London, 2002. ISBN 0-14-
028692-6
John of Fordun, Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, ed. William Forbes Skene, tr. Felix J.H. Skene, 2 vols. Reprinted,
Llanerch Press, Lampeter, 1993. ISBN 1-897853-05-X
Higham, N.J., The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–100. Sutton, Stroud, 1993. ISBN 0-86299-730-5
Hudson, Benjamin T., The Prophecy of Berchán: Irish and Scottish High-Kings of the Early Middle Age sG. reenwood,
London, 1996.
Smyth, Alfred P. Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–100. Reprinted, Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1998. ISBN 0-
7486-0100-7
Stenton, Sir Frank, Anglo-Saxon England .3rd edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1971IS BN 0-19-280139-2
Sturluson, Snorri, Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway, tr. Lee M. Hollander. Reprinted University of Texas
Press, Austin, 1992. ISBN 0-292-73061-6
External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork includes the Annals of Ulster, Tigernach,
the Four Masters and Innisfallen, the Chronicon Scotorum, the Lebor Bretnach (which includes the Duan
Albanach), Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in
progress.
Heimskringla at World Wide School
"icelandic sagas" at Northvegr
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle an XML edition by Tony Jebson (translation at OMACL)
Malcolm II, King of Alba 1005 – 1034. Scotland's History. BBC.
Malcolm II of Scotland
House of Alpin
Born: c. 980 Died: 25 November 1034
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Kenneth III
King of Scots
1005–1034
Succeeded by
Duncan I
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_II_of_Scotland&oldid=787161720"
Categories: 1034 deaths House of Alpin 11th-century Scottish monarchs Burials at Iona Abbey
954 births
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954 - 1034 (80 years)
