| Notes |
- Egbert
King of Wessex
Reign 802 – 839
Predecessor Beorhtric
Successor Æthelwulf
King of Kent
Reign 825 – 839
Predecessor Baldred
Successor Æthelwulf
Born 771 or 775[1]
Died 839 (aged 64 or 68) Burial Winchester
Issue
Æthelwulf, King of Wessex
House Wessex
Father Ealhmund of Kent
Egbert of Wessex
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Egbert (771/775 – 839), also spelled Ecgberht, Ecgbert, or Ecgbriht, was King of Wessex from 802 until his death in 839. His father was Ealhmund of Kent. In the 780s Egbert was forced into exile by Offa of Mercia and Beorhtric of Wessex, but on Beorhtric's death in 802 Egbert returned and took the throne.
Little is known of the first 20 years of Egbert's reign, but it is thought that he was able to maintain the independence of Wessex against the kingdom of Mercia, which at that time dominated the other southern English kingdoms. In 825 Egbert defeated Beornwulf of Mercia, ended Mercia's supremacy at the Battle of Ellandun, and proceeded to take control of the Mercian dependencies in southeastern England. In 829 Egbert defeated Wiglaf of Mercia and drove him out of his kingdom, temporarily ruling Mercia directly. Later that year Egbert received the submission of the Northumbrian king at Dore. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle subsequently described Egbert as a bretwalda or 'wide-ruler' of Anglo-Saxon lands.
Egbert was unable to maintain this dominant position, and within a year Wiglaf regained the throne of Mercia. However, Wessex did retain control of Kent, Sussex, and Surrey; these territories were given to Egbert's son Æthelwulf to rule as a subking under Egbert. When Egbert died in 839, Æthelwulf succeeded him; the southeastern kingdoms were finally absorbed into the kingdom of Wessex after Æthelwulf's death in 858.
Family
Egbert's name, spelled Ecgbriht, from the 827 entry in the C manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Historians do not agree on Egbert's ancestry. The earliest version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the Parker Chronicle, begins with a genealogical preface tracing the ancestry of Egbert's son Æthelwulf back through Egbert, Ealhmund (thought to be Ealhmund of Kent), and the otherwise unknown Eoppa and Eafa to Ingild, brother of King Ine of Wessex, who abdicated the throne in 726. It continues back to Cerdic, founder of the House of Wessex.[2] Egbert's descent from Ingild was accepted by Frank Stenton, but not the earlier genealogy back to Cerdic.[3] Heather Edwards in her Online Dictionary of National Biography article on Egbert argues that he was of Kentish origin, and that the West Saxon descent may have been manufactured during his reign to give him legitimacy,[4] whereas Rory Naismith considered a Kentish origin unlikely, and that it is more probable that "Egbert was born of good West Saxon royal stock".[5] Egbert's wife's name is unknown. A fifteenth century chronicle now held by Oxford University names Egbert's wife as Redburga who was supposedly a relation of Charlemagne that he married when he was banished to Francia, but this is dismissed by academic historians in view of its late date.[6] He is reputed to have had a halfsister Alburga, later to be recognised as a saint for her founding of Wilton Abbey. She was married to Wulfstan, ealdorman of Wiltshire, and on his death in 802 she became a nun, Abbess of Wilton Abbey.[7] He was believed at one time to also be the father of Saint Eadgyth of Polesworth and Æthelstan of Kent. Political context and early life
Offa of Mercia, who reigned from 757 to 796, was the dominant force in Anglo-Saxon England in the second half of the eighth century. The relationship between Offa and Cynewulf, who was king of Wessex from 757 to 786, is not well documented, but it seems likely that Cynewulf maintained some independence from Mercian overlordship. Evidence of the relationship between kings can come from charters, which were documents which granted land to followers or to churchmen, and which were witnessed by the kings who had power to grant the land. In some cases a king will appear on a charter as a subregulus, or "subking", making it clear that he has an overlord.[8][9] Cynewulf appears as "King of the West Saxons" on a charter of Offa's in 772;[10] and he was defeated by Offa in battle in 779 at Bensington, but there is nothing else to suggest Cynewulf was not his own master, and he is not known to have acknowledged Offa as overlord.[11] Offa did have influence in the southeast of the country: a charter of 764 shows him in the company of Heahberht of Kent, suggesting that Offa's influence helped place Heahberht on the throne.[12] The extent of Offa's control of Kent between 765 and 776 is a matter of debate amongst historians, but from 776 until about 784 it appears that the Kentish kings had substantial independence from Mercia.[12][13]
Another Egbert, Egbert II of Kent, ruled in that kingdom throughout the 770s; he is last mentioned in 779, in a charter granting land at Rochester.[12] In 784 a new king of Kent, Ealhmund, appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. According to a note in the margin, "this king Ealhmund was Egbert's father [i.e. Egbert of Wessex], Egbert was Æthelwulf's father." This is supported by the genealogical preface from the A text of the Chronicle, which gives Egbert's father's name as Ealhmund without further details. The preface probably dates from the late ninth century; the marginal note is on the F manuscript of the Chronicle, which is a Kentish version dating from about 1100.[14]
Ealhmund does not appear to have long survived in power: there is no record of his activities after 784. There is, however, extensive evidence of Offa's domination of Kent during the late 780s, with his goals apparently going beyond overlordship to outright annexation of the kingdom,[12] and he has been described as "the rival, not the overlord, of the Kentish kings".[15] It is possible that the young Egbert fled to Wessex in 785 or so; it is suggestive that the Chronicle mentions in a later entry that Beorhtric, Cynewulf's successor, helped Offa to exile Egbert.[12]
Cynewulf was murdered in 786. His succession was contested by Egbert, but he was defeated by Beorhtric, maybe with Offa's assistance.[16][17] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Egbert spent three years in Francia before he was king, exiled by Beorhtric and Offa. The text says "iii" for three, but this may have been a scribal error, with the correct reading being "xiii", that is, thirteen years. Beorhtric's reign lasted sixteen years, and not thirteen; and all extant texts of the Chronicle agree on "iii", but many modern accounts assume that Egbert did indeed spend thirteen years in Francia. This requires assuming that the error in transcription is common to every manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; many historians make this assumption but others have rejected it as unlikely, given the consistency of the sources.[18] In either case Egbert was probably exiled in 789, when Beorhtric, his rival, married the daughter of Offa of Mercia.[19]
At the time Egbert was in exile, Francia was ruled by Charlemagne, who maintained Frankish influence in Northumbria and is known to have supported Offa's enemies in the south. Another exile in Gaul at this time was Odberht, a priest, who is almost certainly the same person as Eadberht, who later became king of Kent. According to a later chronicler, William of Malmesbury, Egbert learned the arts of government during his time in Gaul.[20]
Early reign
Beorhtric's dependency on Mercia continued into the reign of Cenwulf, who became king of Mercia a few months after Offa's death.[11] Beorhtric died in 802, and Egbert came to the throne of Wessex, probably with the support of Charlemagne and perhaps also the papacy.[21] The Mercians continued to oppose Egbert: the day of his accession, the Hwicce (who had originally formed a separate kingdom, but by that time were part of Mercia) attacked, under the leadership of their ealdorman, Æthelmund. Weohstan, a Wessex ealdorman, met him with men from Wiltshire:[14] according to a 15th-century source, Weohstan had married Alburga, Egbert's sister, and so was Egbert's brother-in-law.[22] The Hwicce were defeated, though Weohstan was killed as well as Æthelmund.[14] Nothing more is recorded of Egbert's relations with Mercia for more than twenty years after this battle. It seems likely that Egbert had no influence outside his own borders, but on the other hand there is no evidence that he ever submitted to the overlordship of Cenwulf. Cenwulf did have overlordship of the rest of southern England, but in Cenwulf's charters the title of "overlord of the southern English" never appears, presumably in consequence of the independence of the kingdom of Wessex.[23]
In 815 the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Egbert ravaged the whole of the territories of the remaining
British kingdom, Dumnonia, known to the author of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as the West Welsh; their
territory was about equivalent to what is now Cornwall.[14][24] Ten years later, a charter dated 19 August 825
indicates that Egbert was campaigning in Dumnonia again; this may have been related to a battle recorded in
the Chronicle at Gafulford in 823, between the men of Devon and the Britons of Cornwall.[25]
The battle of Ellendun
It was also in 825 that one of the most important battles in Anglo-Saxon history took place, when Egbert
defeated Beornwulf of Mercia at Ellendun—now Wroughton, near Swindon. This battle marked the end of the
Mercian domination of southern England.[26] The Chronicle tells how Egbert followed up his victory: "Then he
sent his son Æthelwulf from the army, and Ealhstan, his bishop, and Wulfheard, his ealdorman, to Kent with a
great troop." Æthelwulf drove Baldred, the king of Kent, north over the Thames, and according to the
Chronicle, the men of Kent, Essex, Surrey and Sussex then all submitted to Æthelwulf "because earlier they
were wrongly forced away from his relatives."[14] This may refer to Offa's interventions in Kent at the time
Egbert's father Ealhmund became king; if so, the chronicler's remark may also indicate Ealhmund had
connections elsewhere in southeast England.[21]
A map of England during Egbert's reign
The entry for 827 in the C manuscript
of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, listing
the eight bretwaldas
The Chronicle's version of events makes it appear that
Baldred was driven out shortly after the battle, but this was
probably not the case. A document from Kent survives
which gives the date, March 826, as being in the third year
of the reign of Beornwulf. This makes it likely that
Beornwulf still had authority in Kent at this date, as
Baldred's overlord; hence Baldred was apparently still in
power.[25][27] In Essex, Egbert expelled King Sigered,
though the date is unknown. It may have been delayed until
829, since a later chronicler associates the expulsion with a
campaign of Egbert's in that year against the Mercians.[25]
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle does not say who was the
aggressor at Ellendun, but one recent history asserts that
Beornwulf was almost certainly the one who attacked.
According to this view, Beornwulf may have taken
advantage of the Wessex campaign in Dumnonia in the
summer of 825. Beornwulf's motivation to launch an attack
would have been the threat of unrest or instability in the
southeast: the dynastic connections with Kent made Wessex
a threat to Mercian dominance.[25]
The consequences of Ellendun went beyond the immediate loss of Mercian power in the southeast. According
to the Chronicle, the East Anglians asked for Egbert's protection against the Mercians in the same year, 825,
though it may actually have been in the following year that the request was made. In 826 Beornwulf invaded
East Anglia, presumably to recover his overlordship. He was slain, however, as was his successor, Ludeca, who
invaded East Anglia in 827, evidently for the same reason. It may be that the Mercians were hoping for support
from Kent: there was some reason to suppose that Wulfred, the Archbishop of Canterbury, might be
discontented with West Saxon rule, as Egbert had terminated Wulfred's currency and had begun to mint his
own, at Rochester and Canterbury,[25] and it is known that Egbert seized property belonging to Canterbury.[28]
The outcome in East Anglia was a disaster for the Mercians which confirmed West Saxon power in the
southeast.[25]
Defeat of Mercia
In 829 Egbert invaded Mercia and drove Wiglaf, the king of Mercia,
into exile. This victory gave Egbert control of the London Mint, and he
issued coins as King of Mercia.[25] It was after this victory that the West
Saxon scribe described him as a bretwalda, meaning 'wide-ruler' or
perhaps 'Britain-ruler', in a famous passage in the Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle. The relevant part of the annal reads, in the C manuscript of
the Chronicle:[29]
⁊†þy geare geeode Ecgbriht cing Myrcna rice ⁊†eall þæt be
suþan Humbre wæs, ⁊†he wæs eahtaþa cing se ðe
Bretenanwealda wæs.
In modern English:[30]
And the same year King Egbert conquered the kingdom of Mercia, and all that was south of the
Humber, and he was the eighth king who was 'Wide-ruler'.
Coin of King Egbert
The previous seven bretwaldas are also named by the Chronicler, who gives the same seven names that Bede
lists as holding imperium, starting with Ælle of Sussex and ending with Oswiu of Northumbria. The list is often
thought to be incomplete, omitting as it does some dominant Mercian kings such as Penda and Offa. The exact
meaning of the title has been much debated; it has been described as "a term of encomiastic poetry"[31] but
there is also evidence that it implied a definite role of military leadership.[32]
Later in 829, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Egbert received the submission of the Northumbrians at
Dore (now a suburb of Sheffield); the Northumbrian king was probably Eanred.[33] According to a later
chronicler, Roger of Wendover, Egbert invaded Northumbria and plundered it before Eanred submitted: "When
Egbert had obtained all the southern kingdoms, he led a large army into Northumbria, and laid waste that
province with severe pillaging, and made King Eanred pay tribute." Roger of Wendover is known to have
incorporated Northumbrian annals into his version; the Chronicle does not mention these events.[34] However,
the nature of Eanred's submission has been questioned: one historian has suggested that it is more likely that the
meeting at Dore represented a mutual recognition of sovereignty.[35]
In 830, Egbert led a successful expedition against the Welsh, almost certainly with the intent of extending West
Saxon influence into the Welsh lands previously within the Mercian orbit. This marked the high point of
Egbert's influence.[25]
Reduction in influence after 829
In 830, Mercia regained its independence under Wiglaf—the Chronicle
merely says that Wiglaf "obtained the kingdom of Mercia again",[14] but
the most likely explanation is that this was the result of a Mercian
rebellion against Wessex rule.[36]
Egbert's dominion over southern England came to an end with Wiglaf's
recovery of power. Wiglaf's return is followed by evidence of his
independence from Wessex. Charters indicate Wiglaf had authority in
Middlesex and Berkshire, and in a charter of 836 Wiglaf uses the phrase
"my bishops, duces, and magistrates" to describe a group that included eleven bishops from the episcopate of
Canterbury, including bishops of sees in West Saxon territory.[37] It is significant that Wiglaf was still able to
call together such a group of notables; the West Saxons, even if they were able to do so, held no such
councils.[28][38] Wiglaf may also have brought Essex back into the Mercian orbit during the years after he
recovered the throne.[25][39] In East Anglia, King Æthelstan minted coins, possibly as early as 827, but more
likely c. 830 after Egbert's influence was reduced with Wiglaf's return to power in Mercia. This demonstration
of independence on East Anglia's part is not surprising, as it was Æthelstan who was probably responsible for
the defeat and death of both Beornwulf and Ludeca.[25]
Both Wessex's sudden rise to power in the late 820s, and the subsequent failure to retain this dominant position,
have been examined by historians looking for underlying causes. One plausible explanation for the events of
these years is that Wessex's fortunes were to some degree dependent on Carolingian support. The Franks
supported Eardwulf when he recovered the throne of Northumbria in 808, so it is plausible that they also
supported Egbert's accession in 802. At Easter 839, not long before Egbert's death, he was in touch with Louis
the Pious, king of the Franks, to arrange safe passage to Rome. Hence a continuing relationship with the Franks
seems to be part of southern English politics during the first half of the ninth century.[25]
Carolingian support may have been one of the factors that helped Egbert achieve the military successes of the
late 820s. However, the Rhenish and Frankish commercial networks collapsed at some time in the 820s or 830s,
and in addition, a rebellion broke out in February 830 against Louis the Pious—the first of a series of internal
16th-century mortuary chest, one in a
series set up by Bishop Foxe in
Winchester Cathedral, which purports
to contain Egbert's bones
conflicts that lasted through the 830s and beyond. These distractions may have prevented Louis from
supporting Egbert. In this view, the withdrawal of Frankish influence would have left East Anglia, Mercia and
Wessex to find a balance of power not dependent on outside aid.[25]
Despite the loss of dominance, Egbert's military successes fundamentally changed the political landscape of
Anglo-Saxon England. Wessex retained control of the south-eastern kingdoms, with the possible exception of
Essex, and Mercia did not regain control of East Anglia.[25] Egbert's victories marked the end of the
independent existence of the kingdoms of Kent and Sussex. The conquered territories were administered as a
subkingdom for a while, including Surrey and possibly Essex.[40] Although Æthelwulf was a subking under
Egbert, it is clear that he maintained his own royal household, with which he travelled around his kingdom.
Charters issued in Kent described Egbert and Æthelwulf as "kings of the West Saxons and also of the people of
Kent." When Æthelwulf died in 858 his will, in which Wessex is left to one son and the southeastern kingdom
to another, makes it clear that it was not until after 858 that the kingdoms were fully integrated.[41] Mercia
remained a threat, however; Egbert's son Æthelwulf, established as king of Kent, gave estates to Christ Church,
Canterbury, probably to counter any influence the Mercians might still have there.[25]
In the southwest, Egbert was defeated in 836 at Carhampton by the Danes,[14] but in 838 he won a battle
against them and their allies the West Welsh at the Battle of Hingston Down in Cornwall. The Dumnonian royal
line continued after this time, but it is at this date that the independence of one of the last British kingdoms may
be considered to have ended.[25] The details of Anglo-Saxon expansion into Cornwall are quite poorly
recorded, but some evidence comes from place names.[42] The river Ottery, which flows east into the Tamar
near Launceston, appears to be a boundary: south of the Ottery the placenames are overwhelmingly Cornish,
whereas to the north they are more heavily influenced by the English newcomers.[43]
Succession
At a council at Kingston upon Thames in 838, Egbert and Æthelwulf
granted land to the sees of Winchester and Canterbury in return for the
promise of support for Æthelwulf's claim to the throne.[28][37][44] The
archbishop of Canterbury, Ceolnoth, also accepted Egbert and
Æthelwulf as the lords and protectors of the monasteries under
Ceolnoth's control. These agreements, along with a later charter in
which Æthelwulf confirmed church privileges, suggest that the church
had recognised that Wessex was a new political power that must be
dealt with.[25] Churchmen consecrated the king at coronation
ceremonies, and helped to write the wills which specified the king's
heir; their support had real value in establishing West Saxon control and
a smooth succession for Egbert's line.[45] Both the record of the Council
of Kingston, and another charter of that year, include the identical
phrasing: that a condition of the grant is that "we ourselves and our
heirs shall always hereafter have firm and unshakable friendships from
Archbishop Ceolnoth and his congregation at Christ Church."[44][46][47]
Although nothing is known of any other claimants to the throne, it is likely that there were other surviving
descendants of Cerdic (the supposed progenitor of all the kings of Wessex) who might have contended for the
kingdom. Egbert died in 839, and his will, according to the account of it found in the will of his grandson,
Alfred the Great, left land only to male members of his family, so that the estates should not be lost to the royal
house through marriage. Egbert's wealth, acquired through conquest, was no doubt one reason for his ability to
purchase the support of the southeastern church establishment; the thriftiness of his will indicates he understood
the importance of personal wealth to a king.[45] The kingship of Wessex had been frequently contested among
different branches of the royal line, and it is a noteworthy achievement of Egbert's that he was able to ensure
Æthelwulf's untroubled succession.[45] In addition, Æthelwulf's experience of kingship, in the subkingdom
formed from Egbert's southeastern conquests, would have been valuable to him when he took the throne.[48]
Egbert was buried in Winchester, as were his son, Æthelwulf, his grandson, Alfred the Great, and his greatgrandson,
Edward the Elder. During the ninth century, Winchester began to show signs of urbanisation, and it is
likely that the sequence of burials indicates that Winchester was held in high regard by the West Saxon royal
line.[49]
See also
Notes
1. Ashley, p. 313
2. Garmonsway, G.N. ed., The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, London, J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., pp. xxxii,2,4
3. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 65–66
4. Edwards, Ecgbehrt
5. Naismith, p. 16
6. The chronicle (Hardy, Vol III, No. 326 (https://books.google.com/books?id=XPkUAAAAQAAJ&pg=AP198&redir_esc
=y#v=onepage&q&f=false) describes Egbert's wife as "Redburga regis Francorum sororia" (sister or sister-in-law of
the Frankish Emperor). Some nineteenth-century historians cited the manuscript to identify Redbguar as Egbert's wife,
such W. G. Searle in his 1897 Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum (https://archive.org/stream/onomasticonangl00seargoog/
onomasticonangl00seargoog_djvu.txt) and (as Rædburh) in his 1899 Anglo-Saxon Bishops, Kings and Nobles (http://ia7
00408.us.archive.org/20/items/anglosaxonbishop00searuoft/anglosaxonbishop00searuoft.pf)d. Other historians of that
time were sceptical, such as William Hunt, who did not mention Redburga in his article about Egbert in the original
Dictionary of National Biography in 1889. In the twentieth century, popular genealogists and historians have followed
Searle in naming Redburga as Egbert's wife, but academic historians ignore her when discussing Egbert, and Janet
Nelson's 2004 article on his sonÆ thelwulf (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8921?docPos=1 )in the Online
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography states that his mother's name is unknown.
7. Farmer, D.H.: The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, p. 10
8. Hunter Blair, Roman Britain, pp. 14–15.
9. P. Wormald, "The Age of Bede and Æthelbald", in Campbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons, pp. 95–98
10. "Anglo-Saxons.net: S 108" (http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get&type=charter&id=108. )Sean Miller.
Retrieved 8 August 2007.
11. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 208–210.
12. Kirby, Earliest English Kings, pp. 165–169
13. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 207.
14. Swanton, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 58–63.
15. Wormald, "Bede, the bretwaldas and the origins of the Gens Anglorum", in Wormald et al., Ideal and Reality, p. 113;
quoted in Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 167., and n. 30.
16. Fletcher, Who's Who, p. 114.
17. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 141.
18. E.g. Fletcher assumes that Egbert spent essentially all Beorhtric's reign in Francia; see Fletch, eWr ho's Who, p. 114.
Similarly, Swanton annotates "3 years" with "in fact thirteen years . . . this error is commotno all MSS." See note 12 in
Swanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 62–63. Naismith suggests that Egbert's exile may have occupied the thirteen-year
period from 789, the year of Beorhtric's marriage with Offa's daughter, to 802, the year of his coming to power: see
Naismith, p. 3. On the other hand, Stenton accepts the figure as three: see StentonA,n glo-Saxon England, p. 220.
Stenton adds in a footnote that "it is very dangerous to reject a reading which is so well attested".
19. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 220.
20. Kirby, Earliest English Kings, pp. 176–177.
21. Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 186.
22. The source, a poem in the Chronicon Vilodunense, is described by Yorke as "admittedly . . . far from ideal". See Barbara
Yorke, "Edward as Ætheling", in Higham & HillE, dward the Elder, p. 36.
23. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 225.
24. The border had been pushed back to ther iver Tamar, between Devon and Cornwall, by Ine of Wessex in 710. See Kirby,
Earliest English Kings, p.125.
25. Kirby, Earliest English Kings, pp. 189–195.
26. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 231.
References
Primary sources
Swanton, Michael (1996). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92129-5.
Egbert's charters at Anglo-Saxons.net
Secondary sources
Abels, Richard (2005). Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England. Longman.
ISBN 0-582-04047-7.
Ashley, Mike (1998). The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens. London: Robinson. ISBN 1-
84119-096-9.
Campbell, James; John, Eric; Wormald, Patrick (1991). The Anglo-Saxons. London: Penguin Books.
ISBN 0-14-014395-5.
Edwards, Heather (2004) Ecberht, Oxford Online Dictionary of National Biography
Fletcher, Richard (1989). Who's Who in Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon England. Shepheard-Walwyn.
ISBN 0-85683-089-5.
Higham, N.J.; Hill, D.H. (2001). Edward the Elder. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-21497-1.
Hunter Blair, Peter (1966). Roman Britain and Early England: 55 B.C. – A.D. 871. W.W. Norton &
Company. ISBN 0-393-00361-2.
Kirby, D.P. (1992). The Earliest English Kings. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-09086-5.
Naismith, Rory (2011). "The Origins of the Line of Egbert, King of the West Saxons, 802 – 839" (PDF).
English Historical Review. Oxford University Press. CXXVI (518): 1 – 16. doi:10.1093/ehr/ceq377.
Retrieved 23 May 2012.
Nelson, Janet L. (2004). "Æthelwulf (d. 858)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford
University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8921. Retrieved 14 April 2012. (subscription or UK public library
membership required)
27. "Anglo-Saxons.net: S 1267" (http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get&type=charter&id=1267. )Sean Miller.
Retrieved 8 August 2007.
28. P. Wormald, "The Age of Ofa and Alcuin", p. 128, in Campbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons.
29. "Manuscript C: Cotton Tiberius C.i" (http://asc.jebbo.co.uk/c/c-L.html). Tony Jebson. Retrieved 12 August 2007.
30. Translation is based on Swanton; note thatb retwalda (which Swanton translates as 'controller of Britain') in ms A
appears as brytenwealda and variants in the other mss; here this is translated as 'wide-ruler', per Swanton. See Swanton,
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 60–61.
31. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 34–35.
32. Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 17.
33. Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 197.
34. P. Wormald, "The Ninth Century", p. 139, in Campbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons.
35. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 96.
36. Stenton cites the annal for 839, which says Æthelwulf "granted" or "gave" the kingdom of Kent to his son, as an
example of the language that would have been used had Wiglaf been granted the kingdom by Egbert. See Stenton,
Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 233–235
37. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 233–235
38. P. Wormald, "The Ninth Century", p. 138, in Campbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons.
39. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 51.
40. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 32.
41. Abels, Alfred the Great, p. 31.
42. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 155.
43. Payton, Cornwall, p. 68.
44. "Anglo-Saxons.net: S 1438" (http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get&type=charter&id=1438. )Sean Miller.
Retrieved 1 September 2007.
45. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, pp. 148–149.
46. "Anglo-Saxons.net: S 281" (http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get&type=charter&id=281. )Sean Miller.
Retrieved 8 August 2007.
47. P. Wormald, "The Ninth Century", p. 140, in Campbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons.
48. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, pp. 168–169.
49. Yorke, Wessex, p. 310.
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Egbert of
Wessex.
Payton, Philip (2004). Cornwall: A History. Cornwall Editions. ISBN 1-904880-00-2.
Stenton, Frank M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821716-1.
Whitelock, Dorothy (1968). English Historical Documents v.l. c.500 – 1042. London: Eyre &
Spottiswoode.
Wormald, Patrick; Bullough, D.; Collins, R. (1983). Ideal and Reality in Frankish and Anglo-Saxon
Society. Oxford. ISBN 0-631-12661-9.
Yorke, Barbara (1990). Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Seaby. ISBN 1-
85264-027-8.
Yorke, Barbara (1995). Wessex in the Early Middle Ages. London: Leicester University Press. ISBN 0-
7185-1856-X.
External links
Ecgberht 10 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Egbert_of_Wessex&oldid=775069967"
Categories: 839 deaths 8th-century births 9th-century English monarchs Burials at Winchester Cathedral
Founding monarchs House of Wessex Kentish monarchs Mercian monarchs West Saxon monarchs
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781 - 839 (58 years)
