Notes: The Thoma Family

Matches 701 to 750 of 7,802

#	Notes	Linked to
701	At least one living or private individual is linked to this note - Details withheld.	Anderson, Yuma Elaine (I13448)
702	aka Eochaid "Over the Sea" Allmuirr Mac Artchorp	mac Airt Cuirp, Eochaid Allmuir (I33529)
703	Alberade de Lorraine, (von Lothringen (Lorraine) von Hennegau von Hainault), Countess of Lorraine, de Roucy Also Known As: "Alberada", "Albrede", "von Lothringen", "von Hennegau", "Alberade /Hainault/" Birthdate: 930 Birthplace: Lorraine, France Death: 973 (34-51) France Place of Burial: Rheims, Champagne-Ardenne, France Immediate Family: Daughter of Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine and Gerberga of Saxony Wife of Renaud I de Rheims, Comte de Roucy and de Rheims Mother of Brunon de Roucy, Bishop of Langres; Gerberge de Roucy de Reims; Ermentrude of Roucy, countess of Mâcon and Burgundy and Giselbert de Roucy Sister of Ermintrud Countess van Henegouwen; Henry, duke of Lorraine; Gerberga of Lorraine and Hedwige Half sister of Lothair IV, roi de France; Mathilde de France, Reine Consort des Deux-Bourgognes; Charles de France; Louis de France; Henri de France; and Charles de France, duc de Basse-Lotharingie Occupation: Countess of Roucy (Alberade de Lorraine)(Aubrée Reginar)	de Lorraine, Countess Alberada (I35555)
704	Albert George Stegner, 91 Published: Sunday, December 19, 2010 6:48 PM CST Mr. Albert G. Stegner of Boonville passed away at his home Dec. 18, 2010. He was 91 years old. Visitation will be Tuesday evening from 5-7 p.m. at Markland-Yager Funeral Home in New Franklin. Funeral services will be held at 1 p.m., Wednesday, Dec. 22, 2010 at the Boonville First Baptist Church. Burial with full military honors will be at Walnut Grove Cemetery in Boonville. He was born in Cooper County, Mo. to George and Emma Carrie Louise Hagemeier Stegner on Jan. 15, 1919. On March 21, 1942, at the Four Square Parsonage, he married Marian Frances Young who survives at the family home. Mr. Stegner served his nation with honor in the U.S. Army during World War II in Europe. His unit fought with valor in the third wave of the Allied D-Day invasion of the beaches of Normandy, FRANCE. Albert was especially honored to be able to have participated in an Honor Flight to Washington D. C. to see the National World War II Memorial. Albert was a self-employed carpenter and builder for more than 40 years. He built many homes in Boonville and surrounding areas. He was especially honored to have constructed the original Santa Fe Trail Baptist Church building in Boonville and to have been construction foreman when the David Barton School was erected. He was known for his craftsmanship and integrity. Mr. Stegner had also been employed with W. J. Cochran Construction and the Missouri Training School for Boys in Boonville. He was a dedicated member of the Boonville First Baptist Church. Cherishing his memory and example of life are his wife of 68 years, Marian Frances Young Stegner; his children, Gary Dale Stegner and wife, Mary Lou of Jefferson City, George David Stegner and wife, Celeste of Bates City, Shirley Frances Stegner of Columbia; his grandchildren, Lesley Anne Fanara, Gregory George Stegner, Carrie Mae Putnam, Joshua James Sumpter and Richard Austin Tipton; and nine great-grandchildren. He was preceded in death by a brother, Morris Raymond Stegner; a sister, Gladys Mae Griesbach; and two grandchildren, David Paul Stegner and Sarah Frances Rook. Memorial contributions are suggested to Boonville First Baptist Church, American Cancer Society or Missouri River Hospice. Arrangements entrusted to Markland-Yager Funeral Home of New Franklin.	Stegner, Albert George (I16787)
705	ALBERT HENRY LEONARD Passed away suddenly at Caressant Care Nursing Home, Marmora, on Sunday, March 2, 2008.Albert (Ab, Abby) Leonard, of Marmora, in his 85th year. Husband of the late Glenna (McQuigge). Albert was the loving father of Sharon and son-in-law Garry Reid. His brother Graeme Leonard and sister-in-law Lois, Eganville, also survive him. He was born to Orville and Gladys (Kerr) Leonard on June 30, 1923 on the family farm on Tiffin Road. RR 3 Marmora. Albert began farming at an early age and continued through most of his life. He also worked on the Marmora Town Hydro and from 1960- 1988. He held the position of road superintendent for Marmora and Lake Townships and then retired to his beloved farm. His hobby was horse racing and during the 1960s and 1970s he owned and raced horses in Peterborough. Kingston. Belleville and local fairs. Albert moved to Caressant Care Nursing Home in Marmora in October 2005. Friends and relatives paid their respects at the McConnell Funeral Home, Marmora, from 2-4 & 7-9 p.m. on Tuesday. March 4. Funeral services were held in the Marmora Chapel on Wednesday. March 5 at 1p.m. Spring interment Marmora Protestant Cemetery. Donations to Heart and Stroke Foundation or Campbellford Memorial Hospital are appreciated. Community Press Eastern Edition March 20, 2008 Page 38	McQuigge, Glenna (I35208)
706	Albert J. "Jody" Gerhardt, 81, of Independence, MO passed away Thursday, Feb. 12, 2015 at Center Point Medical Center in Independence. Funeral service for Jody will be held at 10:00 A. M. on Saturday, Feb. 14th at St. John's United Church of Christ with burial immediately after, in the church cemetery. Visitation will be one hour prior to the service from 9:00 until 10:00 o'clock. Albert Joseph 'Jody' Gerhardt was born Mar. 3, 1933, the son of Herman Gerhardt and Ida Bail Gerhardt. He was a member of, baptized and confirmed, St. John's UCC. Jody graduated from Boonville High School in 1950; He farmed with his father and siblings until he was drafted into the Army, where he had the honor of being a member of the Honor Guard at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. He continued his education at CMSU and received his masters degree in counseling from University of Missouri-Kansas City. He married Iris Cannon in 1963 in Sedalia MO. Jody taught science in the Independence School system and later was a counselor in the system until his retirement in 1990. Jody was preceded in death by his parents, a brother, Bud Gerhardt, sister, Wilma Cary and by a nephew, Bill Gerhardt. He is survived by his wife, Iris, of the home, brother, Carl 'Fritzy' Gerhardt of Reno, Nevada and sisters, Katherine 'Kitty' Kenney and her husband, Forrest of Boonville and Roberta 'Birdie' Kueckelhan and her husband, Buster, of Billingsville. He is also survived by many nieces and nephews. Memorials are suggested to St. John's UCC.	Gerhardt, Albert Joseph (I13361)
707	Albert Street	McCouaig, Annie Ethel (I35336)
708	Alesia married Richard Fitzalan, the future earl of Arundel, sometime before 1285. Her marriage was arranged by the late King Henry III's widowed Queen consort, Eleanor of Provence. Alice was one of the first Italian women to marry into an English noble family. She assumed the title of Countess of Arundel in 1289. Richard had several castles, but his and Alice's principal residence was Marlborough Castle in Wiltshire. Together they had four known children: Edmund Fitzalan, John Fitzalan, a priest, Alice Fitzalan and Margaret Fitzalan. Many sources shown an alleged fifth child, Eleanor Fitzalan.	of Saluzzo, Countess Alisona (I25546)
709	Alexander Clark of Scotch descent. Specialized in breeding of registered Ayrshire cattle. Sold farm and carried on a veterinary business. Served Matilda Township Council and deputy reeve of Counties Council.	Clark, Alexander (I8998)
710	Alexander Gordon, Master of Sutherland (c.1505-1530), Scottish magnate, made Earl of Sutherland in 1527. Early life Alexander Gordon was the son of Adam Gordon of Aboyne (d.1538) and Elizabeth Sutherland, 10th Countess of Sutherland (d.1535), the daughter of John Sutherland, 8th Earl of Sutherland. Sutherland estate 19th-20th century historian Angus Mackay rejects the history written by 17th century historian Sir Robert Gordon, 1st Baronet who himself was a son of Alexander Gordon, 12th, Earl of Sutherland. Sir Robert Gordon stated that between 1517 and 1522, John Mackay, 11th of Strathnaver led six warlike expeditions of his clansmen into Sutherland in which the Mackays were defeated in every one of them.[1] According to Sir Robert Gordon, one of these battles was the Battle of Torran Dubh, in which Elizabeth, Countess of Sutherland had persuaded her half brother, Alexander Sutherland, to resist John Mackay, whose sister Alexander Sutherland later married.[1] However, both historians Angus Mackay and Sir William Fraser show that it can be proved that Alexander Sutherland was in prison in 1517 when the Battle of Torran Dubh is supposed to have taken place.[2] Angus Mackay says that the Battle of Torran Dubh was actually fought by the Clan Mackay against the Murrays, Clan Ross and Clan Gunn, and not against the family of Sutherland.[3] According to historian Angus Mackay a few months after the battle another skirmish took place upon the borders of Ross in the parish of Rogart in which on one side William Mackay, chieftain of the Mackay of Aberach branch of clan was killed as was his brother Donald, and on the other side was killed John Murray of Aberscross.[1] Shortly after this the Mackays burned the town of Pitfure in Strathfleet, Rogart.[1] However, this was immediately followed by a bond of friendship between the Mackays and Adam Gordon, Earl of Sutherland dated 16 August 1518, in which Mackay renewed the bond that his father had made with the Gordon Earl of Sutherland before him.[1] Angus Mackay states that historian Sir Robert Gordon incorrectly refers to these skirmishes as "defeats" for the Mackays, and that Gordon also fails to mention that the Mackays rounded the year off by securing a title to the lands in the said parish of Rogart as confirmed by the Reay Papers.[1] Angus Mackay also disputes Sir Robert Gordon's account that in 1522, Sir Alexander Gordon, Master of Sutherland overthrew John Mackay of Strathnaver at Lairg and that Mackay then submitted himself to Gordon, the Earl of Sutherland.[1] Angus Mackay explains that Earl Adam, resigning the earldom into his son Alexander's hands was simply renewing the bond of friendship that he had made with Mackay in 1518 this time with his son Alexander.[1] William Sutherland, 6th of Duffus, as the new Laird of Skelbo and having entered into a fresh acquisition of territory gave a bond of manrent to Alexander Gordon, Master of Sutherland on September 4, 1529 which acknowledged that the Master of Sutherland had received him as a tenant and vassal in the lands. A breach of the bond of service and manrent would incur a fine of £1500 Scots, £500 of which would have to be paid to Dornoch Cathedral, £500 to the Master of Sutherland and £500 to the King.[4] Perhaps in connection with Alexander's marriage to Janet Stewart, daughter of John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Atholl, his parents resigned the Earldom of Sutherland to Alexander in November 1527, and a crown charter to this effect was issued in December. Alexander, now Earl of Sutherland lived at Dunrobin Castle, and died there on 13 January 1530.[5] Master's charter Alexander's royal charter of the earldom, dated 1 December 1527 describes his parents as the Earl of Countess of Sutherland. They resigned to him the earldom of Sutherland and its lands, Dunrobin with all its tenants and outliers, mills, sea and freshwater fishing, patronage of the church and chapel there, with some reservations to Adam and Elizabeth in their lifetimes. As Alexander pre-deceased his parents, he did not profit from the earldom in full.[6] Family With Janet Stewart, Alexander had children: John Gordon, 11th Earl of Sutherland Alexander Gordon (of Kintessock), (d.1552) William Gordon Janet Gordon, married Patrick Dunbar of Westfield and Cumnock Beatrice Gordon, married William Sinclair of Dunbeath. References Robert Gordon of Gordonstoun, A Genealogical History of the Earldom of Sutherland, from Its Origin to the Year 1630; with a Continuation to the Year 1651, Edinburgh (1813) Mackay, Angus (1906). The Book of Mackay. pp. 77–85. Mackay, Angus. (1906). The Book of Mackay. p. 82. Quoting: Fraser, Sir William, The Sutherland Book. Mackay, Angus. (1906). The Book of Mackay. pp. 82 – 83. Quoting: the MS Account of the Gunns. Paul, James Balfour (1906). The Scots Peerage; Founded on Wood's Edition of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; Containing an Historical and Genealogical Account of the Nobility of that Kingdom. Vol. III. Edinburgh: David Douglas. pp. 197-198. Retrieved 28 August 2021. Fraser, William, ed., Sutherland Book, vol.1 (1892), pp.90-98 Register of the Great Seal of Scotland, 1513-1546, (1883), p.116 no.520	Gordon, Alexander (I31016)
711	Alfred Hempfel	Source (S1525)
712	Alfred T. Roedell, prominent local musician, died at his home, 2665 White street, Friday evening at 9:45 o'clock following a lingering illness. The funeral services will be held at the home Monday afternoon at 3:30 o'clock. Interment will be made in Linwood cemetery and the services at the grave will be private. Mr. Roedell was born in Dubuque July 18, 1880, and had spent his lifetime in this city. He was prominent in musical circles here for many years and was the organizer and director of the Roedell orchestra, which was one of the best known musical organization here years ago. He was married to Miss Minna Schuelter. To this union was born two sons. His widow and one son, Robert Russell at home, survive. One sister and three brothers also survive; Mrs. Alex Duccini; F.G., R.C. and R.P. Roedell, all of Dubuque. He was a member of the Court of Honor, Lodge No. 82; Woodman of the World, Columbia camp, No. 78, and A. F. of M. No. 289. One son and his parents preceded him in death.	Roedell, Alfred Theodore (I2964)
713	Alfred the Great King of Wessex Reign 23 April 871 – 26 October 899 Predecessor Æthelred Successor Edward the Elder Born 849 Wantage, then in Berkshire, now Oxfordshire Died 26 October 899 (around 50) Winchester Burial c. 1100 Hyde Abbey, Winchester, Hampshire, now lost Spouse Ealhswith Issue Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians Edward, King of Wessex Æthelgifu, abbess of Shaftesbury Æthelweard of Wessex Ælfthryth, Countess of Flanders Full name Ælfred of Wessex House Wessex Father Æthelwulf, King of Wessex Mother Osburh Alfred the Great From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Alfred the Great (Old English: Ælfrēd[a], Ælfrǣd[b], "elf counsel" or "wise elf"; 849 – 26 October 899) was King of Wessex from 871 to 899. Alfred successfully defended his kingdom against the Viking attempt at conquest, and by the time of his death had become the dominant ruler in England.[1] He is one of only two English monarchs to be given the epithet "the Great", the other being the Scandinavian Cnut the Great. He was also the first King of the West Saxons to style himself "King of the Anglo-Saxons". Details of Alfred's life are described in a work by the 10th-century Welsh scholar and bishop Asser. Alfred had a reputation as a learned and merciful man of a gracious and level-headed nature who encouraged education, proposing that primary education be taught in English, and improved his kingdom's legal system, military structure and his people's quality of life. In 2002 Alfred was ranked number 14 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. Childhood Alfred was born in the village of Wanating, now Wantage, historically in Berkshire but now in Oxfordshire. He was the youngest son of King Æthelwulf of Wessex by his first wife, Osburh.[c] In 853, at the age of four, Alfred is reported by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to have been sent to Rome where he was confirmed by Pope Leo IV, who "anointed him as king".[3] Victorian writers later interpreted this as an anticipatory coronation in preparation for his eventual succession to the throne of Wessex. This is unlikely; his succession could not have been foreseen at the time as Alfred had three living elder brothers. A letter of Leo IV shows that Alfred was made a "consul"; a misinterpretation of this investiture, deliberate or accidental, could explain later confusion.[4] It may also be based on Alfred's later having accompanied his father on a pilgrimage to Rome where he spent some time at the court of Charles the Bald, King of the Franks, around 854–855. On their return from Rome in 856 Æthelwulf was deposed by his son Æthelbald. With civil war looming the magnates of the realm met in council to hammer out a compromise. Æthelbald would retain the western shires (i.e. historical Wessex), and Æthelwulf would rule in the east. When King Æthelwulf died in 858 Wessex was ruled by three of Alfred's brothers in succession: Æthelbald, Æthelberht and Æthelred.[5] Bishop Asser tells the story of how as a child Alfred won as a prize a book of Saxon poems, offered by his mother to the first of her children able to memorize it.[6] Legend also has it that the young Alfred spent time in Ireland seeking healing. Alfred was troubled by health problems throughout his life. It is thought that he may have suffered from Crohn's disease.[7] Statues of Alfred in Winchester and Wantage portray him as a great warrior. Evidence suggests he was not physically strong and, though not lacking in courage, he was noted more for his intellect than as a warlike character.[8] Reigns of Alfred's brothers During the short reigns of the older two of his three elder brothers, Æthelbald of Wessex and Æthelberht of Wessex, Alfred is not mentioned. An army of Danes which the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle described as the Great Heathen Army had landed in East Anglia with the intent of conquering the four kingdoms that constituted Anglo-Saxon England in 865.[9] It was with the backdrop of a rampaging Viking army that Alfred's public life began with the accession of his third brother, the 18 year old King Æthelred of Wessex, in 865 when Alfred was 16. During this period Bishop Asser applied to Alfred the unique title of "secundarius", which may indicate a position akin to that of the Celtic "tanist", a recognised successor closely associated with the reigning monarch. This arrangement may have been sanctioned by Alfred's father, or by the Witan, to guard against the danger of a disputed succession should Æthelred fall in battle. The arrangement of crowning a successor as royal prince and military commander is well known among other Germanic tribes, such as the Swedes and Franks, to whom the Anglo-Saxons were closely related. Fighting the Viking invasion A map of the route taken by the Viking Great Heathen Army that arrived in England from Denmark, Norway and southern Sweden in 865. In 868 Alfred is recorded as fighting beside Æthelred in an unsuccessful attempt to keep the Great Heathen Army, led by Ivar the Boneless, out of the adjoining Kingdom of Mercia.[10] At the end of 870 the Danes arrived in his homeland. The year which followed has been called "Alfred's year of battles". Nine engagements were fought with varying outcomes, though the places and dates of two of these battles have not been recorded. In Berkshire a successful skirmish at the Battle of Englefield on 31 December 870 was followed by a severe defeat at the siege and Battle of Reading by Ivar's brother Halfdan Ragnarsson on 5 January 871. Four days later the Anglo-Saxons won a brilliant victory at the Battle of Ashdown on the Berkshire Downs, possibly near Compton or Aldworth. Alfred is particularly credited with the success of this last battle.[11] Later that month, on 22 January, the Saxons were defeated at the Battle of Basing. They were defeated again on 22 March at the Battle of Merton (perhaps Marden in Wiltshire or Martin in Dorset).[11] Æthelred died shortly afterwards on 23 April. King at war Early struggles, defeat and flight In April 871 King Æthelred died and Alfred succeeded to the throne of Wessex and the burden of its defence, even though Æthelred left two under-age sons, Æthelhelm and Æthelwold. This was in accordance with the agreement that Æthelred and Alfred had made earlier that year in an assembly at "Swinbeorg". The brothers had agreed that whichever of them outlived the other would inherit the personal property that King Æthelwulf had left jointly to his sons in his will. The deceased's sons would receive only whatever property and riches their father had settled upon them, and whatever additional lands their uncle had acquired. The unstated premise was that the surviving brother would be king. Given the ongoing Danish invasion, and the youth of his nephews, Alfred's accession probably went uncontested. While he was busy with the burial ceremonies for his brother, the Danes defeated the Saxon army in his absence at an unnamed spot, and then again in his presence at Wilton in May.[11] The defeat at Wilton smashed any remaining hope that Alfred could drive the invaders from his kingdom. He was forced instead to make peace with them, according to sources that do not tell what the terms of the peace were. Bishop Asser claimed that the pagans agreed to vacate the realm and made good their promise.[12] Indeed, the Viking army did withdraw from Reading in the autumn of 871 to take up winter quarters in Mercian London. Although not mentioned by Asser, or by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Alfred probably also paid the Vikings cash to leave, much as the Mercians were to do in the following year.[12] Hoards dating to the Viking occupation of London in 871/2 have been excavated at Croydon, Gravesend, and Waterloo Bridge. These finds hint at the cost involved in making peace with the Vikings. For the next five years the Danes occupied other parts of England.[13] In 876 under their new leader, Guthrum, the Danes slipped past the Saxon army and attacked and occupied Wareham in Dorset. Alfred blockaded them but was unable to take Wareham by assault.[11] Accordingly he negotiated a peace which involved an exchange of hostages and oaths, which the Danes swore on a "holy ring"[14] associated with the worship of Thor.[15] The Danes broke their word and, after killing all the hostages, slipped away under cover of night to Exeter in Devon.[16] A Victorian portrayal of the 12th-century legend of Alfred burning the cakes King Alfred's Tower (1772) on the supposed site of "Egbert's Stone", the mustering place before the Battle of Edington.[d] Alfred blockaded the Viking ships in Devon and, with a relief fleet having been scattered by a storm, the Danes were forced to submit. The Danes withdrew to Mercia. In January 878 the Danes made a sudden attack on Chippenham, a royal stronghold in which Alfred had been staying over Christmas, "and most of the people they killed, except the King Alfred, and he with a little band made his way by wood and swamp, and after Easter he made a fort at Athelney in the marshes of Somerset, and from that fort kept fighting against the foe."[17] From his fort at Athelney, an island in the marshes near North Petherton, Alfred was able to mount an effective resistance movement, rallying the local militias from Somerset, Wiltshire and Hampshire.[11] A legend, originating from 12th century chronicles,[2] tells how when he first fled to the Somerset Levels, Alfred was given shelter by a peasant woman who, unaware of his identity, left him to watch some wheaten cakes she had left cooking on the fire. Preoccupied with the problems of his kingdom Alfred accidentally let the cakes burn and was roundly scolded by the woman upon her return. 878 was the low-water mark in the history of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. With all the other kingdoms having fallen to the Vikings Wessex alone was still resisting.[18] Counter-attack and victory In the seventh week after Easter (4–10 May 878), around Whitsuntide, Alfred rode to Egbert's Stone east of Selwood where he was met by "all the people of Somerset and of Wiltshire and of that part of Hampshire which is on this side of the sea (that is, west of Southampton Water), and they rejoiced to see him".[17] Alfred's emergence from his marshland stronghold was part of a carefully planned offensive that entailed raising the fyrds of three shires. This meant not only that the king had retained the loyalty of ealdormen, royal reeves and king's thegns, who were charged with levying and leading these forces, but that they had maintained their positions of authority in these localities well enough to answer his summons to war. Alfred's actions also suggest a system of scouts and messengers.[19] Alfred won a decisive victory in the ensuing Battle of Edington which may have been fought near Westbury, Wiltshire.[11] He then pursued the Danes to their stronghold at Chippenham and starved them into submission. One of the terms of the surrender was that Guthrum convert to Christianity. Three weeks later the Danish king and 29 of his chief men were baptised at Alfred's court at Aller, near Athelney, with Alfred receiving Guthrum as his spiritual son.[11] According to Asser: The unbinding of the Chrisom [e] took place with great ceremony eight days later at the royal estate at Wedmore[21] While at Wedmore Alfred and Guthrum negotiated what some historians have called the Treaty of Wedmore, but it was to be some years after the cessation of hostilities that a formal treaty was signed.[22] Under the terms of the so-called Treaty of Wedmore the converted Guthrum was required to leave Wessex and return to East Anglia. Consequently in 879 the Viking army left Chippenham and made its way to Cirencester. [21] The formal A coin of Alfred, king of Wessex, London, 880 (based upon a Roman model). Obv: King with royal band in profile, with legend: ÆLFRED REX "King Ælfred" Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum, preserved in Old English in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (Manuscript 383), and in a Latin compilation known as "Quadripartitus", was negotiated later, perhaps in 879 or 880, when King Ceolwulf II of Mercia was deposed.[23] That treaty divided up the kingdom of Mercia. By its terms the boundary between Alfred's and Guthrum's kingdoms was to run up the River Thames to the River Lea, follow the Lea to its source (near Luton), from there extend in a straight line to Bedford, and from Bedford follow the River Ouse to Watling Street.[24] In other words, Alfred succeeded to Ceolwulf's kingdom consisting of western Mercia, and Guthrum incorporated the eastern part of Mercia into an enlarged kingdom of East Anglia (henceforward known as the Danelaw). By terms of the treaty, moreover, Alfred was to have control over the Mercian city of London and its mints—at least for the time being.[25] The disposition of Essex, held by West Saxon kings since the days of Egbert, is unclear from the treaty though, given Alfred's political and military superiority, it would have been surprising if he had conceded any disputed territory to his new godson. Quiet years, restoration of Lond on (880s) With the signing of the Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum, an event most commonly held to have taken place around 880 when Guthrum's people began settling East Anglia, Guthrum was neutralised as a threat.[26] The Viking army, which had stayed at Fulham during the winter of 878-879, sailed for Ghent and was active on the continent from 879-892.[27][28] Alfred was still forced to contend with a number of Danish threats. A year later, in 881, Alfred fought a small sea battle against four Danish ships "on the high seas",[27] Two of the ships were destroyed and the others surrendered to Alfred's forces.[29] Similar small skirmishes with independent Viking raiders would have occurred for much of the period, as they had for decades. In 883—though there is some debate over the year—King Alfred, because of his support and his donation of alms to Rome, received a number of gifts from Pope Marinus.[30] Among these gifts was reputed to be a piece of the true cross, a great treasure for the devout Saxon king. According to Asser, because of Pope Marinus' friendship with King Alfred, the pope granted an exemption to any Anglo-Saxons residing within Rome from tax or tribute.[31] After the signing of the treaty with Guthrum, Alfred was spared any large-scale conflicts for some time. Despite this relative peace the king was still forced to deal with a number of Danish raids and incursions. Among these was a raid in Kent, an allied kingdom in South East England, during the year 885, which was quite possibly the largest raid since the battles with Guthrum. Asser's account of the raid places the Danish raiders at the Saxon city of Rochester[27] where they built a temporary fortress in order to besiege the city. In response to this incursion Alfred led an Anglo-Saxon force against the Danes who, instead of engaging the army of Wessex, fled to their beached ships and sailed to another part of Britain. The retreating Danish force supposedly left Britain the following summer.[32] Not long after the failed Danish raid in Kent, Alfred dispatched his fleet to East Anglia. The purpose of this expedition is debated, though Asser claims that it was for the sake of plunder.[32] After travelling up the River Stour the fleet was met by Danish vessels that numbered 13 or 16 (sources vary on the number) and a battle ensued.[32] The Anglo-Saxon fleet emerged victorious and, as Huntingdon accounts, "laden with spoils".[33] A plaque in the City of London noting the restoration of the Roman walled city by Alfred. Map of Britain in 886 The victorious fleet was then caught unawares when attempting to leave the River Stour and was attacked by a Danish force at the mouth of the river. The Danish fleet defeated Alfred's fleet, which may have been weakened in the previous engagement.[34] A year later, in 886, Alfred reoccupied the city of London and set out to make it habitable again.[35] Alfred entrusted the city to the care of his son-in-law Æthelred, ealdorman of Mercia. The restoration of London progressed through the latter half of the 880s and is believed to have revolved around: a new street plan; added fortifications in addition to the existing Roman walls; and, some believe, the construction of matching fortifications on the south bank of the River Thames.[36] This is also the period in which almost all chroniclers agree that the Saxon people of pre-unification England submitted to Alfred.[37] This was not, however, the point at which Alfred came to be known as King of England; in fact he would never adopt the title for himself. Between the restoration of London and the resumption of large-scale Danish attacks in the early 890s, Alfred's reign was rather uneventful. The relative peace of the late 880s was marred by the death of Alfred's sister, Æthelswith, en route to Rome in 888.[38] In the same year the Archbishop of Canterbury, Æthelred, also died. One year later Guthrum, or Athelstan by his baptismal name, Alfred's former enemy and king of East Anglia, died and was buried in Hadleigh, Suffolk.[39] Guthrum's passing changed the political landscape for Alfred. The resulting power vacuum stirred up other power–hungry warlords eager to take his place in the following years. The quiet years of Alfred's life were coming to a close and war was on the horizon.[40] Further Viking attacks repelled (890s) After another lull, in the autumn of 892 or 893, the Danes attacked again. Finding their position in mainland Europe precarious, they crossed to England in 330 ships in two divisions. They entrenched themselves, the larger body, at Appledore, Kent, and the lesser under Hastein, at Milton, also in Kent. The invaders brought their wives and children with them indicating a meaningful attempt at conquest and colonisation. Alfred, in 893 or 894, took up a position from which he could observe both forces.[41] While he was in talks with Hastein the Danes at Appledore broke out and struck northwestwards. They were overtaken by Alfred's eldest son, Edward, and were defeated in a general engagement at Farnham in Surrey. They took refuge on an island at Thorney, on the River Colne between Buckinghamshire and Middlesex, where they were blockaded and forced to give hostages and promise to leave Wessex.[42][41] They then went to Essex and, after suffering another defeat at Benfleet, joined with Hastein's force at Shoebury.[42] Alfred had been on his way to relieve his son at Thorney when he heard that the Northumbrian and East Anglian Danes were besieging Exeter and an unnamed stronghold on the North Devon shore. Alfred at once hurried westward and raised the Siege of Exeter. The fate of the other place is not recorded.[43] Meanwhile the force under Hastein set out to march up the Thames Valley, possibly with the idea of assisting their friends in the west. They were met by a large force under the three great ealdormen of Mercia, Wiltshire and Somerset and, forced to head off to the northwest, being finally overtaken and blockaded at Buttington. (Some identify this with Buttington Tump at the mouth of the River Wye, others with Buttington near Alfred the Great silver offering penny, 871–899. Legend: AELFRED REX SAXONUM "Ælfred King of the Saxons". Welshpool.) An attempt to break through the English lines was defeated. Those who escaped retreated to Shoebury. After collecting reinforcements, they made a sudden dash across England and occupied the ruined Roman walls of Chester. The English did not attempt a winter blockade but contented themselves with destroying all the supplies in the district.[43] Early in 894 or 895 lack of food obliged the Danes to retire once more to Essex. At the end of the year the Danes drew their ships up the River Thames and the River Lea and fortified themselves twenty miles (32 km) north of London. A direct attack on the Danish lines failed but, later in the year, Alfred saw a means of obstructing the river so as to prevent the egress of the Danish ships. The Danes realised that they were outmanoeuvred. They struck off north-westwards and wintered at Cwatbridge near Bridgnorth. The next year, 896 (or 897), they gave up the struggle. Some retired to Northumbria, some to East Anglia. Those who had no connections in England withdrew back to the continent.[43] Military reorganisation The Germanic tribes who invaded Britain in the fifth and sixth centuries relied upon the unarmoured infantry supplied by their tribal levy, or fyrd, and it was upon this system that the military power of the several kingdoms of early Anglo-Saxon England depended.[44] The fyrd was a local militia in the Anglo-Saxon shire in which all freemen had to serve; those who refused military service were subject to fines or loss of their land.[45] According to the law code of King Ine of Wessex, issued in about 694: If a nobleman who holds land neglects military service, he shall pay 120 shillings and forfeit his land; a nobleman who holds no land shall pay 60 shillings; a commoner shall pay a fine of 30 shillings for neglecting military service.[46] Wessex's history of failures preceding his success in 878 emphasised to Alfred that the traditional system of battle he had inherited played to the Danes' advantage. While both the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes attacked settlements to seize wealth and other resources, they employed very different strategies. In their raids the Anglo-Saxons traditionally preferred to attack head-on by assembling their forces in a shield wall, advancing against their target and overcoming the oncoming wall marshaled against them in defence.[47] In contrast the Danes preferred to choose easy targets, mapping cautious forays designed to avoid risking all their accumulated plunder with high-stake attacks for more. Alfred determined their strategy was to launch smaller scaled attacks from a secure and reinforced defensible base to which they could retreat should their raiders meet strong resistance.[47] These bases were prepared in advance, often by capturing an estate and augmenting its defences with surrounding ditches, ramparts and palisades. Once inside the fortification, Alfred realised, the Danes enjoyed the advantage, better situated to outlast their opponents or crush them with a counter-attack as the provisions and stamina of the besieging forces waned.[47] The means by which the Anglo-Saxons marshaled forces to defend against marauders also left them vulnerable to the Vikings. It was the responsibility of the shire fyrd to deal with local raids. The king could call up the national militia to defend the kingdom but, in the case of the Viking hit-and-run raids, problems with communication, and raising supplies meant that the national militia could not be mustered quickly enough. It was only after the raids were underway that a call went out to landowners to gather their men for battle. Large A map of burhs named in the Burghal Hidage. regions could be devastated before the fyrd could assemble and arrive. And although the landowners were obliged to the king to supply these men when called, during the attacks in 878 many of them opportunistically abandoned their king and collaborated with Guthrum.[48][49] With these lessons in mind Alfred capitalised on the relatively peaceful years immediately following his victory at Edington by focusing on an ambitious restructuring of his kingdom's military defences. On a trip to Rome Alfred had stayed with Charles the Bald and it is possible that he may have studied how the Carolingian kings had dealt with the Viking problem. Learning from their experiences he was able to put together a system of taxation and defence for his own kingdom. Also there had been a system of fortifications in pre-Viking Mercia that may have been an influence. So when the Viking raids resumed in 892 Alfred was better prepared to confront them with a standing, mobile field army, a network of garrisons, and a small fleet of ships navigating the rivers and estuaries.[50][51][52] Administration and taxation Tenants in Anglo-Saxon England had a threefold obligation based on their landholding: the so-called "common burdens" of military service, fortress work, and bridge repair. This threefold obligation has traditionally been called "trinoda neccessitas" or "trimoda neccessitas".[53] The Old English name for the fine due for neglecting military service was "fierdwite" or "fyrdwitee".[46] To maintain the burhs, and to reorganise the fyrd as a standing army, Alfred expanded the tax and conscription system based on the productivity of a tenant's landholding. The "hide" was the basic unit of the system on which the tenant's public obligations were assessed. A "hide" is thought to represent the amount of land required to support one family. The "hide" would differ in size according to the value and resources of the land, and the landowner would have to provide service based on how many "hides" he owned.[53][54] Burghal system At the centre of Alfred's reformed military defence system was the network of burhs, distributed at strategic points throughout the kingdom.[55] There were thirty-three in total, spaced approximately 30 kilometres (19 miles) apart, enabling the military to confront attacks anywhere in the kingdom within a single day.[56][57] Alfred's burhs (later termed boroughs) ranged from former Roman towns, such as Winchester, where the stone walls were repaired and ditches added, to massive earthen walls surrounded by wide ditches, probably reinforced with wooden revetments and palisades, such as at Burpham, Sussex.[58][59] The size of the burhs ranged from tiny outposts such as Pilton to large fortifications in established towns, the largest being at Winchester.[60] A contemporary document now known as the Burghal Hidage provides an insight into how the system worked. It lists the "hidage" for each of the fortified towns contained in the document. For example, Wallingford had a "hidage" of 2400, which meant that the landowners there were responsible for supplying and feeding 2,400 men, the number sufficient for maintaining 9,900 feet (3.0 kilometres) of wall.[61] A total of 27,071 soldiers were needed system-wide, or approximately one in four of all the free men in Wessex.[62] Many of the burhs were twin towns that straddled a river and were connected by a fortified bridge, like those built by Charles the Bald a generation before.[51] The double-burh blocked passage on the river, forcing Viking ships to navigate under a garrisoned bridge lined with men armed with stones, spears, or arrows. Other burhs were sited near fortified royal villas, allowing the king better control over his strongholds.[63] The burhs were also interconnected by a road system maintained for army use (known as "herepaths"). These roads would allow an army to be quickly assembled, sometimes from more than one burh, to confront the Viking invader.[64] This network posed significant obstacles to Viking invaders, especially those laden with booty. The system threatened Viking routes and communications making it far more dangerous for the Viking raiders. The Vikings lacked both the equipment necessary to undertake a siege against a burh and a developed doctrine of siegecraft, having tailored their methods of fighting to rapid strikes and unimpeded retreats to well-defended fortifications. The only means left to them was to starve the burh into submission, but this gave the king time to send his mobile field army or garrisons from neighbouring burhs along the well-maintained army roads. In such cases the Vikings were extremely vulnerable to pursuit by the king's joint military forces.[65] Alfred's burh system posed such a formidable challenge against Viking attack that when the Vikings returned in 892, and successfully stormed a half-made, poorly garrisoned fortress up the Lympne estuary in Kent, the Anglo-Saxons were able to limit their penetration to the outer frontiers of Wessex and Mercia.[66] Alfred's burghal system was revolutionary in its strategic conception and potentially expensive in its execution. His contemporary biographer Asser wrote that many nobles balked at the new demands placed upon them even though they were for "the common needs of the kingdom".[67][68] English navy Alfred also tried his hand at naval design. In 896[69] he ordered the construction of a small fleet, perhaps a dozen or so longships that, at 60 oars, were twice the size of Viking warships. This was not, as the Victorians asserted, the birth of the English Navy. Wessex had possessed a royal fleet before this. King Athelstan of Kent and Ealdorman Ealhhere had defeated a Viking fleet in 851 capturing nine ships,[70] and Alfred himself had conducted naval actions in 882.[71] But, clearly, the author of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and probably Alfred himself regarded 897 as marking an important development in the naval power of Wessex. The chronicler flattered his royal patron by boasting that Alfred's ships were not only larger, but swifter, steadier and rode higher in the water than either Danish or Frisian ships. It is probable that, under the classical tutelage of Asser, Alfred utilised the design of Greek and Roman warships, with high sides, designed for fighting rather than for navigation.[72] Alfred had seapower in mind—if he could intercept raiding fleets before they landed, he could spare his kingdom from being ravaged. Alfred's ships may have been superior in conception. In practice they proved to be too large to manoeuvre well in the close waters of estuaries and rivers, the only places in which a naval battle could occur.[73] The warships of the time were not designed to be ship killers but rather troop carriers. It has been suggested that, like sea battles in late Viking age Scandinavia, these battles may have entailed a ship coming alongside an enemy vessel, lashing the two ships together and then boarding the enemy craft. The result was effectively a land battle involving hand-to-hand fighting on board the two lashed vessels.[74] In the one recorded naval engagement in 896[75][69] Alfred's new fleet of nine ships intercepted six Viking ships in the mouth of an unidentified river along the south of England. The Danes had beached half their ships and gone inland, either to rest their rowers or to forage for food. Alfred's ships immediately moved to block their escape to the sea. The three Viking ships afloat attempted to break through the English lines. Only one made it; Alfred's ships intercepted the other two.[69] Lashing the Viking boats to their own the English crew boarded the enemy's vessels and proceeded to kill everyone on board. The one ship that escaped managed to do so only because all of Alfred's heavy ships became grounded when the tide went out.[74] What ensued was a land battle between the crews of the grounded ships. The Danes, heavily outnumbered, would have been wiped out if the tide had not risen. When that occurred the Danes rushed back to their boats which, being lighter with shallower drafts, were freed before A silver coin of Alfred. Alfred's ships. Helplessly the English watched as the Vikings rowed past them.[74] The pirates had suffered so many casualties (120 Danes dead against 62 Frisians and English) that they had difficulty putting out to sea. All were too damaged to row around Sussex and two were driven against the Sussex coast (possibly at Selsey Bill).[69][74] The shipwrecked sailors were brought before Alfred at Winchester and hanged.[69] Legal reform In the late 880s or early 890s Alfred issued a long domboc or law code consisting of his "own" laws, followed by a code issued by his late seventh-century predecessor King Ine of Wessex.[76] Together these laws are arranged into 120 chapters. In his introduction Alfred explains that he gathered together the laws he found in many "synod-books" and "ordered to be written many of the ones that our forefathers observed— those that pleased me; and many of the ones that did not please me, I rejected with the advice of my councillors, and commanded them to be observed in a different way".[77] Alfred singled out in particular the laws that he "found in the days of Ine, my kinsman, or Offa, king of the Mercians, or King Æthelberht of Kent who first among the English people received baptism". He appended, rather than integrated, the laws of Ine into his code and, although he included, as had Æthelbert, a scale of payments in compensation for injuries to various body parts the two injury tariffs are not aligned. Offa is not known to have issued a law code leading historian Patrick Wormald to speculate that Alfred had in mind the legatine capitulary of 786 that was presented to Offa by two papal legates.[78] About a fifth of the law code is taken up by Alfred's introduction which includes translations into English of the Ten Commandments, a few chapters from the Book of Exodus, and the "Apostolic Letter" from the Acts of the Apostles (15:23–29). The Introduction may best be understood as Alfred's meditation upon the meaning of Christian law.[79] It traces the continuity between God's gift of law to Moses to Alfred's own issuance of law to the West Saxon people. By doing so,it linked the holy past to the historical present and represented Alfred's law-giving as a type of divine legislation.[80] Similarly Alfred divided his code into 120 chapters because 120 was the age at which Moses died and, in the number-symbolism of early medieval biblical exegetes, 120 stood for law.[81] The link between the Mosaic Law and Alfred's code is the "Apostolic Letter" which explained that Christ "had come not to shatter or annul the commandments but to fulfill them; and he taught mercy and meekness". (Intro, 49.1) The mercy that Christ infused into Mosaic Law underlies the injury tariffs that figure so prominently in barbarian law codes since Christian synods "established, through that mercy which Christ taught, that for almost every misdeed at the first offence secular lords might with their permission receive without sin the monetary compensation which they then fixed".[82] The only crime that could not be compensated with a payment of money was treachery to a lord "since Almighty God adjudged none for those who despised Him, nor did Christ, the Son of God, adjudge any for the one who betrayed Him to death; and He commanded everyone to love his lord as Himself".[82] Alfred's transformation of Christ's commandment, from "Love your neighbour as yourself" (Matt. 22:39–40) to love your secular lord as you would love the Lord Christ himself, underscores the importance that Alfred placed upon lordship which he understood as a sacred bond instituted by God for the governance of man.[83] When one turns from the domboc's introduction to the laws themselves it is difficult to uncover any logical arrangement. The impression one receives is of a hodgepodge of miscellaneous laws. The law code, as it has been preserved, is singularly unsuitable for use in lawsuits. In fact several of Alfred's laws contradicted the laws of Ine that form an integral part of the code. Patrick Wormald's explanation is that Alfred's law code should be understood not as a legal manual but as an ideological manifesto of kingship "designed more for symbolic impact than for practical direction".[84] In practical terms the most important law in the code may well have been the very first: "We enjoin, what is most necessary, that each man keep carefully his oath and his pledge" which expresses a fundamental tenet of Anglo-Saxon law.[85] Alfred devoted considerable attention and thought to judicial matters. Asser underscores his concern for judicial fairness. Alfred, according to Asser, insisted upon reviewing contested judgments made by his ealdormen and reeves and "would carefully look into nearly all the judgements which were passed [issued] in his absence anywhere in the realm to see whether they were just or unjust".[86] A charter from the reign of his son Edward the Elder depicts Alfred as hearing one such appeal in his chamber while washing his hands.[87] Asser represents Alfred as a Solomonic judge, painstaking in his own judicial investigations and critical of royal officials who rendered unjust or unwise judgments. Although Asser never mentions Alfred's law code he does say that Alfred insisted that his judges be literate so that they could apply themselves "to the pursuit of wisdom". The failure to comply with this royal order was to be punished by loss of office.[88] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, commissioned at the time of Alfred, was probably written to promote unification of England,[89] whereas Asser's The Life of King Alfred promoted Alfred's achievements and personal qualities. It was possible that the document was designed this way so that it could be disseminated in Wales, as Alfred had recently acquired overlordship of that country.[89] Foreign relations Asser speaks grandiosely of Alfred's relations with foreign powers but little definite information is available.[43] His interest in foreign countries is shown by the insertions which he made in his translation of Orosius. He corresponded with Elias III, the Patriarch of Jerusalem,[43] and embassies to Rome conveying the English alms to the Pope were fairly frequent.[51][f] Around 890 Wulfstan of Hedeby undertook a journey from Hedeby on Jutland along the Baltic Sea to the Prussian trading town of Truso. Alfred personally collected details of this trip.[90] Alfred's relations with the Celtic princes in the western half of Britain are clearer. Comparatively early in his reign, according to Asser, the southern Welsh princes, owing to the pressure on them from North Wales and Mercia, commended themselves to Alfred. Later in his reign the North Welsh followed their example and the latter cooperated with the English in the campaign of 893 (or 894). That Alfred sent alms to Irish and Continental monasteries may be taken on Asser's authority. The visit of the three pilgrim "Scots" (i.e. Irish) to Alfred in 891 is undoubtedly authentic. The story that he himself in his childhood was sent to Ireland to be healed by Saint Modwenna, though mythical, may show Alfred's interest in that island.[43] Religion and culture In the 880s, at the same time that he was "cajoling and threatening" his nobles to build and man the burhs, Alfred, perhaps inspired by the example of Charlemagne almost a century before, undertook an equally ambitious effort to revive learning.[43] During this time period the Viking raids were often seen as a divine punishment and Alfred may have wished to revive religious awe in order to appease God's wrath.[91] This revival entailed the recruitment of clerical scholars from Mercia, Wales and abroad to enhance the tenor of the court and of the episcopacy; the establishment of a court school to educate his own children, the sons of his nobles, and intellectually promising boys of lesser birth; an attempt to require literacy in those who held offices of authority; a series of translations into the vernacular of Latin works the king deemed "most necessary for all men to know";[92] the compilation of a chronicle detailing the rise of Alfred's kingdom and house, with a genealogy that stretched back to Adam, thus giving the West Saxon kings a biblical ancestry.[93] King Alfred the Great pictured in a stained glass window in the West Window of the South Transept of Bristol Cathedral. Very little is known of the church under Alfred. The Danish attacks had been particularly damaging to the monasteries. Although Alfred founded monasteries at Athelney and Shaftesbury, these were the first new monastic houses in Wessex since the beginning of the eighth century.[94] According to Asser, Alfred enticed foreign monks to England for his monastery at Athelney as there was little interest for the locals to take up the monastic life.[95] Alfred undertook no systematic reform of ecclesiastical institutions or religious practices in Wessex. For him the key to the kingdom's spiritual revival was to appoint pious, learned, and trustworthy bishops and abbots. As king he saw himself as responsible for both the temporal and spiritual welfare of his subjects. Secular and spiritual authority were not distinct categories for Alfred.[96][97] He was equally comfortable distributing his translation of Gregory the Great's Pastoral Care to his bishops so that they might better train and supervise priests and using those same bishops as royal officials and judges. Nor did his piety prevent him from expropriating strategically sited church lands, especially estates along the border with the Danelaw, and transferring them to royal thegns and officials who could better defend them against Viking attacks.[97][98] Impact of Danish raids on education The Danish raids had a devastating effect on learning in England. Alfred lamented in the preface to his translation of Gregory's Pastoral Care that "learning had declined so thoroughly in England that there were very few men on this side of the Humber who could understand their divine services in English or even translate a single letter from Latin into English: and I suppose that there were not many beyond the Humber either".[99] Alfred undoubtedly exaggerated, for dramatic effect, the abysmal state of learning in England during his youth.[100] That Latin learning had not been obliterated is evidenced by the presence in his court of learned Mercian and West Saxon clerics such as Plegmund, Wæferth, and Wulfsige.[101] Manuscript production in England dropped off precipitously around the 860s when the Viking invasions began in earnest, not to be revived until the end of the century.[102] Numerous Anglo-Saxon manuscripts burnt up along with the churches that housed them. And a solemn diploma from Christ Church, Canterbury, dated 873, is so poorly constructed and written that historian Nicholas Brooks posited a scribe who was either so blind he could not read what he wrote or who knew little or no Latin. "It is clear", Brooks concludes, "that the metropolitan church [of Canterbury] must have been quite unable to provide any effective training in the scriptures or in Christian worship".[103] Establishment of a court school Following the example of Charlemagne Alfred established a court school for the education of his own children, those of the nobility, and "a good many of lesser birth".[92] There they studied books in both English and Latin and "devoted themselves to writing, to such an extent ... they were seen to be devoted and intelligent students of the liberal arts".[104] He recruited scholars from the Continent and from Britain to aid in the revival of Christian learning in Wessex and to provide the king personal instruction. Grimbald and John the Saxon came from Francia; Plegmund (whom Alfred appointed archbishop of Canterbury in 890), Bishop Werferth of Worcester, Æthelstan, and the royal chaplains Werwulf, from Mercia; and Asser, from St David's in southwestern Wales.[105] Advocacy of education in the English language Alfred's educational ambitions seem to have extended beyond the establishment of a court school. Believing that without Christian wisdom there can be neither prosperity nor success in war, Alfred aimed "to set to learning (as long as they are not useful for some other employment) all the free-born young men now in England who have the means to apply themselves to it".[106] Conscious of the decay of Latin literacy in his realm Alfred proposed that primary education be taught in English, with those wishing to advance to holy orders to continue their studies in Latin.[107] There were few "books of wisdom" written in English. Alfred sought to remedy this through an ambitious court-centred programme of translating into English the books he deemed "most necessary for all men to know".[107] It is unknown when Alfred launched this programme but it may have been during the 880s when Wessex was enjoying a respite from Viking attacks. Alfred was, until recently, often considered to have been the author of many of the translations but this is now considered doubtful in almost all cases. Scholars more often refer to translations as "Alfredian" indicating that they probably had something to do with his patronage but are unlikely to be his own work.[108] Apart from the lost Handboc or Encheiridio, which seems to have been a commonplace book kept by the king, the earliest work to be translated was the Dialogues of Gregory the Great, a book greatly popular in the Middle Ages. The translation was undertaken at Alfred's command by Werferth, Bishop of Worcester, with the king merely furnishing a preface.[43] Remarkably Alfred, undoubtedly with the advice and aid of his court scholars, translated four works himself: Gregory the Great's Pastoral Care, Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy", St. Augustine's Soliloquies and the first fifty psalms of the Psalter.[109] One might add to this list the translation, in Alfred's law code, of excerpts from the Vulgate Book of Exodus. The Old English versions of Orosius's Histories against the Pagans and Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People are no longer accepted by scholars as Alfred's own translations because of lexical and stylistic differences.[109] Nonetheless the consensus remains that they were part of the Alfredian programme of translation. Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge suggest this also for Bald's Leechbook and the anonymous Old English Martyrology.[110] The preface of Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory the Great's Pastoral Care explained why he thought it necessary to translate works such as this from Latin into English. Although he described his method as translating "sometimes word for word, sometimes sense for sense", the translation actually keeps very close to the original although, through his choice of language, he blurred throughout the distinction between spiritual and secular authority. Alfred meant the translation to be used, and circulated it to all his bishops.[111] Interest in Alfred's translation of Pastoral Care was so enduring that copies were still being made in the 11th century.[112] Boethius'Consolation of Philosophy was the most popular philosophical handbook of the Middle Ages. Unlike the translation of the Pastoral Care the Alfredian text deals very freely with the original and, though the late Dr. G. Schepss showed that many of the additions to the text are to be traced not to the translator himself[113] but to the glosses and commentaries which he used, still there is much in the work which is distinctive to the translation and has been taken to reflect philosophies of kingship in Alfred's milieu. It is in the Boethius that the oft-quoted sentence occurs: "To speak briefly: I desired to live worthily as long as I lived, and after my life to leave to them that should come after, my memory in good works."[114] The book has come down to us in two manuscripts only. In one of these[115] the writing is prose, in the other[116] a combination of prose and alliterating verse. The latter manuscript was severely damaged in the 18th and 19th centuries.[117] The last of the Alfredian works is one which bears the name Blostman, i.e. "Blooms" or Anthology. The first half is based mainly on the Soliloquies of St Augustine of Hippo, the remainder is drawn from various sources. The material has traditionally been thought to contain much that is Alfred's own and highly characteristic of him. The last words of it may be quoted; they form a fitting epitaph for the noblest of English kings. 2A drawing of the Alfred Jewel. The Alfred Jewel, in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, commissioned by Alfred. "Therefore, he seems to me a very foolish man, and truly wretched, who will not increase his understanding while he is in the world, and ever wish and long to reach that endless life where all shall be made clear."[111] Alfred appears as a character in the twelfth- or thirteenth-century poem The Owl and the Nightingale where his wisdom and skill with proverbs is praised. The Proverbs of Alfred, a thirteenth-century work, contains sayings that are not likely to have originated with Alfred but attest to his posthumous medieval reputation for wisdom.[118] The Alfred jewel, discovered in Somerset in 1693, has long been associated with King Alfred because of its Old English inscription AELFRED MEC HEHT GEWYRCAN (Alfred ordered me to be made). The jewel is about 21⁄2 inches (6.4 centimetres) long, made of filigreed gold, enclosing a highly polished piece of quartz crystal beneath which is set in a cloisonné enamel plaque with an enamelled image of a man holding floriate sceptres, perhaps personifying Sight or the Wisdom of God.[119] It was at one time attached to a thin rod or stick based on the hollow socket at its base. The jewel certainly dates from Alfred's reign. Although its function is unknown it has been often suggested that the jewel was one of the "æstels"—pointers for reading—that Alfred ordered sent to every bishopric accompanying a copy of his translation of the Pastoral Care. Each "æstel" was worth the princely sum of 50 mancuses which fits in well with the quality workmanship and expensive materials of the Alfred jewel".[120] Historian Richard Abels sees Alfred's educational and military reforms as complementary. Restoring religion and learning in Wessex, Abels contends, was to Alfred's mind as essential to the defence of his realm as the building of the burhs.[121] As Alfred observed in the preface to his English translation of Gregory the Great's Pastoral Care, kings who fail to obey their divine duty to promote learning can expect earthly punishments to befall their people.[122] The pursuit of wisdom, he assured his readers of the Boethius, was the surest path to power: "Study Wisdom, then, and, when you have learned it, condemn it not, for I tell you that by its means you may without fail attain to power, yea, even though not desiring it".[123] The portrayal of the West-Saxon resistance to the Vikings by Asser and the chronicler as a Christian holy war was more than mere rhetoric or 'propaganda'. It reflected Alfred's own belief in a doctrine of divine rewards and punishments rooted in a vision of a hierarchical Christian world order in which God is the Lord to whom kings owe obedience and through whom they derive their authority over their followers. The need to persuade his nobles to undertake work for the 'common good' led Alfred and his court scholars to strengthen and deepen the conception of Christian kingship that he had inherited by building upon the legacy of earlier kings such as Offa as well as clerical writers such as Bede, Alcuin and the other luminaries of the Carolingian renaissance. This was not a cynical use of religion to manipulate his subjects into obedience but an intrinsic element in Alfred's worldview. He believed, as did other kings in ninth-century England and Francia, that God had entrusted him with the spiritual as well as physical welfare of his people. If the Christian faith fell into ruin in his kingdom, if the clergy were too ignorant to understand the Latin words they butchered in their offices and liturgies, if the ancient monasteries and collegiate churches lay deserted out of indifference, he was answerable before God, as Josiah had been. Alfred's ultimate responsibility was the pastoral care of his people.[121] Appearance and character Asser wrote of Alfred in his Life of King Alfred: Now, he was greatly loved, more than all his brothers, by his father and mother—indeed, by everybody—with a universal and profound love, and he was always brought up in the royal court and nowhere else. ... [He] was seen to be more comely in appearance than his other brothers, and more pleasing in manner, speech and behaviour ... [and] in spite of all the demands of the present life, it has been the desire for wisdom, more than anything else, together with the nobility of his birth, which have characterized the nature of his noble mind.[124] It is also written by Asser that Alfred did not learn to read until he was twelve years old or later, which is described as "shameful negligence" of his parents and tutors. Alfred was an excellent listener and had an incredible memory and he retained poetry and psalms very well. A story is told by Asser about how his mother held up a book of Saxon poetry to him and his brothers, and said; "I shall give this book to whichever one of you can learn it the fastest." After excitedly asking, "Will you really give this book to the one of us who can understand it the soonest and recite it to you?" Alfred then took it to his teacher, learned it, and recited it back to his mother.[125] Alfred is also noted as carrying around a small book, probably a medieval version of a small pocket notebook, which contained psalms and many prayers that he often collected. Asser writes: these "he collected in a single book, as I have seen for myself; amid all the affairs of the present life he took it around with him everywhere for the sake of prayer, and was inseparable from it."[125] An excellent hunter in every branch of the sport, Alfred is remembered as an enthusiastic huntsman against whom nobody’s skills could compare.[125] Although he was the youngest of his brothers, he was probably the most open-minded. He was an early advocate for education. His desire for learning could have come from his early love of English poetry and inability to read or physically record it until later in life. Asser writes that Alfred "could not satisfy his craving for what he desired the most, namely the liberal arts; for, as he used to say, there were no good scholars in the entire kingdom of the West Saxons at that time".[125] Family In 868 Alfred married Ealhswith, daughter of a Mercian nobleman, Æthelred Mucel, Ealdorman of the Gaini. The Gaini were probably one of the tribal groups of the Mercians. Ealhswith's mother, Eadburh, was a member of the Mercian royal family.[126] They had five or six children together including: Edward the Elder who succeeded his father as king; Æthelflæd who became Lady (ruler) of the Mercians in her own right; and Ælfthryth who married Baldwin II the Count of Flanders. His mother was Osburga, daughter of Oslac of the Isle of Wight, Chief Butler of England. Asser, in his Vita Ælfredi asserts that this shows his lineage from the Jutes of the Isle of Wight. This is unlikely as Bede tells us that they were all slaughtered by the Saxons under Cædwalla. In 2008 the skeleton of Queen Eadgyth, granddaughter of Alfred the Great was found in Magdeburg Cathedral in Germany. It was confirmed in 2010 that these remains belong to her—one of the earliest members of the English royal family.[127] Osferth was described as a relative in King Alfred's will and he attested charters in a high position until 934. A charter of King Edward's reign described him as the king's brother, "mistakenly" according to Keynes and Lapidge, but in the view of Janet Nelson he probably was an illegitimate son of King Alfred.[128][129] Name Birth Death Notes Æthelflæd 12 June 918 Married c 886, Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians d. 911; had issue Edward c. 874 17 July 924 Married (1) Ecgwynn, (2) Ælfflæd, (3) 919 Eadgifu Æthelgifu Abbess of Shaftesbury Æthelweard 16 October 922(?) Married and had issue Ælfthryth 929 Married Baldwin II d. 918; had issue Ancestry Ancestors of Alfred the Great 8. Ealhmund of Kent 4. Egbert of Wessex 2. Æthelwulf of Wessex 1. Alfred the Great 6. Oslac 3. Osburga Source: Abels. Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England.[130] Death, burial and fate of remains Alfred died on 26 October 899. How he died is unknown, although he suffered throughout his life with a painful and unpleasant illness. His biographer Asser gave a detailed description of Alfred's symptoms and this has allowed modern doctors to provide a possible diagnosis. It is thought that he had either Crohn's disease or haemorrhoidal disease.[7][131] His grandson King Eadred seems to have suffered from a similar illness.[132][g] Alfred was originally buried temporarily in the Old Minster in Winchester. Four years after his death he was moved to the New Minster (perhaps built especially to receive his body). When the New Minster moved to Hyde, a little north of the city, in 1110, the monks were transferred to Hyde Abbey along with Alfred's body and those of his wife and children, which were presumably interred before the high altar. Soon after the dissolution of the abbey in 1539, during the reign of Henry VIII, the church was demolished, leaving the graves intact.[134] Alfred's will Statue of Alfred the Great at Wantage, Oxfordshire The royal graves and many others were probably rediscovered by chance in 1788 when a prison was being constructed by convicts on the site. Prisoners dug across the width of the altar area in order to dispose of rubble left at the dissolution. Coffins were stripped of lead, and bones were scattered and lost. The prison was demolished between 1846 and 1850.[135] Further excavations in 1866 and 1897 were inconclusive.[134][136] In 1866 amateur antiquarian John Mellor claimed to have recovered a number of bones from the site which he said were those of Alfred. These later came into the possession of the vicar of nearby St Bartholomew's Church who reburied them in an unmarked grave in the church graveyard.[135] Excavations conducted by the Winchester Museums Service of the Hyde Abbey site in 1999 located a second pit dug in front of where the high altar would have been located, which was identified as probably dating to Mellor's 1886 excavation.[134] The 1999 archeological excavation uncovered the foundations of the abbey buildings and some bones. Bones suggested at the time to be those of Alfred proved instead to belong to an elderly woman.[137] In March 2013 the Diocese of Winchester exhumed the bones from the unmarked grave at St Bartholomew's and placed them in secure storage. The diocese made no claim they were the bones of Alfred, but intended to secure them for later analysis, and from the attentions of people whose interest may have been sparked by the recent identification of the remains of King Richard III.[137][138] The bones were radiocarbon-dated but the results showed that they were from the 1300s and therefore unrelated to Alfred. In January 2014, a fragment of pelvis unearthed in the 1999 excavation of the Hyde site, which had subsequently lain in a Winchester museum store room, was radiocarbon-dated to the correct period. It has been suggested that this bone may belong to either Alfred or his son Edward, but this remains unproven.[139][140] Legacy Alfred is venerated as a saint by some Christian traditions, but an attempt by Henry VI of England in 1441 to have him canonized by the pope was unsuccessful.[141][h] The Anglican Communion venerates him as a Christian hero, with a feast day or commemoration on 26 October, and he may often be found depicted in stained glass in Church of England parish churches.[142] Alfred commissioned Bishop Asser to write his biography, which inevitably emphasised Alfred's positive aspects. Later medieval historians, such as Geoffrey of Monmouth, also reinforced Alfred's favourable image. By the time of the Reformation Alfred was seen as being a pious Christian ruler who promoted the use of English rather than Latin, and so the translations that he commissioned were viewed as untainted by the later Roman Catholic influences of the Normans. Consequently it was writers of the sixteenth century who gave Alfred his epithet as 'the Great' rather than any of Alfred's contemporaries.[143] The epithet was retained by succeeding generations of Parliamentarians and empire-builders who saw Alfred's patriotism, success against barbarism, promotion of education and establishment of the rule of law as supporting their own ideals.[143] A number of educational establishments are named in Alfred's honour. These include: The University of Winchester created from the former 'King Alfred's College, Winchester' (1928 to 2004). Alfred University and Alfred State College in Alfred, New York. The local telephone exchange for Alfred University is 871 in commemoration of Alfred's ascension to the throne. In honour of Alfred, the University of Liverpool created a King Alfred Chair of English Literature. King Alfred's Academy, a secondary school in Wantage, Oxfordshire, the birthplace of Alfred. King's Lodge School in Chippenham, Wiltshire is so named because King Alfred's hunting lodge is reputed to have stood on or near the site of the school. The King Alfred School & Specialist Sports Academy, Burnham Road, Highbridge is so named due to its rough proximity to Brent Knoll (a Beacon site) and Athelney. The King Alfred School in Barnet, North London, UK. King Alfred's Middle School, Shaftesbury, Dorset [Now defunct after reorganisation] King's College, Taunton, Somerset. (The king in question is King Alfred). King Alfred's house in Bishop Stopford's School at Enfield. Saxonwold Primary School in Gauteng, South Africa names one of its houses after King Alfred. The others being Bede, Caedmon, and Dunston. The Royal Navy has named one ship and two shore establishments HMS King Alfred, and one of the first ships of the US Navy was named USS Alfred in his honour. In 2002, Alfred was ranked number 14 in the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote.[144] Statues Pewsey A prominent statue of King Alfred the Great stands in the middle of Pewsey. It was unveiled in June 1913 to commemorate the coronation of King George V.[145] Wantage A statue of Alfred the Great, situated in the Wantage market place, was sculpted by Count Gleichen, a relative of Queen Victoria, and unveiled on 14 July 1877 by the Prince and Princess of Wales.[146] The statue was vandalised on New Year's Eve 2007, losing part of its right arm and axe. After the arm and axe were replaced the statue was again vandalised on Christmas Eve 2008, losing its axe.[146] Winchester A bronze statue of Alfred the Great stands at the eastern end of The Broadway, close to the site of Winchester's medieval East Gate. The statue was designed by Hamo Thornycroft, and erected in 1899 to mark one thousand years since Alfred's death.[147][148] The statue is placed on a pedestal consisting of two immense blocks of gray Cornish granite.[149] See also Cultural depictions of Alfred the Great Notes a. Pronounced [ælfreːd] b. Pronounced [ælfræːd] c. Alfred was the youngest of either four (Weir, Alison, Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealog y(1989), p.5) or five brothers,[2] the primary record conflicting regarding whetherÆ thelstan of Wessex was a brother or uncle. d. The inscription reads "ALFRED THE GREAT AD 879 on this Summit Erected his Standard Against Danish Invaders To him We owe The Origin of Juries The Establishment of a Militia The Creation of a Naval Force ALFRED The Light of a Benighted Age Was a Philosopher and a Christian The Father of his People The Founder of the English MONARCHY and LIBERTY" (Horspool 2006, pp. 173) e. A "Chrisom" was the face-cloth or piece of linen laid over a child's head when he or she wabsa ptised or christened. Originally the purpose of the chrisom-cloth was to keep the "chrism", a consecrated oil, from accidentally rubbing off.[20] f. Some versions of the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" reported that Alfred sent a delegation to India, although this could just mean Asia as other versions say "Iudea".A( bels 1998, pp. 190–192) g. According to St Dunstan's apprentice "...poor King Eadred would suck the juice out of the food, chew what remained for a little while and spit it out: a nasty practice that often turned the stomachs of the thegns who dined with him[1.3"3] h. Some Eastern Orthodox Christians believe that Alfred should be recognised as a saint. SeCe ase for (http://www.orthodo xengland.org.uk/athlifea.htm) and Case against (http://sarisburium.blogspot.com/2008/1/king-alfred-of-england-orthod ox-saint.html) Citations 1. Yorke 2001, pp. 27–28. 2. Crown staff 2011. 3. Giles & Ingram 1996, Year 853. 4. Wormald 2006. 5. Crofton 2006, p. 8. 6. Asser & 866, paragraph 23. 7. Craig 1991, p. 303–305. 8. Cornwell 2009, "Historical Note" (p. 385 and following). 9. Keynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 16–17. 10. Giles & Ingram 1996, Year 868. 11. Plummer 1911, p. 582. 12. Abels 1998, pp. 140–141. 13. Brooks & Graham-Campbell 1986, pp. 91–110. 14. Giles & Ingram 1996, Year 876. 15. Arnold 2011, p. 37. 16. Giles & Ingram 1996, Year 877. 17. Giles & Ingram 1996, Year 878. 18. Savage 1988, p. 101. 19. Lavelle 2010, pp. 187–191. 20. Nares 1859, p. 160. 21. Keynes & Lapidge 1983, Ch. 60. 22. Horspool 2006, pp. 123–124. 23. Abels 1998, p. 163. 24. Attenborough 1922, pp. 98–101, Treaty of Alfred and Gunthrum (https://archive.org/stream/lawsofearliesten00grea#pag e/98/mode/2up). 25. Blackburn 1998, pp. 105–24. 26. Pratt 2007, p. 94. 27. Keynes & Lapidge 1983, p. 86. 28. Keynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 250–251. 29. Alfred 1969, p. 76. 30. Asser 1969, p. 78. 31. Keynes & Lapidge 1983, p. 88. 32. Keynes & Lapidge 1983, p. 87. 33. Huntingdon 1969, p. 81. 34. Woodruff 1993, p. 86. 35. Keynes 1998, p. 24. 36. Keynes 1998, p. 23. 37. Pratt 2007, p. 106. 38. Asser 1969, p. 114. 39. Woodruff 1993, p. 89. 40. "A History of King Alfred The Great and the Danes "(http://www.localhistories.org/alfred.html). Local Histories. Retrieved 5 September 2016. 41. Merkle 2009, p. 220. 42. Keynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 115–6, 286. 43. Plummer 1911, p. 583. 44. Preston, Wise & Werner 1956, p. 70. 45. Hollister 1962, pp. 59–60. 46. Attenborough 1922, pp. 52–53. 47. Abels 1998, pp. 194–195. 48. Abels 1998, pp. 139, 152. 49. Cannon 1997, p. 398. 50. Abels 1998, p. 194. 51. Keynes & Lapidge 1983, p. 14. 52. Lavelle 2010, p. 212 53. Lavelle 2010, pp. 70–73. 54. Lapidge 2001. 55. Pratt 2007, p. 95. 56. Hull 2006, p. xx. 57. Abels 1998, p. 203. 58. Welch 1992, p. 127. 59. Abels 1998, p. 304. 60. Bradshaw 1999, which is referenced in Hull 2006, p. xx 61. Hill & Rumble 1996, p. 5. 62. Abels 1998, pp. 204–7. 63. Abels 1998, pp. 198–202. 64. Lavelle 2003, p. 26. 65. Abels 1988, pp. 204, 304. 66. Abels 1998, pp. 287,304. 67. Asser, translated by Keynes & Lapidge 1983 68. Abels 1998, p. 206. 69. Savage 1988, p. 111. 70. Savage 1988, pp. 86–88. 71. Savage 1988, p. 97. 72. Abels 1998, pp. 305–307 Cf. the much more positive view of the capabilities of these ships iGn ifford & Gifford 2003, pp. 281–289 73. Abels 1998, pp. 305–307. 74. Lavelle 2010, pp. 286–297. 75. Giles & Ingram 1996, Year 896. 76. Attenborough 1922, pp. 62–93. 77. "Alfred" Int. 49.9, trans. Keynes & Lapidge 1983, p. 164. 78. Wormald 2001, pp. 280–281. 79. Pratt 2007, p. 215. 80. Abels 1998, p. 248. 81. Wormald 2001, p. 417. 82. "Alfred" Intro, 49.7, trans. Keynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 164–165 83. Abels 1998, p. 250 cites "Alfred's Pastoral Care" ch. 28 84. Wormald 2001, p. 427. 85. "Alfred" 2, in Keynes & Lapidge 1983, p. 164. 86. Asser chap. 106, in Keynes & Lapidge 1983, p. 109 87. The charter is Sawyer 1445 and is printed inW hitelock 1996, pp. 544–546. 88. Asser, chap. 106, in Keynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 109–10. 89. Parker 2007, pp. 48–50. 90. Orosius & Hampson 1855, p. 16. 91. Studies in the Early History of Shaftesbury Abbe.y "King Alfred the Great and ShaftesburyA bbey"- Simon Keynes. Dorset County Council 1999 92. Keynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 28–29. 93. Gransden 1996, pp. 34–35. 94. Yorke 1995, p. 201. 95. Keynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 101–102. 96. Ranft 2012, pp. 78–79. 97. Sweet 1871, pp. 1–9. 98. Fleming 1985. 99. Keynes & Lapidge 1983, p. 125. 100. Abels 1998, p. 55. 101. Abels 1998, pp. 265–268. 102. Dumville 1992, p. 190. References Abels, Richard P. (1988). Lordship and Military Obligation in Anglo-Saxon England. British Museum Press. pp. 58–78. ISBN 978-0-7141-0552-9. Abels, Richard (1998). Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-04047-2. Alfred (1969). "Saxon Chronicles". In Giles, J.A. Memorials of King Alfred: being essays on the history and antiquities of England during the ninth century, the age of King Alfred, by various authors. Burt 103. Brooks 1984, pp. 172–73. 104. Asser chap. 75, in Keynes & Lapidge 1983 pp. 90–1. Cf. Codicology of the court school of Charlemagne: Gospel book production, illumination, and emphasised scrpit (European university studies. Series 28, History of art) 105. Keynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 92–93. 106. Preface to Alfred's translation of Gregory the Great'sP astoral Care in Keynes & Lapidge 1983, p. 126 107. Keynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 125-126. 108. Janet M. Bately, 'Alfred as Author and Translator' in A Companion to Alfred the Great, ed. by Nicole Guenther Discenza and Paul E. Szarmach (Leiden: Brill, 2014), pp. 113-42, DOI: 10.1163/9789004283763_006. 109. Bately 1970, pp. 433–460; Bately 1990, pp. 45–78. 110. Keynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 33–34. 111. Plummer 1911, p. 584. 112. 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"HomeHistory of the Monarchy: English Monarchs (400 AD - 1603): The Anglo- Saxon kings:Alfred 'The Great' (r. 871-899)". The official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 23 August 2016. Craig, G (May 1991). "Alfred the Great: a diagnosis". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 84 (5): 303–305. PMC 1293232 . PMID 1819247. Crofton, Ian (2006). The Kings & Queens of England. Quercus Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-84724-628- 8. Daily Mail staff (21 August 2002). "100 great Britons – a complete list". Daily Mail. Dodson, Aidan (2004). The Royal Tombs of Great Britain. London: Duckworth. Dumville, David (1992). Wessex and England from Alfred to Edgar : six essays on political, cultural, and ecclesiastical revival. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-308-7. Dunstan, St (1992). Ramsey, Nigel; Sparks, Margaret; Tatton-Brown, Tim, eds. St Dunstan:His Life, Times, and Cult. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 0-8511-5301-1. Fleming, Robin (1985). "Monastic lands and England's defence in the Viking Age". 100 (395). English Historical Review: 247–65. Foot, Sarah (2011). Æthelstan: The First King of England. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12535-1. Gifford, Edwin; Gifford, Joyce (2003). "Alfred's new longships". In Reuter, Timothy. Alfred the Great (Studies in early medieval Britain). pp. 281–89. ISBN 978-0-7546-0957-5. Giles, J. A.; Ingram, J., eds. (1 September 1996). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Project Gutenberg. — "Note: This electronic edition [of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle] is a collation of material from nine diverse extant versions of the Chronicle. It contains primarily the translation of Rev. James Ingram, as published in the [1847] Everyman edition". It was "Originally compiled on the orders of King Alfred the Great, approximately A.D. 890, and subsequently maintained and added to by generations of anonymous scribes until the middle of the 12th Century". Gransden, Antonia (1996). Historical Writing in England: c. 500 to c. 1307. London: Routledge. ISBN 0- 415-15124-4. Gregory I, Pope; Alfred, King of England (1871). Sweet, Henry, ed. King Alfred's West-Saxon version of Gregory's Pastoral care. London: N. Trübner & Company for the Early English text society. pp. 1–9. Hollister, C. Warren (1962). Anglo-Saxon Military Institutions on the Eve of the Norman Conquest. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Horspool, David (2006). Why Alfred Burned the Cakes. London: Profile Books. ISBN 1-8619-7786-7. Hull, Lise E. (2006). Britain's Medieval Castles. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-98414-4. Huntingdon, Henry (1969). "Histories". In Giles, J.A. Memorials of King Alfred: being essays on the history and antiquities of England during the ninth century, the age of King Alfred, by various authors. Burt Franklin research & source works series (287). New York: Burt Franklin. Jackson, F I (January 1992). "Letter to the editor: Alfred the Great: a diagnosis". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 85 (1): 58. PMC 1293470 . PMID 1610468. Kennedy, Maev (27 March 2013). " 'Alfred the Great' bones exhumed from unmarked grave". The Guardian. Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael (1983). Alfred the Great, Asser's Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044409-2. Keynes, Simon (1998). "Alfred and the Mercians". In Blackburn, Mark A.S.; Dumville, David N. Kings, currency, and alliances: history and coinage of southern England in the ninth century. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 1–46. ISBN 978-0-85115-598-2. Keys, David (17 January 2014). "Bones of King Alfred the Great believed to have been found in a box at Winchester City Museum". The Independent. Kiernan, Kevin S. (1998). "Alfred the Great's Burnt Boethius". In Bornstein, George; Tinkle, Theresa. The Iconic Page in Manuscript, Print, and Digital Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Lapidge, Michael (2001). 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The Defence of Wessex: The Burghal Hidage and Anglo- Saxon Fortifications. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-719-03218-0. Ranft, Patricia (2012). How the Doctrine of Incarnation Shaped Western Culture. Plymouth, England: Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-7432-0. Savage, Anne (1988). Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. Papermac. p. 288. ISBN 0-333-48881-4. Schepss, Dr. G. (1895). "Zu König Alfreds Boethius". Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachenv. xciv: 149–160. Sedgefield, W.J. (1900). King Alfred's version of the Consolations of Boethius. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Townsend, Ian (3 January 2008). "Statue damage quiz man bailed". Wantage Herald. Welch, Martin (1992). Anglo-Saxon England. London: English Heritage. ISBN 0-7134-6566-2. Wikisource has the text of the 1885–1900 Dictionary of National Biography's article about Ælfred (849- 901). Wikisource has the text of A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature's article about Ælfred. Whitelock, Dorothy, ed. (1996). English historical documents. Volume 1, C. 500-1042 (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-43950-0. Woodruff, Douglas (1993). The Life And Times of Alfred the Great. London, UK: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-83194-5. Wormald, Patrick (2001) [1999]. The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century. p. 528. ISBN 978-0-631-22740-3. Winchester Museums Service (4 December 2009). "Summary of Hyde Community Archaeology Project (completed in 1999)". Winchester Council. Archived from the original on 13 July 2010. Wormald, Patrick (October 2006). "Alfred (848/9–899)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/183. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Yorke, Barbara (1995). Wessex in the early Middle Ages. Leicester: Leicester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7185-1856-1. Yorke, Barbara (1999). "Alfred the Great: The Most Perfect Man in History?". History Today. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Yorke, B.A.E. (2001). "Alfred, king of Wessex (871–899)". In Lapidge, Michael; et al. The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-631-15565-2. Attribution: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Plummer, Charles (1911). "Alfred the Great". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 582–584. Further reading Discenza, Nicole Guenther; Szarmach, Paul E., eds. (2015). A Companion to Alfred the Great. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-27484-6. Frantzen, Allen J. King Alfred the Great. Twayne's English Authors Series. ISBN 978-0805769180. Fry, Fred (2006). Patterns of Power: The Military Campaigns of Alfred the Great. ISBN 978-1-905226-93-1. Giles, J. A., ed. (1858). The Whole Works of King Alfred the Great (Jubileein 3 vols ed.). Oxford and Cambridge. Gross, Ernie (1990). This Day In Religion. New York: Neal- Schuman Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-1-55570-045-4. Heathorn, Stephen (December 2002). "The Highest Type of Englishman: Gender, War, and the Alfred the Great Commemoration of 1901". Canadian Journal of History: 459–84. Irvine, Susan (2006). "Beginnings and Transitions: Old English". In Mugglestone, Lynda. The Oxford History of English. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954439-4. Pollard, Justin (2006). Alfred the Great: the man who made England. ISBN 0-7195-6666-5. Reuter, Timothy, ed. (2003). Alfred the Great. Studies in early medieval Britain. ISBN 978-0-7546-0957- 5. The whole works of King Alfred the Great, with preliminary essays, illustrative of the history, arts, and manners, of the ninth century. 1969. OCLC 28387. External links Alfred 8 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England Works by or about Alfred the Great at Internet Archive Works by Alfred the Great at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) BBC article on Alfred The full text of Lays of Boethius at Wikisource Orosius (c. 417). Alfred the Great; Barrington, Daines, eds. The Anglo-Saxon Version, from the Historian Orosius. London: Printed by W. Bowyer and J. Nichols and sold by S. Baker (published 1773). Alfred the Great House of Wessex Born: 849 Died: 26 October 899 Regnal titles Preceded by Æthelred Bretwalda 871–899 Last holder King of Wessex 871–899 Succeeded by Edward the Elder New title King of the Anglo- Saxons 878–899 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&oldid=786406714" Categories: Alfred the Great 849 births 899 deaths 9th-century English monarchs 9th-century Christians Christian monarchs English Christians Medieval legislators Patrons of literature People from Wantage West Saxon monarchs House of Wessex This page was last edited on 19 June 2017, at 08:15. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.	of Wessex, King Alfred (I26330)
714	Alice Langetot d/o Ralph Langetot & b- 1074-1090 - Compton Giffard, Bedfordshire, England m-1085-90 - Roger Chesney d- by1108 d- aft 1148 1142- (as widow) ALIZ LANGETOT donanted land in "Sumertona" (Somerton, Oxfordshire)-to- Eysham Abbey - for the soul of "mea filiorum mearum (her sons) HUGH..WILLIAM et ROBERT,were alive , HAWISE et BEATRICE et ISABEL, were alive" & for (her deceased husband ROGER CHESNEY et filorum meorum RADULF et ROGER et filiarum (deceased sons), with consent of WILLIAM Chesney & HUGH & ROBERT 1142- Alice Langetot, widow of Roger Chesney, gave land on Heyford & 3 virgates of land in Somerton, Oxfordshire to Eysham Abbey all her sons were dead before 1170 ___________________________________________________ Resources for Alice de Langetot 1Kemp, B.R., Reading Abbey Cartularies (London: Offices of the Royal Historical Society, 1986.), no. 261, Los Angeles Public Library, 942.008 C1795 v.31. 2Keats-Rohan, K.S.B., Domesday Descendants: A Prosopography of Persons Occurring in English Documents 1066-1166 (Rochester, New York: The Boydell Press, 2002.), p. 541, Library of Congress, DA177 .K4 2002. 3Cheney, Jack D., The Cheney Family in England 1066-1635 (Lander, Wyoming: Jack D. Cheney, 2001.), pp. 13, 15, Family History Library, 929.242 C421c. Online at: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~hwbradley/aqwc697.htm#28779C1	Langetot, Alice (I35492)
715	Alice was born circa 1190 in Cheveley, Cambridge, England (from internet)	de Pecche, Alice (I35767)
716	Alice was born in 1160, the second eldest daughter and one of the ten children of Peter I of Courtenay and Elisabeth of Courtenay, daughter of Renauld de Courtenay and Hawise du Donjon. Her family was one of the most illustrious in France; and her paternal grandparents were King Louis VI of France and Adélaide de Maurienne. In 1178, she married her first husband, Guillaume I, Count of Joigny. The marriage did not produce any children, and they were divorced in 1186. Alice married her second husband, Aymer Taillefer in 1186, the same year he succeeded his father, William IV as Count of Angoulême. Sometime in 1188, Alice gave birth to her only child, Isabella of Angoulême, wife of King John of England and later Hugh X of Lusignan, Count of La Marche. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_of_Courtenay	de Courtenay, Alice (I34379)
717	All references state that Laura Etta was divoriced from Silas Rice. If so that would make the divorice between 1922 and 1927. In 1930 she was living on East Morgan Street in Boonville, Missouri along with her two daughters.	Thoma, Laura Etta (I4230)
718	All the children were born in Missouri but the 1880 Census places them in Jefferson, Ashtabula, Ohio. There is a LUCY A. Simmons d. September 22, 1885 of Consumption age. 39 and a NELSON W. Simmons d. November 2, 1898 of Bright's Disease age 56 served in the Civil War. Both are buried in Oakdale Cemetery, Jefferson, Ashtabula, Ohio Received $240 from his father’s will dated 27 May 1866.	Simmons, Nelson W (I7850)
719	All three of Libbeas Simmons sons moved to Delaware Township, Mercer, Pennsylvania; although not all at the same time. From: To: Sent: Tuesday, March 11, 2003 12:57 PM Subject: Lebbeus Simmons Hello again Roberta, Here is my information about Lebbeous Simmons: There is a Lobehas Simmons and an Elijah Simmons in the 1800 census of 25 Mile Pond Plantation which included both Unity and Burnham at that time. Both were males in the 16/26 age bracket which seems young for Lebbeous who was recorded as age 80/90 in the 1830 census of Troy. Perhaps they were his sons. The notation in their records indicate that "Lobehas" had arrived in the area in 1798 from someplace else in Maine, and that Elijah had come in 1799. I do not find either one in the 1810 census of Burnham, Unity or Bridgeton Plantation [Troy before incorporation]. However, I have the marriage records of Judith and Lydia Simmons, both on 29 September 1813 and both of 25 Mile Plantation. Judith married William McCauslen, and Lydia married James Parker. Both of the men were of Kingville [the early name of Troy after incorporation]. The reference for this is my book "Vital Records of Troy, Maine, Prior to 1892," p. 198. The marriage was performed by David Sewell, JP. This David Sewell was probably the one of Hallowell and was the land agent for Benjamin Joy. Joy owned much of the land in Troy. William McCausland purchased land in Troy in 1812, and James Parker purchased land in Troy in 1815; both purchased from Joy [Ken Co Deeds, 60:55, 45:135]. Both of them received land from Lebbeous Simmons, Jr., and his wife Esther in 1825 and 1827, respectively [Ken Co. Deeds, 60:23, 60:137]. I have no record of a land purchase by Lebbeous or Lebbeous, Jr. (that does not mean they did not purchase land - I may not have found the record, or the purchase was not recorded). However, it appears that both Lebbeous and Lebbeous, Jr., settled on a gore of land on the eastern side of 25 Mile Pond (Unity Pond) which was then part of 25 Mile Plantation (Burnham after Unity was incorporated in 1804). I have a copy of an 1818 petition to the General Court of Massachusetts from Lebbeous, Lebbeous Jr., John Conner, and Andrew Bennett asking to have their land set off from 25 Mile Pond Plantation to Joy (afterwards Troy - another name change) because they were remote from schools in the plantation but convenient to schools in Joy. The petition was granted in 1819. I have a copy of a map which shows the gore and its relationship to other towns. Lebbeous (age 45+) and Lebbeous Jr (age 26/45) were listed in the 1820 census of Troy. Lebbeous and Lebbeous Jr were on Troy tax lists for 1819-1824, and Lebbeous Jr thru 1826. Lebbeous Sr was also listed in the Troy 1830 census (age 80/90) and a female with him (age 70/80). Lebbeous Sr was never taxed for land - only for personal estate. Lebbeous Jr and wife Esther sold their land in 1827 [Ken Co Deeds, 60:23,137] and were at that time of Mercer, Mercer Co., PA. James and Lydia Parker seem to have left Troy in about 1835, and William and Judith McCausland about 1840. There is no death or cemetery record for Lebbeous Sr in Troy. Tradition indicates that there was a burial place near to shore of Unity Pond where the Bennett family buried their members. It cannot be found today. The Simmons who lived in the same area, may have done the same thing. Other than the marriage records quoted above, there are no additional vital records in my Troy data. It would appear that lebbeous came to the area to be with his son (or sons?). He is not listed in the 1790 census of Maine. Only one other piece of data: in 1790 ME Fam, 1:207, concerning the family of John Mitchell (an early settler of Unity), his son Joseph married, 20 Oct 1798, Percillar Simmons, both of 25 Mile Pond. The sketch calls her "daughter of Libbeus Simmons," but the reference for the marriage ("Families in Clinton, Maine," NEHGS Register, 111:116) does not state anything about Libbeus. Likewise, Jeremiah Mitchell, another son of John Mitchell, married at Unity, 16 Sep 1802, Polly Simmons, "dau of Libbeus & Mary (Dougle) Simmons." I have some of the data from Unity VR, but I have nothing concerning Libbeus Simmons. You may wish to check that out. _____________________________________________— Just in case anyone didn't know, Libbeus Simmons, Sr., was a Revolutionary War veteran. The DAR Patriot Index for him reads: b. 8-28-1749, d. 3-13-45, married Mary Douglas; 1st Sgt. MA, WPNS [WPNS=widow pensioned]. Also, from "Maine Pensioners, 1835": County: Waldo Co. Name: Libbeus Simmons Rank: Private Annual Allowance: 34 75 Sums Received: 104 25 Description of service: Massachusetts continental When placed on the pension roll: August 8, 1833 Commencement of pension: March 4, 1831 Age: 85 ____________________ From "Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors in the War of the Revolution": Volume 14 page 232 Simmons, Lebbeus, Middleborough. Private, Capt. Abiel Peirce's (2d Middleborough) co. of militia, which marched on the alarm of April 19, 1775, to Marshfield; service, 2 days; also, Capt. Levi Rounsevel's co., Col. David Brewer's (9th) regt.; muster roll dated Aug. 1, 1775; enlisted May 5, 1775; service, 3 mos. 4 days; also, company return dated Roxbury, Oct. 7, 1775; also, Capt. Rounsevel's co., (late) Col. Brewer's regt.; order for bounty coat or its equivalent in money dated Roxbury, Nov. 8, 1775; also, Private, Capt. Job Peirce's (Middleborough) co., Col. Sprowtt's (Sprout's) regt.; marched Dec. 9, 1776; service, 4 days; company marched to Tiverton, R. I., on an alarm at Howland's Ferry; also, Capt. Henry Peirce's co., Col. Ebenezer White's regt.; marched Aug. 1, 1780; discharged Aug. 9, 1780; service, 9 days; company marched to Rhode Island on an alarm. No mention of him being a Sergeant during the above 3-4 months service. His service/pension file might contain more information, especially if Mary really did apply for a Widow's Pension like the DAR Patriot Index says. Has anyone ever written for his Rev file from the National Archives? While there is a set of the Mass Rev books in the Omaha library, I was lazy and just pulled the above listings off the Ancestry.com database. Ancestry also has a database of the Daughters of the American Revolution Lineage Books up to about 1938. Up to that point, no one seems to have claimed DAR membership on his service. SIMMONS: I am looking for the graves of Lebbeus Simmons, Sr. and his wife, Mary Douglas. He was a Revolutionary War veteran from Massachusetts who for his service was given a grant of land in Troy, Waldo County. He died March 13,1835 and his wife died after him. They should be buried together. His name is seen spelled many ways, Libbeus, Lebeus, etc. Reply to: Cary Clements 27 Aug 06 SIMMONS: I am looking for the Parents, or Siblings of Lebbeus Simmons who was born August 28, 1849 at Middleborough, Plymouth Co., MA. He married Mary Douglas there on Jan 27, 1774. He was a Rev War Vet who enlisted at Middleborough, and was discharged there as well. But later he settled permanently in Maine. Researchers of this man, have studied his Rev War files, and other documents, and have NEVER been able to find a FATHER listed for him, or a sibling group. Lebbeus Simmons settled in Maine at the same time, and in a similar location as ICHABOD Simmons. I do NOT know if they are related? If you are studying Ichabod, or have any knowledge of Lebbeus Simmons b. 1749 MA, d. 13 Mar 1835 Troy, Waldo Co Maine, please write back. Those of you studying the Simmons families of Middleborough, Plymouth Co. MA in the 1740 thru 1830 time frame, please check your files for Lebbeus. 1810 census at 25 Mile Plantation , Kennebec Co ME 1820 census at Joy, Kennebec Co ME 1830 census at Troy, Waldo Co ME The name Lebbeus is strange, but it is a Bible name. Sometimes spelled Libbeous, and variations. There is mention of Lebbeus in many genealogical books, but so far no father mentioned. This info may be still cloaked in mystery, we may be looking for undiscovered information. All the common places have been checked. His 3 sons moved to Mercer Co., PA, but some of his married daughters remained in ME. This family lived near Unity Pond. Reply to: Lillian Kathleen Martin 7 May 04	Simmons, Libbeas (I11359)
720	Alleman Dauphine Du Puy III's title was Lord of Montbrun, Archbishop of Boulogne, Knight, Lord of Pereins, Rochefort, and Apifer. Sixth General, first child, Alleman Du Puy III, Knight, Lord of Pereins, Rochefort, Apifer, Montbrun, Rheianette, Baux, Solignac, Bruis, Bordeaux, Ansenix and Conisriea. Alleman joined with Humbert, the Dauphin, his first cousin, in hospitalities with the Count of Savoye, in the year 1282 and loaned money to Humbert in 1290 to marry Humbert's sister, Jean the Count de Forets. In Alleman's will, dated September 23, 1304, Alleman divides into parts with Ainier, his brother, which took place in 1308, all those lands received from Alleman, their father, and those that had been acquired through Guillaume, their cousin, established in Berri. Alleman married Beatrix Artaud, daughter of Pierre-Ysoard Artaud, Lord of Glandage and of his wife, Alix de Tournon. Alleman and Beatrix had three sons also other children; Alleman Du Puy IV, Bastet Du Puy, Founder of the Branch of Lords of Montbrun and Imbert/Humbert Du Puy, who became Cardinal and Archbishop of Boulogne. "Colonial Men and Times", by Lillian DePuy Van Cullen Harper, pg. 385-386.	du Puy, Alleman III (I27024)
721	Alleman Du Puy II acquired the fiefs and directorships in the place of Pereins, of Guillaume du Puy, his uncle. In an act of acquisition, dated October 23, 1267, Alleman himself says, "He is son of Hugues du Puy and grandson of Alleman du Puy: and it is also written in the act that Guillaume is son of Alleman I. See "History of the House of Poitiers," by Andre Du Chesne. Alleman Moiran Du Puy II was born in 1170. He died in 1229. Alleman II Du Puy, Knight, Lord of Pereins, Rochefort, Apifer and Montbrun, was known as Montbrun. He rendered homage, in 1229, to Aimar de Poitiers, Count of Balentinois and Diois. He acquired fiefs and other grants near Pereins, from his Uncle Guillaume Du Puy. In the contracts of acquisition, he was identified as son of Hughes du Puy and grandson of Alleman du Puy, and the said Guillaume was said to be the son of Alleman I. See the history of the House of Poitiers by Andre Duchaine. Alleman II married Alix, Princess of Dauphine. He was married to Princess in 1205. Princess of Dauphine Alix was born about 1180. Alleman Moiran Du Puy II and Princess Alix of Dauphine had the following children: 1. Sgr. of Bordeau Alleman Dauphine Du Puy III 2. Ainier Dauphine Du Puy was born in 1212. Alleman Du Puy II, Chevalier (Knight), Seigneur de Pereins, Rochefort, Apifer, Montbrun, Rhelianete, Baux, Solignac, Bruis, Bordeaux, Ansenix, et Conifrieu, used the name Humbert. Dauphin, his cousin, made a treaty with the Count of Savoy. Dauphin lent Humbert money, so he could have his sister marry the count de Forez. Per his will of 1304, he shared with his brother Ainier, the inheritance they received from their father, Alleman, and those which they had acquired from their cousin, Guillaume, who had established himself at Berri. He married Beatrix Artod, daughter of Pierre-Yfoard Artod, Seigneur of Glandage and Alix of Tournon. Alleman Du Puy II married Alix, Princess Dauphine. They had: 1. Alleman Du Puy III. 2. Ainier, who went on a journey to Tunis, where the Africans were defeated by the French. *See Joinville. in the year 1270.	du Puy, Alleman II (I27030)
722	Alleman Du Puy V's title was Chevalier (Knight) de Pereins. Eighth generation, Alleman Du Puy V, was born in 1290 and died in 1340. Alleman married Ainarde De Roland in 1325. Ainarde de Roland was born about 1310. Alleman and Ainarde had the following children: Gilles Roland Du Puy, Ainer Roland Du Puy, born 1334 and Gerard Roland Du Puy, born in 1334. Alleman de Puy, V, Knight, Lord of Pereins, Rochefort, Apifer, Ansenix and Conisrieu. Alleman espoused Ainarde de Roland, daughter of Nobel Gillet de Roland. They had Gilles or Gillet, Aineir or Eynier, who rendered allegiance to the Dauphine Gerald on November 19 , 1356, who was made cardinal under the title of St. Clements, Bishop of St. Carcassone and Abby of Marmonteir. In 1362, Ainarde Du Puy is mentioned as a widow, at which time, she is mentioned with her son, Gilles DuPuy. "Colonial Men & Times", Lillian Dupuy Trabue, pg 386. Alleman rendered homage to Humbert the Dauphin in 1334. All the conclave wanted to have made Alleman pope, but Phillippe le Bel, the King, was not willing because he thought it against the interests of the Emporeur. "Colonial Men and Times", by Lillian DePuy Van Cullen Harper, pg 385-386.	du Puy, Alleman V (I27017)
723	Alleman I was married to Veronique Ademar, daughter of Gerard Ademar, in 1125. Veronique Ademar was born about 1095. Veronique was the niece of Bishop Ademar le Puy, the spiritual leader of the first Crusade. Chevalier (Knight) Alleman I de Poisieu DuPuy and Veronique Ademar had the following children: 1. Hughes Adhemar Du Puy II 2. Guillaume Adhemar Du Puy 3. Adhemar, settled in Berry around 1150. He founded the house of Dames en Berry, which is considered a branch of the house of du Puy-Montbrun. Le Grand Dictionnaire Historique -- Louis Moreri, Paris, L1.es libraries associes, 1759 4th General Hugues Du Puy II, Knight, Lord of Pereins, Rochefort, Apifer, and Montbrun. Hugues took the Cross and went to the Crusades in 1140 with Ame III, Count of Savoye, and acquitted himself with much glory, and also in 1147, in the army of the Empereur Conrad III. Hugues made a league, offensive and defensive, with the house of Clermont-Tonnerre. He married Florida Moiran, daughter of Berlion de Moiran. "Colonial Men & Times", by Lillian Dupuy Van Cullin Harper, pg 385.	du Puy, Hugues II (I27032)
724	Alleman Jean Du Puy de Poisieu, I's title was Chevalier (Knight) de Montbrun, Man of Valor. Alleman I, was a man of valor like his brothers and was in battle on many occasions in 1115. Alleman Du Puy, 1st, 1077-1150, to whom Godefroi gave many "lands on the other side of the river of Jordan" and who was killed "au combat de la Vallee de Ran", Chevalier (Knight). One of Alleman's sons, Guillaume, founded the house of Du Puy en Berri.	du Puy, Alleman I (I27036)
725	Alliston Union Cemetery	Hunter, Helen Laurine (I30881)
726	Alma M. (Scholle) Back, 97, died on April 14, 2000 at Cooper County Memorial Hospital in Boonville, Missouri. She was the daughter of George H. and Amanda (Unverforth) Scholle. She married Karl Back in 1921 in Boonville. He preceded her in death in 1955.	Scholle, Alma (I2403)
727	Alpín mac Echdach From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Alpín mac Echdach was a supposed king of Dál Riata included in a pedigree created in the 10th century to connect the kings of Alba to legendary Dál Riatan and Irish ancestors. In this pedigree Alpín's father is Eochaid, an Irish name, yet he becomes the father of Cináed i.e. Kenneth MacAlpin. Cináed and Alpín are the names of Pictish kings in the 8th century: the brothers Ciniod and Elphin who ruled from 763 to 780. Alpín's alleged father Eochaid IV is not mentioned in any contemporary source.[1] Alpín's mother was Fergusa, daughter of Fergus of Dalriada. References 1. Alex Woolf, From Pictland to Alba 789-1070 (Edinburgh University Press 2008), pp. 96, 220-1. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alpín_mac_Echdach&oldid=765482564" Categories: Kings of Dál Riata Medieval Gaels from Scotland Scottish people stubs Scottish history stubs This page was last edited on 14 February 2017, at 17:15. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.	mac Echdach, King of Picts Alpín (I26351)
728	Also 1640-1652 the parishes of Verwaltung, Stedtlingen and Wilmars was added.	Hartmann, Johannes (I30910)
729	Also baptised on 23 Apr 1879 at St John Catholic Church in Clear Creek, Cooper County, Missouri.	Back, Anna Margaretha (I13823)
730	Also called or written as Allie or Ella Passler.	Passler, Ellie (I17221)
731	Also Cantor at Saalfeld.	Reinmann, George Friedrich (I32995)
732	Also had son, Thomas Edwin Caton born 24 dec 1963 who married married Robin Rochele Krueger on 09 Jul 1995 in Kansas City, Missouri. Robin was born on 15 Apr 1967. They have one child, Madeline Grace Caton who was born on 16 Sep 1998. Also had daughter, Sara Jean Caton born 30 Jan 1962 who married John Robert Nichols on 21 Apr 1984 in Marshall, Missouri. John Robert Nichols born 29 May 1950. They have one son Noel Elizabeth Nichols born 29 Sep 1989	Caton, David Edward (I6662)
733	At least one living or private individual is linked to this note - Details withheld.	Smith, Sean Malcolm (I7599)
734	Also know as Enricule and “le Petite” From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Baldwin II, Count of Boulogne Arms of the counts of Boulogne Died 1027 Noble family House of Flanders Spouse(s) Adelina of Holland Issue Eustace I of Boulogne Father Arnulf III, Count of Boulogne Baldwin II of Boulogne († c. 1027) was a son of Arnulf III, Count of Boulogne, whom he succeeded as count of Boulogne. Life[edit] Baldwin II was the son of Arnulf III, Count of Boulogne and succeeded his father as count circa 990. Both Arnulf III and his father Arnulf II had freed themselves of Flemish rule during the minority of Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders.[1] In 1022 both Baldwin and his son Eustace, along with the counts of Normandy, Valois, and Flanders, met with Robert II, King of France and formed an alliance against Odo II, Count of Blois who was challenging the king's authority.[2] But when Emperor Henry II died in July 1024 the alliance quickly fell apart as King Robert reconciled with count Odo II.[2] In the wake of these changing alliances and for reasons that remain unclear, Baldwin was killed in battle c. 1027 warring with Enguerrand I, Count of Ponthieu, who then wed Baldwin's widow.[3] Family and issue[edit] He married Adelina of Holland, possibly the daughter of Arnulf, Count of Holland[4] and Lutgardis of Luxemburg.[5] and was the father of: • Eustace I of Boulogne, who succeeded him. After Baldwin's death Adelina married secondly, Enguerrand I, Count of Ponthieu.[4]	de Boulogne, Baudouin II (I33854)
735	Also know as Mael	verch Tallwch, Meddyf (I33629)
736	also know as: Lysebella , Lisabet	de Miners, Elizabeth (I25900)
737	Also know as: Odo I, Count of Orléans Odo I (French: Eudes; also Hodo, Uodo, or Udo in contemporary Latin; died 25 May 834) was the Count of Orléans (comes Aurelianensium) following the final deposition of Matfrid until his own deposition a few years later. He belonged to the Udalriching family and was a son of Adrian,[1] who had also held the county of Orléans, and possibly of Waldrada, a Nibelungid. Odo first appears as an imperial legate to the Eastern Saxons in 810, when he was captured by the Wilzi. In 811, as count (comes), according to the Annales Fuldenses, he signed a peace treaty with the Vikings. According to the Vita Hludowici, in 827, he was named to replace the deposed Matfrid in Orléans. Odo, along with Heribert, a relative, possibly his cousin, were exiled in April 830 by Lothair I and Orléans confiscated. Matfrid was reinstated. In 834, while fighting Matfrid and Lambert I of Nantes, partisans of Lothair, Odo was killed as were his brothers William, Guy of Maine, and Theodo, abbot of Saint Martin of Tours. Odo's wife was Engeltrude de Fézensac.[2] Their eldest daughter, Ermentrude, married Charles the Bald of West Francia. He left a son William who was executed by his own brother-in-law in 866.	d'Orléans, Count Eudes (I32276)
738	Also known as Alverade von Lothringen Albernde von Hennegau Altered of Hainaut Lorraine	de Lorraine, Alberade Aubree (I26036)
739	Also known as :Johel DeTotenais , Judhael de Totnes 1st Lord Barnstaple Juhel de Totnes Juhel de Totnes (died 1123/30) (alias Juhel fitz Alfred, Juhel de Mayenne, [1] Judel, Judhel, Judael, Judhael, Joel, Judhel de Totenais), Latinised to Judhellus filius Aluredi, "Juhel son of Alured") was a soldier and supporter of William the Conqueror (1066-1087). He was the first Anglo-Norman feudal baron of Totnes and feudal baron of Barnstaple, both in Devon. Origins Career Progeny Death References Further reading He originated either in Brittany or in Mayenne, in the Pays de la Loire/Maine, as his surname of de Mayenne given in an early charter suggests. He was the son of a certain Alfred, Latinised to Aluredus, [2] expressed in Anglo-Norman French as fitz Alfred (i.e. Latin filius, modern French fils de, "son of"). He had a brother named Robert (Latin: Rotbertus) named in the foundation charter of Totnes Priory, c. 1087. In 1069 Juhel was one of the leaders of the Breton forces on the Norman side, fighting against the remaining forces that had been loyal to King Harold. [3] He had been granted by William the Conqueror the feudal barony of Totnes, Devon, and held many manors in south-west England, at the time of the Domesday Book of 1086, including Clawton, Broadwood Kelly, Bridford and Cornworthy. [4][5][6][7] In about 1087, he founded Totnes Priory. He was expelled from the barony of Totnes shortly after the death of King William I in 1087. According to the historian Frank Barlow (1983), King William II "replaced the Breton Judhel, whom he expelled from Totnes at the beginning of his reign for an unknown reason, with his favourite, Roger I of Nonant".[8] However at some time before 1100 Juhel was granted the large feudal barony of Barnstaple, Devon.[9] Juhel had two daughters and a son named Alfred, the latter who died without progeny before 1139.[10] Alfred's two sisters, one of whose name is unknown and Aenor, were his co-heiresses, each inheriting a moiety of the barony of Barnstaple. The unnamed sister married Henry de Tracy[11] whilst Aenor married Philip de Braose (d. 1134/55), feudal baron of Bramber, Sussex and a Marcher Lord., [12] son of William I de Braose (d. 1093/6). In 1206 Juhel's great-grandson William III de Braose (1140/50-1211) regained control of 1/2 the barony of Totnes.[13] Contents Origins Career Progeny Juhel was still living in 1123 but had died before 1130.[14] John Bryan Williams, "Judhael of Totnes: The Life and Times of a Post-Conquest Baron", Anglo-Norman Studies; 16 (1993) pp. 271–289 1. Monasticon, iv, p. 630; v, p. 198; Regesta, ii, no. 1391 (quoted by Sanders, p. 89) 2. Aluredus (nominative case), Aluredi (genitive) 3. E. M. R. Ditmas, "Reappraisal of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Allusions to Cornwall", Speculum, Vol. 48, No. 3 (Jul., 1973), pp. 510-524. 4. "British History Online : Parishes : Parishes : Cadbury - Clawton" (http://www.british-history. ac.uk/magna-britannia/vol6/pp92-102). British-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 January 2016. 5. "British History Online : Parishes : Bridestowe - Butterleigh" (http://www.british-history.ac.uk/ report.asp?compid=50570). British-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 November 2014. 6. "British History Online : Parishes : Parishes : Bickton - Bridford" (http://www.british-history.a c.uk/report.asp?compid=50569). British-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 November 2014. 7. "British History Online : Parishes : Parishes : Colyton - Culmstock" (http://www.british-histor y.ac.uk/magna-britannia/vol6/pp129-151). British-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 January 2016. 8. Barlow, F., William Rufus (1983), p. 171. 9. Sanders, I. J., English Baronies, Oxford, 1960, p. 104, Barnstaple 10. Sanders, I. J., English Baronies, Oxford, 1960, p. 104, Barnstaple 11. https://www.archive.org/stream/conquerorhiscomp02planuoft/conquerorhiscomp02planuoft_dj Excerpt: TRACIE, "Sire de," 1. 13,605. The Norman family of Tracy does not appear to have been of much importance in England before the reign of Stephen, who bestowed upon Henry de Tracy the honour of Benstable (Barnstaple) in Devonshire ; but the first of the name we hear of is Turgis, or Turgisins de Tracy, who with William de la Ferte was defeated and driven out of Maine by Fulk le Rechin, Count of Anjou, in 1073, and who was therefore in all probability the Sire de Tracy in the army at Hastings. Tracy is in the neighbourhood of Vire, arrondissement of Caen, and the ruins of a magnificent castle of the middle ages were and may still be seen there. In 1082 a charter was subscribed at Tracy by a William de Traci and his nephew Gilbert (Gallia Christina, xi. Instrum. p. 107), one or the other being most likely the son of Turgis, and the father of Henry of Barnstaple. The name of Tracy- is principally known to the readers of English history from the unenviable notoriety of a William de Tracy, one of the cowardly murderers of Thomas & Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, A.D. 1170 ; but his connection with the inain line is obscure, as in his charter granting to the Canons of Torre, in the county of Devon, all his lands at North Chillingford, he writes himself William de Traci, son of Gervase de Courtenay, whose name I do not find in the pedigree of that house. Publication: THE CONQUEROR AND HIS COMPANIONS. Author: James Robinson Planché, Somerset Herald. Publisher: Tinsley Brothers, 8, CATHERINE STREET, STRAND, LONDON. Year: 1874. 12. Cokayne, George E (1910), The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, I, London: St Catherine Press, p. 21 13. Sanders, I. J., English Baronies, Oxford, 1960, pp. 89-90, Tot	de Totnes, Judeal Johel (I31402)
740	Also known as “Bryd Angel”.	ap Alcwn, King Sandde (I33663)
741	Also known as Afallach Brychan.	ap Maeldaf, Afallach (I33625)
742	Also known as Brig Ingen Eircc	verch Cobthaigson, Bridget (I33609)
743	Also known as Clodius III.	of Sicambria, Choldimir (I32213)
744	Also known as De Grelle born De Gresley	de Gresley, Ralph (I33767)
745	Also known as Diebald of Arles, Theobald of Arles, Adalbert Marquis, Theobald de Arles Théobald d'Arles ou Thibaud de NEUSTRIE, Maire du Palais de Neustrie, De Neustrie geni.com Theobald French: Théobald Also Known As: "Diebald of /Arles/", "Theobald of /Arles/", "il Ricco", "Adalbert /Marquis/", "Theobald /De Arles/", "Theobaldus", "comes Arelatensis" Birthdate: estimated between 830 and 880 Death: June 887 Place of Burial: Cathdral Of Lucca, Lucca, Tuscany, Italy Immediate Family: Son of Hucbert, Duke of Transjurane Burgundy Husband of Bertha, margravine of Tuscany Father of Hugues I d'Arles, King of Italy, Regent of Lower Burgundy; Theutberge de Troyes; Boson d'Arles, margrave of Tuscany; Berlion d'Arles; Richilde Of Tuscany; N.N. dei Bosonidi; Gisele of Tuscany and Rotbold Aries, II « less Occupation: Count of Arles and Vienne, Comte d'Arles (879-895), comte d'Arles, Greve av Arles och Viennois, Kreivi, Count of Arles, Chamberlain to King Charles the Bald., Conde de Arles, Comte d’Arles	d'Arles, Théobald (I32344)
746	Also known as Emma de Bois Le Eveque 1069; donated property "in monte…Mainart" to Saint-Amand on becoming a nun, by undated charter From Medieval Lands (downloaded 15 August 2018, dvmansur): --- [de Lacy], son of --- (-before 1069). The Chronique de Normandie, based on le Roman de Rou, names "le sire de Lacy" (twice) among those who took part in the conquest of England in 1066, which could refer to Ilbert de Lacy and his father or to Ilbert and his supposed brother Walter. Ellis suggests that the father of Ilbert and Walter was named Hugh "for each gave this name to a son." No other information has been found concerning this person. m EMMA, daughter of ---. "Emma mater Hilberti de Lacei" donated property "in monte…Mainart" to Saint-Amand on becoming a nun, by undated charter. Ellis dates this charter to before 1069.	Marshall, Emma (I26017)
747	Also known as Gilbert de Bois le Evegue	de Blois, N.N. (I26020)
748	Also known as Gilbert Duke of Lorraine http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/LOTHARINGIAN%20(LOWER)%20NOBILITY.htm#Giselbertdied939 Gilbert (or Giselbert) (c. 890-2 October 939) was the duke of Lotharingia (or Lorraine) until 939. The beginning of the reign of Gilbert is not clear. A dux Lotharingiae is mentioned in 910 and this may have been Gilbert. Lotharingia sided with Charles III in 911, who was deposed in West Francia in 922 by Robert but remained king in Lotharingia, from where he tried to reconquer West Francia until being imprisoned in 923. In 925, Gilbert swore fealty to King Henry the Fowler of Germany as duke of Lotharingia. Gilbert married Henry's daughter Gerberga of Saxony by 930. Gilbert rebelled when Henry died in 936 and changed allegiance to Louis IV of France, where the king had less authority. Gilbert managed to be practically independent for three years until he was defeated by the army of king Otto I of Germany in 939 at the Battle of Andernach. Gilbert was made prisoner, and succeeded in fleeing but drowned while trying to cross the Rhine. Lorraine was given to Henry I, Duke of Bavaria.	de Lorraine, Gilbert (I35559)
749	Also known as Godgifu or God's Gift. Only had one child Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia. https://www.myheritage.com/research/record-1-436580281-2-1852/godiva-godgifugodgyfu-of-mercia-born-countess-of-mercia-in-myheritage-family-trees Godiva, Countess of Mercia (/ɡəˈdaɪvə/; died between 1066 and 1086), in Old English Godgifu, was an English noblewoman who, according to a legend dating at least to the 13th century, rode naked – covered only in her long hair – through the streets of Coventry to gain a remission of the oppressive taxation that her husband imposed on his tenants. The name "Peeping Tom" for a voyeur originates from later versions of this legend in which a man named Thomas watched her ride and was struck blind or dead. Godiva was the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia. They had one known son, Aelfgar.[2][3][4][5][6] Godiva's name occurs in charters and the Domesday survey, though the spelling varies. The Old English name Godgifu or Godgyfu meant "gift of God"; Godiva was the Latinised form. Since the name was a popular one, there are contemporaries of the same name.[6][7] If she is the same Godiva who appears in the history of Ely Abbey, the Liber Eliensis, written at the end of the 12th century, then she was a widow when Leofric married her. Both Leofric and Godiva were generous benefactors to religious houses. In 1043 Leofric founded and endowed a Benedictine monastery at Coventry[8] on the site of a nunnery destroyed by the Danes in 1016. Writing in the 12th century, Roger of Wendover credits Godiva as the persuasive force behind this act. In the 1050s, her name is coupled with that of her husband on a grant of land to the monastery of St. Mary, Worcester and the endowment of the minster at Stow St Mary, Lincolnshire.[9][10][11] She and her husband are commemorated as benefactors of other monasteries at Leominster, Chester, Much Wenlock, and Evesham.[12] She gave Coventry a number of works in precious metal by the famous goldsmith Mannig and bequeathed a necklace valued at 100 marks of silver.[13] Another necklace went to Evesham, to be hung around the figure of the Virgin accompanying the life-size gold and silver rood she and her husband gave, and St Paul's Cathedral in the City of London received a gold-fringed chasuble.[14] She and her husband were among the most munificent of the several large Anglo-Saxon donors of the last decades before the Norman Conquest; the early Norman bishops made short work of their gifts, carrying them off to Normandy or melting them down for bullion.[15] 19th-century equestrian statue of the legendary ride, by John Thomas, Maidstone Museum, Kent. The manor of Woolhope in Herefordshire, along with four others, was given to the cathedral at Hereford before the Norman Conquest by the benefactresses Wulviva and Godiva – usually held to be this Godiva and her sister. The church there has a 20th-century stained glass window representing them.[16] Her signature, Ego Godiva Comitissa diu istud desideravi [I, The Countess Godiva, have desired this for a long time], appears on a charter purportedly given by Thorold of Bucknall to the Benedictine monastery of Spalding. However, this charter is considered spurious by many historians.[17] Even so, it is possible that Thorold, who appears in the Domesday Book as sheriff of Lincolnshire, was her brother. (See Lucy of Bolingbroke.) After Leofric's death in 1057, his widow lived on until sometime between the Norman Conquest of 1066 and 1086. She is mentioned in the Domesday survey as one of the few Anglo-Saxons and the only woman to remain a major landholder shortly after the conquest. By the time of this great survey in 1086, Godiva had died, but her former lands are listed, although now held by others.[18] Thus, Godiva apparently died between 1066 and 1086.[7] The place where Godiva was buried has been a matter of debate. According to the Chronicon Abbatiae de Evesham, or Evesham Chronicle, she was buried at the Church of the Blessed Trinity at Evesham, which is no longer standing. According to the account in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, "There is no reason to doubt that she was buried with her husband at Coventry, despite the assertion of the Evesham chronicle that she lay in Holy Trinity, Evesham."[7] William Dugdale (1656) says that a window with representations of Leofric and Godiva was placed in Trinity Church, Coventry, about the time of Richard	of Mercia, Lady Godiva (I33453)
750	Also known as Herlève of Rouen https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_le_Danois#Famille_et_descendance	de Rouen, Herlève (I32083)

Our Thomæ / Thoma Family

Of Hildburghausen, Germany

Notes