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Johannes Langer ( from Bolkow ; * to 1485/1486 in Bolkow , Duchy Schweidnitz ; † 15. September 1548 in Coburg ) was a Protestant theologian and reformer in Naumburg and Coburg.
Childhood and Youth
Even though the Bolkenhainer records are quite complete, Langer's date of birth is not known. However, it can be limited to the years 1484/85. A large number of members of the Langer family appeared in the records of the castle, but the branch of the family belonged to him.
The secondary literature assumes that the Reformer Naumburg and Coburg nephew (second degree) of Breslauer Altaristen similar name was that at the summer semester 1464 University of Krakow was inscribed (and which is referred to in the literature to distinguish as "the Elder" ). In the album of the University there is an entry: John Anthony Langer de Bulkenhayn dioec. Wratislaviensis. Ebendieser Langer carried a coat of arms identical with that of the reformer Langer.
From youth Langers is not known but it is suspected that his parents have been reasonably prosperous, because it enabled him to an education, which allowed him from the winter semester 1502 the University of Leipzig to visit. That he did not study under the supervision and with the support of an order can be made of matrikel refer to the University of Leipzig.
University in Leipzig
The first mention Langers found in matrikel the University of Leipzig , the long winter semester 1502 under the heading nacione De Polonorum was enrolled. The entry reads: Johannes Langer de Bolkenheyn totum VI. Under the Polish nation he was introduced as a second entry; From this it can be concluded that Langer must have undergone the student's oath very early.
On May 14, 1505 Langer was the as one of 15 candidates Baccalaureatsexamen . Under the chairmanship of the dean, four masters, determined by lot, examined one from each nation. When soon subsequent determination then was Quaestio to explain who submitted the chosen by the promoter Baccalaureanten him. The theme of Langers Quaestio is not handed down. Towards the end of 1509 Langer was among the budding masters . The examination took place only once a year, usually on the day of the innocent children, the 28th of December, the vice-chancellor presided. The acquisition of the Magisterium was obviously not cheap. Four guilders had to be paid in fees, along with gifts and a feast ( Prandia Aristotelis ), which lined up the newly appointed master together.
To be able to dedicate the high professional studies, had a master's first two years, the prospective master's in Collegia lectoria et examinatoria teach. The Liber facultatis provides information which events Langer held and where examinations he participated.
Langer then took on various university tasks and earned his university. In January, 1516, it was announced in a document that the artists' faculty had discharged their debts by paying 300 florins. In this, Langer is mentioned as dean of this faculty. The Leipziger matrikel is complete and calls as 215. rector, the history of the University, Johannes Langer of Bolkow. Langer received in 1517 by John III. Schoenberg , Bishop of Naumburg-Zeitz, the diaconate - and ultimately the Presbyter ordination and Bishop Adolf to Merseburg presented him with a certificate, which entitled him to take over all church ministries. Langer was born on January 20, 1519 ad legendum sententias accepted. How and whether Peter Lombard commented, is not known.
The Leipzig debate began on July 4, 1519. It is not to determine whether Langer still stayed at this time in Leipzig and felt attracted already at this time of Luther's doctrine.
Naumburg time.
From 1521 Langer worked in Naumburg. He was first preacher am Domstift and then moved to St. Wenceslas , where he was in 1525 officially and explicitly as from the city of Naumburg Council called to be evangelist preacher operates from 10 October.
Because of the peasant war , which raged especially near Naumburg, let Bishop Philipp of the Palatinate on May 6, 1525 by its governor and his councilors in Zeitz out a letter in which he expressed his concern that under the "Naumburgischen Stiefts And that you might smolder his spiritual, noble, builder, or builder, "the uproar. "For this reason, anstadt of the gentlemen of Freisingk and Naumburgk, etc., wage [sc. The statthalter, and the councilors of Zeitz], who are obliged to pledge themselves to us in the same way, but who are obliged to keep the frugality of the cheapkey, and to show it to us, as we may be told by Jdermann Would like to do. " After all, the bishop himself wrote to the advice of the Naumburg, but in view of the "itzo-hovering heavy law and uproarious deportations, so that in vil orthen and in the princely world of the Deutzian nation, especially in the common Pauersmanne [...] fride and Einikeyt , Brotherly libe, trew and obedient ". The Council then promised obedience to the bishop, and the bishop replied, on June 30, 1525, with a thank-you letter: "We have spelled out your writings, and have made them known and obedient to you as ours, in which we offer all the true and good, have fallen a singularly good and good. With such kindly rejoice, you will be filled with all grace, and acknowledge [...] Cedula. We also occupy thee publicly to you, in our churches, in the churches of the Cantons, from the hour, and with the most ardent (as well as the others) in the city of Naumburg, on the Canton You should read aloud, that the common people may not be heard, nor a whole party may be heard. " Philip was also in the following years did not see in Naumburg, so that the Council, tired of continual consolations, in urgent matters to the Saxon electors turned. That a great part of the prevention of a bloody insurrection in Naumburg and a great reputation in the council and the population were enjoyed by him, is another letter from the Council to the bishop, dated November 24, 1525: "[...] and have praised God Such a preacher, who, in the past and in the past unchristian indignation, has prevented [...] from ushering and unsuccessful [...] and saved [...], so that he would be heard by the whole people in a very willing and consoling manner ".
In 1527 there were disputes between the bishop and the Naumburg council, since changes had been made to the worship and / or measuring system. The bishop complained that the mass was sung in German. This church order is accessible and more corrections of a provocative nature are recognizable, as Langer admits in his own pamphlet. The changes do, of course, affect exclusively the Sunday and holiday worship services, and the priest had no German word to sing, but the congregation was held in German. So they sang the Credo after Wittenberg manner and the epiclesis as a request for faith as Luther Song: We now implore the Holy Spirit . At the center of the worship was the German sermon with German sermons. The father was prayed in German and according to the custom of the Reformation, with "a loving, and a Christian design, and preaching." The most provocative point was the omission of the sacrificial character of the Last Supper. Because instead of the offertory Luther Psalmenumdichtung Out of the depths I cry to you sang, accounted for the Catholic Eucharist theology. Despite its similarity to the Latin Mass it was unacceptable for the bishop. The conflict between the bishop and Naumburg's town council led to the dismissal of Langer. The secondary literature knows about interference Emperor Charles V in the form of an edict, but this edict, although there actually was one thing seems lost.
Subsequently Langer received a summons to Jachymov , but did prevent the city council. In the more and more tense quarrel, the town council repeatedly used Langer, but "the Bishop has kept the point that this preacher was abolished, and he wanted to send the Council another who was to preach the Word of God clearly and louder [ ...]. As the preacher M. Johann Lange [r] has learned, he did not want to stay longer in the biting and bickering, but demanded his farewell [...] and went to Koburg. [...] For this reason, the Council gave such advice to the Kurf. To Saxony, and to inform your Curf. Grace concerns asked. The counsel of the bishop of another preacher is waiting. " The Council very often asked the bishop about Langer's successor, but this position remained vacant for at least three years.
Coburg time.
Langer left Naumburg, but he turned not equal to Coburg, but kept first in Wittenberg , where he published his pamphlet. He has close contact with Martin Luther and particularly with Philip Melanchthon have had.
It is necessary to take a brief look at Coburg's history of the Reformation in order to understand why Langer continued his activity there. In 1518 was Langers fellow student from Leipzig period, Balthasar Düring / Thüring, has been appointed from Konigsberg in Franken to Coburg and had been used successfully there for reformation. He later defended Luther's doctrine against the Zwinglis, which was represented chiefly by the chief man of the Veste, Hans Mohr. For this reason, he kept in touch with the Wittenberg reformers, as his surviving letters illustrate. The first Coburg reformer must have apparently died in the period from the end of August to the beginning of October, the last letter of Melanchthon to Düring is dated 29 August 1529. Melanchthon can not have known about Düring's death at this time. From Luther's letter of 29 October 1529 to Elector Johann the Permanent, in which he recommends Langer for the succession of Düring, it is clear that in Wittenberg the death of Düring was known before 29 October: "It is He He Johann La (N.), From Sharkhai (n.), To Naumburg, preached there, by the Bishops, whom we have tried, and discovered, as the mighty, to coburg to stat to order. Where the nu au (e) ch E. kfg, they would be able to take Johann, with the coburg, and to make the ampt, as he offered himself. " The details of the secondary literature that Düring died at the end of October or early November are nonsensical, since Luther knew at the latest on 29 October that Düring had died.
Elector Johann answers yet on the next day from Torgau : "We have heard Eur letter [...]; And, in the meantime, to whom John Langer eagerly enlightens you, you have also partially recognized him, so that he should have been eager to accept the place and the ambt, which he may have accepted to accept the treatise on Eur Certainly, if you wish to send the same preacher to Torgau on the contrary, let us then show him with writings of presentation and gracious pandering against Coburg, and let him be taken over to such preacherhood. " On the second of November Langer was in Torgau and received the promised presentation by Melanchthon, which shows that Melanchthon was convinced of the qualities of Langer. This letter of Melanchthon is addressed to the priest Johannes Fesel in Coburg.
Melanchthon Langer's conviction is also evident from the following correspondence with Fesel. Even at Christmas this year, he wondered about having heard from the Langer of Naumburg, sent to Coburg, for a long time, and Melanchthon also inquired at length about Langer's condition. As can be seen from the correspondence, there were also other posts open for Langer, if the Coburg position were not acceptable to him. But whether Melanchthon had made his way to Langer in order to give him a quieter position after the time of his struggle in Naumburg, or the Count von Mansfeld had made a name with Langer's doctrine and preaching, he must remain open. At any rate, Johannes Langer's high level of recognition is to be expected.
Langer was more remuneration received than its predecessor Düring, because he not only took over the ministry, but also the church leadership and pastoral service in the city and the Veste Coburg .
Langer was already married at the beginning of his Coburg era. It can be concluded from time circumstances that he must have married after his release in Naumburg and before his service in Coburg, probably in Wittenberg. It is said that Langer left his wife and children at his death. Three sons know that more children are not mentioned in the sources.
Langers importance for the entire history of the Reformation developed during stay Luther at Coburg Fortress occasion of the Augsburg Diet in 1530. In summer 1529, during Langers stay in Wittenberg, Luther created the Schwabach Articles . It is probable that Langer had known this article that he might even be a co-author, for Luther acknowledged, "It was the fact that I helped such artickel (for they are not made by me alone)." This suggests Langer had a copy of it. Anyway, published in May 1530 Coburg Schwabacher items in the printer Hans Bern under the title The bekentnus Martini Luther auff eynzulegen the jezigen company staff Reichstag to Augspurgk, verfasset In siebentzehen Artickel. In the XXX. Jar This pressure was not authorized by Luther, nor did he agree with Luther's handed down manuscripts. Luther was compelled by this pre-publication and the reactions to write a council in which he rejected the sole authority of the Schwabacher articles. This font Luther was titled Auff the screaming of several papists, ruler over the siebentzehen Artickel. Answer Martini Luther. Wittemberg. In MD XXX. Jar
According to a letter to Melanchthon Langer seems in Franconia smaller Visitation to have given, the 1535/36 the second great Visitation followed to the Commission among others Langer belonged. The church conditions since the first visitation in 1528, in which Düring had taken part, now seem to have been considerably improved. Starting from 1536 there is hardly any source material. Only one of Luther's letters to Langer on quarrels about moral misconduct in Coburg is preserved. It was not until 1542 that Johannes Langer was mentioned again. A document from the Coburg State Archives shows that Langer had been called into the first newly established consistory for the decision of disputed Ehesachen. In 1545 the third general visit took place in Franconia. Langer was again involved.
Johannes Langer
On October 17, 1547 Melanchthon wrote, obviously on the request Langers if he one of his sons, probably the oldest, after Wittenberg should send to the study, a last surviving letter to him in selected friendly words and welcomed the latter's request.
That Langer was suffering from a stone disease, probably kidney stones, may consist of a diagnosis of the princely court physician Melchior Keypisch be taken from 18 August 1548th Shortly after this diagnosis, on 15 September 1548, Langer broke down during or after an evening preaching, apparently still in the church, and died the same evening.
Works Received
A letter, dated October 30, 1544, to "Wolff von Sternberg in Calngerg".
An anthology of ten sermons on the preface, the seven petitions and the decision of the Lord's Prayer, as well as a sermon on the subject of prayer and a final, short interpretation of the "Our Father". The last copy is available in the University Library of Jena.
A flyer from the year 1529, addressed to the city of Naumburg and its city council. The full text of the pamphlet (without marginalia) is available at the following address: http://www.glaubensstimme.de/doku.php?id=autoren:l:langer:rechtfertigu ng . A digital copy is viewed here: http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0002/bsb00025207/images/index. html?seite=00001&l=de .
Literature
Sources
Hans-Joachim Köhler and others (eds.): Pamphlets of the early 16th century. Microfiche series, train 1978-1987, in Fiche 248 / no. 687 with Langer's pamphlet.
Karl Eduard Förstemann others (eds.): Album Academiae Vitebergensis. Older series, Vol. 1 (1502-1560), Leipzig 1841 (Unchanged ND: Aalen 1976).
Sixtus Brown: Naumburg annals. Edited by Felix Köster and F. Hoppe, Naumburg, 2nd edition, 1927.
Otto Posse and others (eds.): Codex diplomaticus Saxoniae regiae. Second part, eleventh volume, Leipzig, 1879. Certificate book of the University of Leipzig from 1409-1555, ed. By B. Stübel.
Otto Posse and others (eds.): Codex diplomaticus Saxoniae regiae. 2. main part, vols. 16-18, The matriculation at the University of Leipzig , ed. By G. Erler, vols. 1-3, Leipzig, 1895 ff.
Corpus Reformatorum. P. Melanthonis opera quae supersunt omnia. Ed. CG Bretschneider, Hall 1834 ff.
D. Martin Luther's Works. Critical edition, Weimar, 1833 ff. Neudruck Graz 1964 ff.
D. Martin Luther's Works. Critical complete edition, Briefwechsel, Weimar 1930 ff. Neudruck Graz 1969 ff.
Historical Commission for the Province of Saxony and Anhalt (ed.): Urkundenbuch the University of Wittenberg. Part 1 (1502-1611), ed. By W. Friedensburg; Historical sources of the province of Saxony and the Free State of Anhalt, ed .: Historische Kommission fd Provinz Sachsen uf Anhalt, Neue Reihe, Vol. 3, Magdeburg 1926.
F. Zarncke: The documentary sources on the history of the University of Leipzig. In: Memoirs of Royal Saxon Academy of Sciences 3, Philological and historical Classe II, Leipzig. 1857
Secondary literature [ Edit | Edit source ]
Otto Albrecht: messages from the files of Naumburg Reformation history. In: Theological Studies and Reviews 77 (1904), pp 32-82.
Karlheinz Blaschke include: The Church organization in the bishoprics of Meissen, Merseburg and Naumburg 1500. Weimar 1969th
E. Borkowsky: Naumburg 1028-1928. A history of German bourgeoisie to the ninety centennial. Jena, 1928.
Georg Buchwald : A suspected or rejected call to the Joachimsthalerstrasse rectory from the year 1528. In: Yearbook of the Society for the History of Protestantism in Austria 14 (1893), pp 238-240.
A. Greiner: The introduction of the Reformation in nursing Coburg 1520-1555, books 1-3 in a band. Coburg 1938.
B. Herrmann: The rule of Hochstift Naumburg on the middle Elbe (= Central German research 59). Cologne / Vienna 1970.
Ernst Hoffmann: Naumburg A / S. In the age of the Reformation. A contribution to the history of the city and of the diocese (= Leipzig studies from the field of history VII / 1). Leipzig, 1901.
Felix Köster: The Church Order for the St. Wenceslas Church in Naumburg aS from 1527. In: monthly for worship and religious art 2 (1897/98), Göttingen 1898, p 361-363.
Felix Köster: contributions to the history of the Reformation Naumburg from 1525 to 1545. In: Journal of Ecclesiastical History 22 (1901), pp 145-159.
Paul Langer: Johannes Langer of Bolkow and his reformatory work. In: Correspondenzblatt of the Association for the History of the Protestant church of Silesia. Vol. 9 (1906/07), pp. 90-122; Vol. 10 (1906/07), pp. 76-109.
Carl Peter Lepsius : Writings. Contributions to Thuringian-Saxon history and German art and antiquities. 3 vols, eds. By A. Schulz, Magdeburg 1854-1855.
Carl Peter Lepsius: history of the bishops of Naumburg Hochstift before the Reformation. A Contribution to the History of the Osterland, First Part. (. Only Vol 1 appeared), Supplement to: idem,. Writings. Magdeburg 2nd edition 1855.
Georg Reichenbacher: Lutheran testimonies. Testimonies of our Lutheran fathers in the Coburg country. Coburg 1961.
Lothar Sauer: The catechumenate in the Coburg region of the Reformation to the terminal at Coburg Bayern 1520-1920. Dissol. Theol. Erlangen-Nuremberg, 1982. *** "
Wolfgang Schanze: Luther at Coburg Fortress (= . Coburg History and Local History Issue 6). Coburg, 2nd edition, 1930.
References
About him see J. Klaus Kipf: Langer, Johannes, from Bolkow (-hayn, Bolkin-), d. Ä. In: Franz Josef Worst Brock (ed.): German humanism 1480-1520. Author Lexicon , vol. 2, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2009-2013, Sp. 27-31, there 28. However, sometimes called the Reformer "the Elder" to distinguish him from his son of the same name.
Superintendent to Coburg
Books: Antiquitates et Memorabilia historiae Franconicae besonders Hildburghausen, Page 417.
Was at the University of Leipzig in 1502 where he received his Bachelors degree in 1504 and where he received his Masters degree on 28 Dec 1509. He received a second Masters degree in 1514 and became Dea of Philosphy at Leipzig in 1516, another Bachelors degree on 16 Nov 1516 and a Bachelors degree in Theology in 1517. He was a Wittenberg from 1517 to 1521. He was ordained and served as pastor to Naumburg from 1521 to 1525. From 1515 to 1529 he was pastor at St. Wenceslas in Naumberg. He was pastor and superintendant at Coburg from 1529 (1530) to 1546.
There is a note in the Meinhoff/Greiner file that Johann in 1526 was knight by Wladislaus of Bohemia and Hungary because of his scholarship, and had disputes with the Zeitz government which succeeded in ousting him in 1529.
And as noted above Johann left St. Wenceslas in 1529.
This knighted is noted in an essay by Dr Holstein, “Dr. Nicolaus Medler und die Reformation in Naumberg”, on pages 271 - 287 in the Volume IV of the Zeitschrift für preußische Geschichte und Landeskunde [ Journal of Prussian History and Local Culture ] ( Berlin, Prussia : A. Bath, 1867 ).
“For five years nothing was heard from the Evangelical preacher. It was not until 1525, when Johannes Langer was called by the Council and the citizens to St. Wenceslaus Church [ in Naumberg ], the Cathedral Chapter at least no longer standing as an hindrance. Born in Bolkenhain in Silesia in 1484, he was raised on 20 December 1502, according to a Diploma from Buda [ now Buapest, Hungary ] by the virtue of his scholarship, especially for the publication of Calendarium astronomicum fatidicum [ Latin, “Prophecies of the Astronomical Calendar” ] for the years between 1500 - 1530, by Wladislaus [ II ], King of Hungary and Bohemia to the nobility. [ Johannes then ] became at [ the University of ] Leipzig Magister, professor and 1514 Rector of the University, 1517 Baccalaureus of Theology.”
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1485 - 1548 (63 years)
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