Notes: The Thoma Family

Matches 1,851 to 1,900 of 7,802

#	Notes	Linked to
1851	Ealdred of Bamburgh (also Ealdred II of Bamburgh and Ealdred Uhtredsson) was the oldest son of Uchtred of Bamburgh, Ealdorman of Northumbria and his 1st wife Ecgfrida, daughter of Bishop Aldhun of Durham, and was born about 997 (between 995 and 1006). Ealdred's parents divorced in 1006 and Ealdred likely grew up in the household of his grandfather Aldhun, the Bishop of Durham. Ealdred's mother remarried and gave him a little sister, Sigrid, but divorced a 2nd time (was repuidated) and finished out her life living with her father. Ealdred's father Uchtred married several more times, giving him at least 3 more siblings: Eadulf, Gospatrick, and Ealdgyth. His father Uchtred was killed in 1016 by Thurbrand the Hold, starting a blood feud that lasted many years and several generations. Ealdred's uncle Eadwulf Cudel was made Earl of Northumbria and upon his death in 1020 Ealdred succeeded him. In 1024 Ealdred killed Thurbrand the Hold in revenge for his father's death. In 1038 Ealdred was murdered by Thurbrand's son, Carl. He was succeeded as Earl of Bernicia by his 1/2 brother, Eadwulf. 1038 in Risewood Forest, Northumberlandshire, England; Ealdred was murdered in 1038 by Carl, son of Thurbrand the Hold in continuation of the Bloodfeud. Although the name of his wife is not known, before his death Ealdred had five daughters, three of whom are recorded as having borne the same name: - Ealdgyth who married Ligulf of Lumley - Aelfflaed - Aelfflaed - Aelfflaed, second wife of Siward, Earl of Northumbria; and mother of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria. - Ethelthritha The infamous Northumbrian Blood Feud was finally ended when Ealdred's grandson, Waltheof, had most of Carl's sons and grandsons killed in the 1070s.	of Bamburgh, Ealdred fitzUchtred (I34803)
1852	Ealhmund of Kent From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ealhmund was King of Kent in 784. He is reputed to be the father of King Egbert who was King of Wessex and, later, King of Kent. Biography He is not known to have struck any coins,[1] and the only contemporary evidence of him is an abstract of a charter dated 784, in which Ealhmund granted land to the Abbot of Reculver.[2] By the following year Offa of Mercia seems to have been ruling directly, as he issued a charter [3] without any mention of a local king. General consensus among historians is this is the same Ealhmund found in two pedigrees in the Winchester (Parker) Chronicle, compiled during the reign of Alfred the Great.[4] The genealogical preface to this manuscript, as well as the annual entry (covering years 855–859) describing the death of Æthelwulf, both make King Egbert of Wessex the son of an Ealhmund, who was son of Eafa, grandson of Eoppa, and great-grandson of Ingild, the brother of King Ine of Wessex, and descendant of founder Cerdic,[5] and therefore a member of the House of Wessex (see House of Wessex family tree). A further entry has been added in a later hand to the 784 annal, reporting Ealhmund's reign in Kent. Finally, in the Canterbury Bilingual Epitome, originally compiled after the Norman conquest of England, a later scribe has likewise added to the 784 annal not only Ealhmund's reign in Kent, but his explicit identification with the father of Egbert.[6] Based on this reconstruction, in which a Wessex scion became King of Kent, his own Kentish name and that of his son, Egbert, it has been suggested that his mother derived from the royal house of Kent,[7] a connection dismissed by a recent critical review.[4] Historian Heather Edwards has suggested that Ealhmund was probably a Kentish royal scion, whose pedigree was forged to give his son Egbert the descent from Cerdic requisite to reigning in Wessex.[8] Notes 1. Grierson and Blackburn, p. 269 2. "S 38" (http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=seek&query=S+38.) Anglo-Saxons.net. Retrieved 2012-02-10. 3. "S 123" (http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=seek&query=S+123.) Anglo-Saxons.net. Retrieved 2012-02-10. 4. Bierbrier, p. 382 5. Garmonsway, pp. xxxii, 2, 4 6. Garmonsway, pp. xxxix-xxxx, 52 7. Kelley 8. Edwards, "Ecgberht" References Bierbrier, M.L., "Genealogical Flights of Fancy. Old Assumptions, New Sources", Foundations: Journal of the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, 2:379–87. Edwards, Heather (2004). "Ecgberht [Egbert] (d. 839), king of the West Saxons". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8581. Retrieved 14 May 2014. Garmonsway, G.N. ed., The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd. Grierson, Philip; Blackburn, Mark (2006). Medieval European Coinage, With A Catalogue of the Coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge: 1: The Early Middle Ages (5th–10th Centuries). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-03177-X. Kelley, David H., "The House of Aethelred", in Brooks, Lindsay L., ed., Studies in Genealogy and Family History in Tribute to Charles Evans. Salt Lake City: The Association for the Promotion of Scholarship in Genealogy, Occasional Publication, No. 2, pp. 63–93. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ealhmund_of_Kent&oldid=731523535" Categories: Kentish monarchs 780s deaths 8th-century English monarchs This page was last edited on 25 July 2016, at 22:14. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.	of Kent, Ealhmund (I26338)
1853	Ealhswith Queen consort of Wessex Reign 23 April 871 – 26 October 899 Died 902 Burial New Minster, Winchester Spouse Alfred, King of Wessex Issue Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians Edward, King of England Æthelgifu Æthelweard of Wessex Ælfthryth, Countess of Flanders Father Æthelred Mucel Mother Eadburh Ealhswith From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ealhswith or Ealswitha (died 5 December 902) was the wife of King Alfred the Great. Her father was a Mercian nobleman, Æthelred Mucel, Ealdorman of the Gaini, which is thought to be an old Mercian tribal group. Her mother was Eadburh, a member of the Mercian royal family, and according to the historian Cyril Hart she was a descendant of King Coenwulf of Mercia.[1] Life She was married to Alfred in 868. His elder brother Æthelred was then king, and Alfred was regarded as heir apparent.[2][3] The Danes occupied the Mercian town of Nottingham in that year, and the marriage was probably connected with an alliance between Wessex and Mercia.[4] Alfred became king on his brother's death in 871. Ealhswith is very obscure in contemporary sources. She did not witness any known charters, and Asser did not even mention her name in his life of King Alfred. In accordance with ninth century West Saxon custom, she was not given the title of queen. According to King Alfred, this was because of the infamous conduct of a former queen of Wessex called Eadburh, who had accidentally poisoned her husband.[5] Alfred left his wife three important symbolic estates in his will, Edington in Wiltshire, the site of one important victory over the Vikings, Lambourn in Berkshire, which was near another, and Wantage, his birthplace. These were all part of his bookland, and they stayed in royal possession after her death.[3] It was probably after Alfred's death in 899 that Ealhswith founded the convent of St Mary's Abbey, Winchester, known as the Nunnaminster. She died on 5 December 902, and was buried in her son Edward's new Benedictine abbey, the New Minster, Winchester. She is commemorated in two early tenth century manuscripts as "the true and dear lady of the English".[3] Ealhswith had a brother called Æthelwulf,[3] who was ealdorman of western and possibly central Mercia under his niece's husband, Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians, in the 890s.[6] He died in 901.[7] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ealhswith. Children Alfred and Ealhswith had five children who survived to adulthood.[3] Æthelflæd (d. 918), Lady of the Mercians, married Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians Edward the Elder (d. 924), King of the Anglo-Saxons Æthelgifu, made abbess of her foundation at Shaftesbury by her father Ælfthryth, Countess of Flanders (d. 929), married Baldwin II, Count of Flanders Æthelweard (d. c.920) References 1. Keynes & Lapidge, Asser, pp. 77; 240-41; Hart, Æthelstan, p. 116 n. 2. Keynes & Lapidge, Asser, p. 77 3. Costambeys, Ealhswith 4. Williams, Ealhswith 5. Keynes & Lapidge Asser, pp. 71-72, 235-236 6. Hart, Æthelstan, p. 116 7. PASE, Æthelwulf 21 (http://pase.ac.uk/jsp/pdb?dosp=PAGE_CHANGE&N=1) Sources Costambeys, Marios (2004). "Ealhswith (d. 902), consort of Alfred, king of the West Saxons". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/39226. Retrieved 25 October 2012. (subscription or UK public library membership required) Hart, Cyril (1973). "Athelstan 'Half King' and his family". Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge University Press. 2: 115–144. ISBN 0 521 20218 3. doi:10.1017/s0263675100000375. Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael, eds. (1983). Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources. Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-04440-94. Williams, Ann (1991). "Ealhswith wife of King Alfred d. 902". In Ann Williams, Alfred P. Smyth and D. P. Kirby eds. A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. Seaby. ISBN 1 85264 0472. External links Ealhswith 1 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England Ealhswith at Find a Grave St. Mary's Abbey Preceded by Wulfthryth? Consort of the King of Wessex 871–899 Succeeded by Ecgwynn or Ælfflæd Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ealhswith&oldid=784388793" Categories: 9th-century English people 10th-century English people 9th-century women 10th-century women Anglo-Saxon royal consorts English Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns 902 deaths Alfred the Great House of Wessex This page was last edited on 8 June 2017, at 01:46. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. In accordance with ninth century West Saxon custom, she was not given the title of queen, and did not witness any known charters.	of Mercia, Queen Eathswith (I26331)
1854	Earl of Gloucester Robert Fitzroy (before 1100 - 31 October 1147) was the illegitimate son of King Henry I 'Beauclerc' of England. He was also known as 'Robert Rufus' and occasionally as Robert of Caen. Robert was probably the firstborn of Henry's many illegitimate children and was born before he succeeded to the throne. The identity of Robert's mother is not known with certainty but may have been the Welsh princess Nest ferch Rhys (b. circa 1085), daughter of Rhys ap Tewdwr, Nest was Henry's mistresses and the mother of his illegitimate son Henry FitzHenry and was later married to Gerald of Windsor. However, Sybil Corbet or a member of the Gay family of Oxfordshire (possibly a daughter of Rainald Gay), are other possible candidates for Robert's mother. Robert Henry I, arranged Robert's marriage to the wealthy heiress Mabel FitzHamon, daughter of Robert Fitzhamon, the marriage took place in June 1119 at Lisieux and through it, Robert acquired substantial lands in Gloucester, the Welsh county of Glamorgan and in Normandy. In either 1121 or 1122, the king created his son Earl of Gloucester. On the death of Henry I in 1135, his nephew Stephen seized the throne, despite swearing an oath of loyalty to Henry's daughter, the Empress Matilda, who had been appointed her father's heir. Empress Matilda Robert of Gloucester described as 'a man of proved talent and admirable wisdom', initially submitted to Stephen but after a quarrel with the latter in Normandy in 1137 and having his English and Welsh estates seized, he switched his support to his half-sister Matilda, known as 'the Empress'. Robert arrived back in England until 1138 and became the leader of the party loyal to the Empress Matilda he took back from Stephen most of western England and southern Wales and succeeded in capturing the king at the The Battle of Lincoln on 2 February 1141, Stephen was imprisoned at Bristol Castle. Robert accompanied his half-sister on her triumphal progress to Winchester and London, but Matilda, who was by all accounts proud and haughty, alienated the citizens of London and was forced to flee the city. Robert and Matilda besieged the renegade Bishop Henry of Winchester, brother of King Stephen, at Winchester, but were forced into making a hasty retreat. In covering Matilda's flight at the Rout of Winchester Robert of Gloucester was taken prisoner at Stockbridge on 14 September, 1141. Robert's freedom was obtained by an exchange for King Stephen. Empress Matilda later returned to France. By the terms of the Treaty of Wallingford, Matilda's son eventually succeeded to the throne on the death of Stephen as King Henry II (1154), the first Plantagenet King. Matilda died in Normandy in 1167. Robert of Gloucester died in 1147 at Bristol Castle and was buried at his foundation of St James' Priory, in Bristol. His marriage to Mabel FitzHamon produced seven children:- William FitzRobert (111?-1183)- succeeded as 2nd Earl of Gloucester Roger FitzRobert (died 1179) -Bishop of Worcester Hamon FitzRobert (died 1159)- killed at the siege of Toulouse Philip FitzRobert (died after 1147)- lord of Cricklade Matilda FitzRobert (died 1190)- married in 1141 Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester. Mabel FitzRobert - married Aubrey de Vere Richard FitzRobert (1120/35-1175)- succeeded his mother as Sire de Creully. He also had four illegitimate children:- Richard FitzRobert (died 1142)- Bishop of Bayeux [mother: Isabel de Douvres, sister of Richard de Douvres, bishop of Bayeux (1107-1133) Robert FitzRobert (died 1170): Castellan of Gloucester, married in 1147 Hawise de Reviers (daughter of Baldwin de Reviers, 1st Earl of Devon) Mabel FitzRobert married Gruffud, Lord of Senghenydd, son of Ifor Bach. Robert's granddaughter, Isabel of Gloucester (c. 1173 - 14 October 1217) was married to her cousin, the future King John, the youngest son of Henry II, on 29 August 1189 at Marlborough Castle in Wiltshire. Isabel was the daughter and heiress of Robert's eldest son, William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester, and through the marriage, John acquired the Gloucester title and lands. Soon after his accession to the throne in 1199, John had the marriage annulled on the grounds of consanguinity, however, he kept Isabel's lands, and Isabel herself did not contest the annulment.	FitzRoy, Robert (I35500)
1855	EARLENE LOESING 1927-2023 Elizabeth Earlene Schlotzhauer Loesing, age 95, of Pilot Grove, MO, passed away on Monday, April 24, 2023. Funeral services were held at 10:00 am Saturday, April 29, 2023, at Immanuel Lutheran Church in Bonnville, MO with Rev. Joshua Ketelsen, officiating. Burial followed in Walnut Grove Cemetery, Boonville, MO. Arrangements were under the direction of Meisenheimer-Page-Dady Funeral Home, Pilot Grove, MO. Pallbearers were Jordan Grant, Jon Grant, Jeffrey Grant, Elliott Stephenson, Seth Schuster, Turner Schuster, Ben Loesing, and Matthew Loesing. Honorary Pallbearers were Brandon Hodges, Darrell Meisenheimer, Glenn Schupp, David Ellebracht, Todd Larm, Virgil Stegner, and Steve Twenter. Earlene was born May 8, 1927, in Pilot Grove, the daughter of Forest Schlotzhauer and Geneva Hartman Schlotzhauer. Earlene graduated from Pilot Grove High School in 1945. She married Edward Loesing on February 17, 1945. Earlene worked in banking at the Citizens Bank in Pilot Grove and Kemper State Bank in Boonville. She helped with the farming operation with her husband until his death in 2005. She remained on the farm until her death and continued to manage and stay active with the farm. She loved to cook and enjoyed feeding anyone who visited. She and Edward were active members of Immanuel Lutheran Church throughout their marriage. Earlene was loved, admired, and respected by her family. She is survived by and will be greatly missed by her six children, Janice (Don Lang) of Columbia, Beth (Lloyd Copenhaver) of Aiken SC, Judy (Rich Grant) of Columbia, Betty (Larry Schuster) of Columbia, Gloria (Dennis Stephenson) of Rocheport, and Dale (Ann Brinkmann) of Washington, MO. She held a special place in the hearts of fourteen grandchildren and eleven great-grandchildren. She was preceded in death by her husband, Edward; her parents; and two sisters, Marjorie (Rudy Stegner) and Anna Maude (Herbert Ratje). The family requests any memorial contributions be made to Immanuel Lutheran Church, 1001 Immanuel Dr, Boonville, MO 65233.	Schlotzhauer, Elizabeth Earlene (I1945)
1856	At least one living or private individual is linked to this note - Details withheld.	Reuter, Earlene Marie (I11578)
1857	Early spelling of last name was Hildebridle or Hildibrile	Hilderbrand, Jacob (I34933)
1858	East Ave and 2nd Street Northwest	Challed, Charles William (I21964)
1859	East Morgan Street	Stretz, John Henry (I8305)
1860	East of	Schnuck, Virgil Anthony (I14920)
1861	East of Pilot Grove	Babbitt, Lester Fenton (I22825)
1862	East Smith	Weber, Bertha Annie (I16575)
1863	Easter Monday	Dietrich, Elisabetha (I8281)
1864	Ebald II de Grandson, (before 1156 - after 1235), known as Ebald de la Sarraz, he was named Lord of Grandson in various charters, Lord of Grandson and La Sarraz, attorney of the Abbey of Lac de Joux. On August 26, 1186, an edict from Emperor Frederic Barbarossa recognized his right to "build in the territory of Noires-Joux, houses, villages, towns and castles, without any other reservation than that of immediate suzerainty of the empire". From that time on, the elder branch of the Grandsons took up residence in La Sarraz. In 1235 he made an important donation to the abbey of Sainte Marie-Madeleine du Lac. The male succession of the eldest branch of the Grandsons will end with his great-granddaughter Henriette who will bring La Sarraz to her husband Humbert de Montferrand, founder of the line of Montferrand-la-Sarraz7. Lord of Grandson (CH) and La Sarraz (VD-CH)(1200), Attorney of the Abbey of Lac de Joux, of the Grandson Family.	de Grandison, Ebles IV (I35569)
1865	Ebles I of Roucy (died 11 May 1033) was count of Roucy from 1000 to 1033 and archbishop of Reims from 1021 to 1033. His father has traditionally been considered to have been Giselbert, Count of Roucy and Reims. A novel theory (described in French Wikipedia) by Jean-Noël Mathieu resolves some inconsistencies by instead placing Giselbert as his matrilineal great uncle, and Eble de Poitiers as his father. He married Beatrix, the daughter of Reginar IV, Count of Mons and Hedwig of France (daughter of Hugh Capet). Per Wikipedia.org	de Rheims, Archbishop Ebles I (I26033)
1866	Ecum to Sonnenfeld Books: Adventures of Purse and Person, page 418. Pastor to Sonnefeld from 1634 to his death in 1649.	Langer, Casper (I11562)
1867	Ed was married prior to his marriage to Matilda and had three children.	Murphy, Ed (I17388)
1868	Edgar A contemporary portrayal of King Edgar in the New Minster Charter. King of the English Reign 1 October 959 – 8 July 975 Predecessor Eadwig Successor Edward Born 943/944 Died 8 July 975 (aged 31/32) Winchester, Hampshire Burial Glastonbury Abbey Spouse Æthelflæd[1] Wulfthryth[1] Ælfthryth Issue Edward, King of England Eadgyth[1] Edmund[2] Æthelred, King of England House Wessex Father Edmund, King of England Mother Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury Religion Roman Catholic Edgar the Peaceful From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Edgar I (Old English: Ēadgār; c. 943—8 July 975), known as Edgar the Peaceful or the Peaceable, was King of England from 959 to 975. He was the younger son of King Edmund I and his Queen, Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury. Contents 1 Accession 2 Government 3 Benedictine reform 4 Dead Man's Plack 5 Coronation at Bath 6 Death 7 Appearance 8 Ancestry 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Further reading 12 External links Accession Edgar was the son of Edmund I and Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury. Upon the death of King Edmund in 946, Edgar's uncle, Eadred, ruled until 955. Eadred was succeeded by his nephew, Eadwig, the son of Edmund and Edgar's older brother. Eadwig was not a popular king, and his reign was marked by conflict with nobles and the Church, primarily St Dunstan and Archbishop Oda. In 957, the thanes of Mercia and Northumbria changed their allegiance to Edgar.[3] A conclave of nobles declared Edgar as king of the territory north of the Thames.[4] Edgar became King of England upon Eadwig's death in October 959, aged just 16 Government One of Edgar's first actions was to recall Dunstan from exile and have him made Bishop of Worcester (and subsequently Bishop of London and later, Archbishop of Canterbury). Dunstan remained Edgar's advisor throughout his reign. While Edgar may not have been a particularly peaceable man, his reign was peaceful. The Kingdom of England was well established, and Edgar consolidated the political unity achieved by his predecessors. By the end of his reign, England was sufficiently unified in that it was unlikely to regress back to a state of division among rival kingships, as it had to an extent under the reign of Eadred. Blackstone mentions that King Edgar standardised measure throughout the realm.[5] According to George Molyneaux, Edgar's reign, "far more than the reigns of either Alfred or Æthelstan, was probably the most pivotal phase in the development of the institutional structures that were fundamental to royal rule in the eleventh-century kingdom".[6] Benedictine reform The Monastic Reform Movement that introduced the Benedictine Rule to England's monastic communities peaked during the era of Dunstan, Æthelwold, and Oswald (historians continue to debate the extent and significance of this movement).[7] Dead Man's Plack In 963, Edgar allegedly killed Earl Æthelwald, his rival in love, near present-day Longparish, Hampshire.[8] The event was commemorated by the Dead Man's Plack, erected in 1825.[8] In 1875, Edward Augustus Freeman debunked the story as a "tissue of romance" in his book, Historic Essays;[9] however, his arguments were rebutted by naturalist William Henry Hudson in his 1920 book Dead Man's Plack and an Old Thorn.[4] Coronation at Bath Edgar was crowned at Bath and along with his wife Ælfthryth was anointed, setting a precedent for a coronation of a queen in England itself.[10] Edgar's coronation did not happen until 973, in an imperial ceremony planned not as the initiation, but as the culmination of his reign (a move that must have taken a great deal of preliminary diplomacy). This service, devised by Dunstan himself and celebrated with a poem in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, forms the basis of the present-day British coronation ceremony. The symbolic coronation was an important step; other kings of Britain came and gave their allegiance to Edgar shortly afterwards at Chester. Six kings in Britain, including the King of Scots and the King of Strathclyde, pledged their faith that they would be the king's liege-men on sea and land. Later chroniclers made the kings into eight, all plying the oars of Edgar's state barge on the River Dee.[11] Such embellishments may not be factual, and what A coin of Edgar, struck in Winchcombe (c. 973-75). actually happened is unclear.[12] Death Edgar died on 8 July 975 at Winchester, Hampshire. He left behind Edward, who was probably his illegitimate son by Æthelflæd (not to be confused with the Lady of the Mercians), and Æthelred, the younger, the child of his wife Ælfthryth. He was succeeded by Edward. Edgar also had a possibly illegitimate daughter by Wulfthryth, who later became abbess of Wilton. She was joined there by her daughter, Edith of Wilton, who lived there as a nun until her death. Both women were later regarded as saints.[13][14] Some see Edgar's death as the beginning of the end of Anglo-Saxon England, followed as it was by three successful 11th century conquests — two Danish and one Norman. Appearance "[H]e was extremely small both in stature and bulk..."[15] Ancestry Ancestors of Edgar the Peaceful 16. Æthelwulf of Wessex 8. Alfred the Great 17. Osburga 4. Edward the Elder 18. Æthelred Mucel 9. Ealhswith 19. Eadburh 2. Edmund I of England 10. Sigehelm, Ealdorman of Kent 5. Eadgifu of Kent 1. Edgar 3. Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury 7. Wynflaed See also House of Wessex family tree Notes 1. Pauline Stafford, Queen Emma & Queen Edith, Blackwell 2001, pp. 324-325 2. Stafford, op. cit., p. 91 3. "Edgar the Peaceful (c943 - 975) - King of England", BBC, January 13, 200 (5http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/%C3%A2%C3%AF%C2%BF%C2%BD%C 3%AF%C2%BF%C2BDplain/A2982387) 4. Hudson, William Henry (1920). Dead Man's Plack and an Old Thorn (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19691/19691-h/19691-h.htm). 5. Blackstone, "Of the King's Prerogative" Bk. 1, Ch. 7 (http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/blackstone/bla-107.htm) 6. Molyneaux, George (2015). The Formation of the English Kingdom in the eTnth Century. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 193I. SBN 978-0-19-871791-1. 7. Lehmberg, Stanford (2013). A History of the Peoples of the British Isles: Form Prehistoric Times to 1688. Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 1134415281. 8. "Deadman's Plack Monument - Longparish - Hampshire - England ("http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-139701-deadman-s-plack-monument-longparhis). British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 8 September 2011. 9. Freeman, Edward Augustus (1875).H istoric Essays (https://archive.org/details/historicalessays00free.) MacMillan & Co. pp. 10–25. 10. Honeycutt, Lois (2003). Matilda of Scotland: a Study in Medieval Queenship. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. p. 35. 11. Huscroft, R (2013). The Norman Conquest: A New Introduction. Routledge. p. 21. ISBN 1317866274. 12. Scragg, D. G. (2008), Edgar, King of the English, 959-975: New Interpertations, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, p. 121,I SBN 1843833999, "Precisely what happened at Chester has been irretrievably obscured by the embellishments of twelfth-century historia"ns Wikisource has original works written by or about: Edgar of England 13. Yorke, Barbara (2004). "Wulfthryth (St Wulfthryth) (d. c.1000), abbess of Wilton" (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49423/?back=,8463,49423,8482,49423,848 2). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49423 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F49423) . Retrieved 17 November 2012. (subscription or UK public library membership (https://global.oup.com/oxforddnb/info/freeodnb/libraries/) required) 14. Williams, Ann (2004). "Edgar (called Edgar Pacificus) (943/4–975) "(http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8463?docPos=1.) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8463 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8463). Retrieved 16 May 2012.(subscription or UK public library membership (https://global.oup.com/oxforddnb/info/freeodnb/libraries/) required) 15. From the Gesta Regum Anglorum of William of Malmesbury (c.1080–1143) Further reading Scragg, Donald (ed.). Edgar, King of the English, 959–975: New Interpretations. Publications of the Manchester Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies. Manchester: Boydell Press, 2008. ISBN 1-84383-399-9. Contents (external link). Keynes, Simon. "England, c. 900–1016." In The New Cambridge Medieval History III. c.900–c.1024, ed. Timothy Reuter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 456-84. Sobecki, Sebastian. "Edgar's Archipelago." In The Sea and Englishness in the Middle Ages: Maritime Narratives, Identity and Culture, ed. Sobecki. Cambridge: Brewer, 2011. 1-30. External links Edgar 11 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England Medieval Sourcebook: Anglo-Saxon Dooms: laws of King Edgar, a fragment Edgar the Peaceful at Find a Grave Regnal titles Preceded by Eadwig King of the English 959–975 Succeeded by Edward the Martyr Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edgar_the_Peaceful&oldid=784565550" Categories: Monarchs of England before 1066 940s births 975 deaths Burials at Glastonbury Abbey Roman Catholic royal saints 10th-century English monarchs Christian monarchs House of Wessex Mercian monarchs This page was last edited on 9 June 2017, at 00:30. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.	of England, King Edgar I (I25460)
1869	Edgar Herman Crussell BIRTH 23 May 1893 Sullivan County, Tennessee, USA DEATH 4 Sep 1964 (aged 71) Johnson City, Washington County, Tennessee, USA BURIAL New Bethel Cemetery Piney Flats, Sullivan County, Tennessee, USA	Crussell, Edgar Herman (I31764)
1870	Edgar Lusk, the oldest son, died at the age of sixteen of typhoid fever. He had attended the World's Fair in St Louis and became ill soon afterwards while working in the field. He never left the house again and died in a few weeks. He was buried in the Pilot Grove cemetery. (from notes sent by Bettie Wolfe 7/98)	Lusk, Edgar Hamilton (I17995)
1871	Edie also has one step-daughter	Wedge, Edith "EDIE" Irene (I14507)
1872	Edmund King of the English Tenure 27 October 939 – 26 May 946 Coronation c. 29 November 939 probably at Kingston upon Thames[1] Predecessor Æthelstan Successor Eadred Born 921 Wessex, England Died 26 May 946 (aged 24–25) Pucklechurch, Gloucestershire, England Burial Glastonbury Abbey Spouse Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury Æthelflæd of Damerham Issue Eadwig, King of England Edgar, King of England House Wessex Father Edward, King of Wessex Mother Eadgifu of Kent Religion Roman Catholic Edmund I From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Edmund I (Old English: Ēadmund, pronounced [æːɑdmund]; 921 – 26 May 946), called the Elder, the Deed-doer, the Just, or the Magnificent, was King of the English from 939 until his death. He was a son of Edward the Elder and half-brother of Æthelstan. Æthelstan died on 27 October 939, and Edmund succeeded him as king. Contents 1 Early life and Military threats 2 Louis IV of France 3 Death and succession 4 Ancestry 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Early life and Military threats Edmund came to the throne as the son of Edward the Elder,[2] and therefore the grandson of Alfred the Great, great-grandson of Æthelwulf of Wessex and great-great grandson of Egbert of Wessex, who was the first of the house of Wessex to start dominating the Anglo Saxon realms. However, being born when his father was already a middle aged man, Edward lost his father when he was a toddler, in 924, which saw his 30 year old half brother Athelstan come to the throne. Edmund would grow up in the reign of Athelstan, even participating in the Battle of Brunanburgh in his adolescence in 937 Athelstan died in the year 939, which saw young Edmund come to the throne. Shortly after his proclamation as king, he had to face several military threats. King Olaf III Guthfrithson conquered Northumbria and invaded the Midlands; when Olaf died in 942, Edmund reconquered the Midlands.[2] In 943, Edmund became the god-father of King Olaf of York. In 944, Edmund was successful in reconquering Northumbria.[3] In the same year, his ally Olaf of York lost his throne and left for Dublin in Ireland. Olaf became the king of Dublin as Amlaíb Cuarán and continued to be allied to his godfather. In 945, Edmund conquered Strathclyde but ceded the territory to King Malcolm I of Scotland in exchange for a treaty of mutual military support.[3] Edmund thus established a policy of safe borders and peaceful relationships with Scotland. During his reign, the revival of monasteries in England began. Louis IV of France One of Edmund's last political movements of which there is some knowledge is his role in the restoration of Louis IV of France to the throne. Louis, son of Charles the Simple and Edmund's half-sister Eadgifu, had resided at the West-Saxon court for some time until 936, when he returned to be crowned King of France. In the summer of 945, he was captured by the Norsemen of Rouen and subsequently released to Duke Hugh the Great, who held him in custody. The chronicler Richerus claims that Eadgifu wrote letters both to Edmund and to Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor in which she requested support for her son. Edmund responded to her plea by sending angry threats to Hugh.[4] Flodoard's Annales, one of Richerus' sources, report: Silver penny of Edmund I Coin of King Edmund Edmund, king of the English, sent messengers to Duke Hugh about the restoration of King Louis, and the duke accordingly made a public agreement with his nephews and other leading men of his kingdom. [...] Hugh, duke of the Franks, allying himself with Hugh the Black, son of Richard, and the other leading men of the kingdom, restored to the kingdom King Louis.[5][6] Death and succession On 26 May 946, Edmund was murdered by Leofa, an exiled thief, while attending St Augustine's Day mass in Pucklechurch (South Gloucestershire).[7] John of Worcester and William of Malmesbury add some lively detail by suggesting that Edmund had been feasting with his nobles, when he spotted Leofa in the crowd. He attacked the intruder in person, but in the event, Leofa killed him. Leofa was killed on the spot by those present.[8] A recent article re-examines Edmund's death and dismisses the later chronicle accounts as fiction. It suggests the king was the victim of a political assassination.[9] Edmund's sister Eadgyth, the wife of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, died earlier the same year, as Flodoard's Annales for 946 report.[10] Edmund was succeeded as king by his brother Eadred, king from 946 until 955. Edmund's sons later ruled England as: Eadwig, King of England from 955 until 957, king of only Wessex and Kent from 957 until his death on 1 October 959. Edgar the Peaceful, king of Mercia and Northumbria from 957 until his brother's death in 959, then king of England from 959 until 975. Ancestry Ancestors of Edmund I of England 16. Egbert of Wessex 8. Æthelwulf of Wessex 17. Redburga 4. Alfred the Great 18. Oslac 9. Osburga 2. Edward the Elder 10. Æthelred Mucil 5. Ealhswith 11. Eadburh 1. Edmund I of England 6. Sigehelm, Ealdorman of Kent 3. Eadgifu of Kent Diagram based on the information found on Wikipedia See also Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury Burial places of British royalty Edmund the Just, fictional king of Narnia Notes 1. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England, p. 514 2. Edmund I (king of England)," Edmund-I" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/179333/ )Encyclopædia Britannica 3. David Nash Ford, Edmund the Magnificent, King of the English (AD 921-946, )Early British Kingdoms (http://www.earlybritishkingdom s.com/adversaries/bios/edmundmag.html.) 4. Richerus, Historiae, Book 2, chapters 49–50. See MGH online (http://mdz10.bib-bvb.de/~db/bsb00000607/images/index.html?id=000006 07&fip=62.251.15.35&no=20&seite=139.) 5. Dorothy Whitelock (tr.), English Historical Documents c. 500–1042. 2nd ed. London, 1979. p. 345. 6. Edmundus, Anglorum rex, legatos ad Hugonem principem pro restitutione Ludowici regis dirigit: et idem princeps proinde conventus publicos eumnepotibus suis aliisque regni primatibus agit. [...] Hugo, dux Francorum, ascito secum Hugo Nneigro, filio Richardi, ceterisque regni primatibus Ludowicum regem, [...] in regnum restituit. (FlodoardA,n nales 946.) Wikisource has original works written by or about: Edmund I of England Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edmund I of England. 7. "Here King Edmund died on St Augustines’ Day [26 May]. It was widely known how he edned his days, that Liofa stabbed him at Pucklechurch. And Æthelflæd of Damerham, daughter of Ealdorman Ælfg,a wr as then his queen." Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, MS D, tr. Michael Swanton. 8. John of Worcester, Chronicon AD 946; William of Malmesbury, Gesta regum, book 2, chapter 144. The description of the circumstances remained a popular feature in medieval chronicles, such aHs igden's Polychronicon: "But William, libro ij° de Regibus, seyth (says) that this kyng kepyng a feste at Pulkirchirche, in the feste of seynte Austyn, and seyng a thefe, Leof by name, sytte [th]er amonge hys gestes, whom he hade made blynde afore for his trespasses –(q uem rex prios propter scelera eliminavera,t whom the King previously due to his crimes did excile) – , arysede (arrested) from the table, and takenge that man by the heire of the hedde, caste him unto the grownde. Whiche kynge was sleyn – (sed nebulonis arcano evisceratus est) – with a lyttle knyfe the [th]e man hade in his honde [hand]; and also he hurte mony men soore with the same knyfe; neverthelesse he was kytte (cut) at the laste into smalle partes by men longyng to the kynge." Polychronicon, 1527. See Google Books (https://books.google.com/books?id=2lQJAAAAQAAJ&q=HIGDEN) 9. K. Halloran, A Murder at Pucklechurch: The Death of King Edmund, 26 May 946. Midland Histo, rVyolume 40, Issue 1 (Spring 2015), pp. 120-129. 10. Edmundus rex Transmarinus defungitur, uxor quoque regis Othonis, soror ipsius Edmundi, decessit. "Edmund, king across the sea, died, and the wife of King Otto, sister of the same Edmund, died also." (.t rDorothy Whitelock, English Historical Documents c. 500–1042. 2nd ed. London, 1979. p. 345). References Flodoard, Annales, ed. Philippe Lauer, Les Annales de Flodoard. Collection des textes pour servir à l'étude et à l'enseignement de l'histoire 39. Paris: Picard, 1905. External links Edmund 14 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England Regnal titles Preceded by Æthelstan King of the English 939–946 Succeeded by Eadred Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_I&oldid=786351603" Categories: 921 births 946 deaths Anglo-Saxon monarchs Burials at Glastonbury Abbey 10th-century murdered monarchs 10th-century English monarchs English murder victims Christian monarchs House of Wessex Monarchs of England before 1066 This page was last edited on 18 June 2017, at 22:34. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.	of Wessex, King Edmund I (I26243)
1873	Edmund Reign 23 April – 30 November 1016 Predecessor Æthelred the Unready Successor Cnut the Great Died 30 November 1016 Oxford or London, England Burial Glastonbury Abbey Spouse Ealdgyth Issue Edward the Exile Edmund House Wessex Father Æthelred the Unready Mother Ælfgifu of York Religion Catholicism Edmund Ironside From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Edmund II (died 30 November 1016), usually known as Edmund Ironside, was King of England from 23 April to 30 November 1016. He was the son of King Æthelred the Unready and his first wife, Ælfgifu of York. Edmund's reign was marred by a war he had inherited from his father, his cognomen "Ironside" was given to him "because of his valour" in resisting the Danish invasion led by Cnut the Great.[1] Edmund was not expected to be King of England; however, by 1014 two elder brothers had died, making him the oldest male heir. His father, Æthelred, was usurped by Sweyn Forkbeard in that same year, but Sweyn died shortly thereafter, paving the way for Æthelred and his family to return to the throne, which they did but not without opposition. In the process they forced Sweyn's son, Cnut, back to Denmark, where he assembled an invasion force to re-conquer England. It would not arrive for another year. After regaining the throne, the royal family set about strengthening its hold on the country with the assistance of Eadric Streona (Edmund's brother-in-law). People who had sided with the Danes in 1014 were punished, and some were killed. In one case, two brothers, Morcar and Sigeferth, were killed and their possessions, along with Sigferth's wife, were taken by Edmund. Edmund unofficially became the Earl of the East Midlands and took Ealdgyth for his wife. Cnut returned to England in August 1015. Over the next few months, Cnut pillaged most of England. Edmund joined Æthelred to defend London, but he died on 23 April 1016, making Edmund King. It was not until the summer of 1016 that any serious fighting was done: Edmund fought five battles against the Danes, ending in his defeat on 18 October at the Battle of Assandun, after which they agreed to divide the kingdom, Edmund taking Wessex and Cnut the rest of the country. Edmund died shortly afterwards on 30 November, leaving two sons, Edward and Edmund; however, Cnut became the king of all England, and exiled remaining members of the royal family. Contents 1 Early life 2 Warrior prince 3 King of England 4 Death 5 Reputation 6 Descendants 7 Ancestry 8 In culture 9 See also 10 Citations 11 Sources 12 External links Early life The exact date of Edmund's birth is unclear, but it could have been no later than 993 when he was a signatory to charters along with his two elder brothers. He was the third of the six sons of King Æthelred the Unready and his first wife, Ælfgifu, who was probably the daughter of Earl Thored of Northumbria. His elder brothers were Æthelstan (died 1014) and Egbert (died c. 1005), and younger ones, Eadred, Eadwig and Edgar.[1] He had four sisters, Eadgyth (or Edith), Ælfgifu, Wulfhilda, and the Abbess of Wherwell Abbey. His mother died around 1000,[2] after which his father remarried, this time to Emma of Normandy, who had two sons, Edward the Confessor and Alfred and a daughter Goda. Æthelstan and Edmund were close, and they probably felt threatened by Emma's ambitions for her sons.[3] The Life of Edward the Confessor, written fifty years later, claimed that when Emma was pregnant with him, all Englishmen promised that if the child was a boy they would accept him as king.[1] However that claim may just be propaganda. Warrior prince When Sweyn Forkbeard seized the throne at the end of 1013 and Æthelred fled to Normandy, the brothers do not appear to have followed him, but stayed in England. Æthelstan died in June 1014 and left Edmund a sword which had belonged to king Offa of Mercia.[1] His will also reflected the close relationship between the brothers and the nobility of the east midlands.[4] Sweyn died in February 1014, and the Five Boroughs accepted his son Cnut, who married a kinswoman of Sigeferth and Morcar, as king. However, Æthelred returned to England and launched a surprise attack which defeated the Vikings and forced Cnut to flee England. In 1015 Sigeferth and Morcar came to an assembly in Oxford, probably hoping for a royal pardon, but they were murdered by Eadric Streona. King Æthelred then ordered that Sigeferth's widow, Ealdgyth, be seized and brought to Malmesbury Abbey, but Edmund seized and married her in defiance of his father, probably to consolidate his power base in the east midlands.[5] He then received the submission of the people of the Five Boroughs. At the same time, Cnut launched a new invasion of England. In late 1015 Edmund raised an army, possibly assisted by his wife's and mother's links with the midlands and the north, but the Mercians under Eadric Streona joined the West Saxons in submitting to Cnut. In early 1016 the army assembled by Edmund dispersed when Æthelred did not appear to lead it, probably due to illness. Edmund then raised a new army and in conjunction with Earl Uhtred of Northumbria ravaged Eadric Streona's Mercian territories, but when Cnut occupied Northumbria Uhtred submitted to him, only to be killed by Cnut. Edmund went to London.[1] King of England Æthelred died on 23 April 1016, and the citizens and councillors in London chose Edmund as king and probably crowned him. He then mounted a last-ditch effort to revive the defence of England. While the Danes laid siege to London, Edmund headed for Wessex, where the people submitted to him and he gathered an army. He fought inconclusive battles against the Danes and their English supporters at Penselwood in Somerset and Sherston in Wiltshire. He then raised the siege of London and defeated the Danes near Brentford. They renewed the siege while Edmund went to Wessex to raise further troops, returning to again relieve London, defeat the Danes at Otford, and pursue Cnut into Kent. Eadric Streona now went over to Edmund, but at the decisive Battle of Assandun on 18 October, Eadric and his men fled and Cnut decisively defeated Edmund. There may have been one further battle in the Forest of Dean, after which the two kings negotiated a peace dividing the country between them. Edmund received Wessex while Cnut took Mercia and probably Northumbria.[1] Death On 30 November 1016, Edmund died. The location of his death is uncertain though it is generally accepted that it occurred in London, rather than in Oxford where Henry of Huntingdon claimed it to be in his sordid version of events, which included Edmund’s murder by suffering multiple stab wounds whilst on a privy, while tending to a call of nature.[6] Geoffrey Gaimar states a similar occurrence with the weapon being a crossbow, but with a number of other medieval chroniclers including the Encomium Emmae Reginae not mentioning murder, it is thought Edmund’s cause of death may possibly have been caused by wounds received in battle or by some disease, but it is certainly a possibility that he was murdered. Edmund was buried near his grandfather Edgar at Glastonbury Abbey in Somerset, however the abbey was destroyed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century, any remains of a monument or crypt would have been plundered and the location of his remains is unclear. Reputation In the view of M. K. Lawson, the intensity of Edmund's struggle against the Danes in 1016 is only matched by Alfred the Great's in 871, and contrasts with Æthelred's failure. Edmund's success in raising one army after another suggests that there was little wrong with the organs of government under competent leadership. He was "probably a highly determined, skilled and indeed inspiring leader of men". Cnut visited his tomb on the anniversary of his death and laid a cloak decorated with peacocks on it to assist in his salvation, peacocks symbolising resurrection.[1] Descendants Edmund had two children by Ealdgyth, Edward the Exile and Edmund. According to John of Worcester, Cnut sent them to the king of Sweden where he probably hoped they would be murdered, but the Swedish king instead forwarded them, together with his daughter, on to Kiev. It has more recently been alleged that the two sons were sent to Poland and subsequently from there to Hungary.[7] The two boys eventually ended up in Hungary where Edmund died but Edward prospered. Edward "the Exile" returned to England in 1057 only to die within a few days of his arrival.[8] His son Edgar the Ætheling was briefly proclaimed king after the Battle of Hastings in 1066, but later submitted to William the Conqueror. Edgar would live a long and eventful life; fighting in rebellion against William the Conqueror from 1067-1075; fighting alongside the Conqueror's son Robert of Normandy in campaigns in Sicily (1085-1087); and accompanying Robert on the First Crusade (1099-1103). He eventually died in England in 1126. In 1070 Edward the Exile's daughter, Margaret, became Queen consort to Malcolm III of Scotland. Through her and her decedents, Edmund is the direct ancestor of every subsequent Scottish monarch, every English monarch from Henry II onward, and every monarch of Great Britain and of the United Kingdom, down to the present. Ancestry Ancestors of Edmund Ironside Edward the Elder Edmund I Eadgifu of Kent Edgar the Peaceful Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury Wynflaed Æthelred the Unready Ordgar Ælfthryth Edmund Ironside Gunnar Thored Ælfgifu of York In culture Edmund Ironside is an Elizabethan play about him, which some critics believe to be a very early work by William Shakespeare. Edmund is played by John Horn in the 1970 television movie The Ceremony of Innocence. Edmund is one of the main characters in Justin Hill's novel Shieldwall (2011), first in the Conquest Trilogy. See also House of Wessex family tree Citations 1. M. K. Lawson, Edmund II, Oxford Online DNB, 2004 (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8502?docPos=1) 2. Simon Keynes, Æthelred the Unready, Oxford Online DNB, 2009 (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8915/?back =,8502) 3. Ryan Lavelle, Aethelred II: King of the English, The History Press, 2008, pp. 172-173 4. Lavelle, op. cit., p. 172 5. Lavelle, op. cit., pp. 169-172 6. Henry of Huntingdon 2002, p. 15. 7. MichaelAnne Guido and John P. Ravilious, "From Theophanu to St. Magraret of Scotland: A study of Agatha's ancestry", Foundations, vol. 4(2012), pp. 81-121. 8. M. K. Lawson, Edward Ætheling, Oxford Online DNB, 200 4(http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37387/?back=,85 02) Sources Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Clemoes, Peter. The Anglo-Saxons: Studies Presented to Bruce Dickins, 1959 Henry of Huntingdon History of the English People 1000 - 1154 External links Edmund 24 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England Regnal titles Preceded by Æthelred the Unready King of the English 1016 Succeeded by Cnut the Great Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Ironside&oldid=781380892" Categories: Monarchs of England before 1066 10th-century births 1016 deaths Burials at Glastonbury Abbey 10th-century English people 11th-century English monarchs Christian monarchs House of Wessex This page was last edited on 20 May 2017, at 22:01. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.	of England, Edmund II (I25456)
1874	Edmund Harrison From GENi Edmund Harrison Birthdate: 1602 Birthplace: Bristol, Somerset, , England Death: ( Date and location unknown) Immediate Family: Father: Christopher Harrison Mother: Elizabeth Harrison Spouse: Jane Harrison Children: Sarah Thomas Godfrey Harrison	Harrison, Edmund (I24785)
1875	Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Lord Mortimer (1251 – July 17, 1304) was the second son and eventual heir of Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer. His mother was Maud de Braose. As a younger son, Edmund had been intended for clerical or monastic life, and had been sent to study at Oxford University. He was made Treasurer of York in 1265. By 1268 he is recorded as studying Theology in the house of the Archbishop of York. King Henry III showed favour by supplementing his diet with the luxury of venison. The sudden death of his elder brother, Ralph, in 1274, made him heir to the family estates; yet he continued to study at Oxford. But his father's death eventually forced his departure. He returned to the March in 1282 as the new Lord Mortimer of Wigmore and immediately became involved in Welsh Marches politics. Together with his brother Roger Mortimer, Baron of Chirk, John Giffard, and Roger Lestrange, he devised a plan to trap Llywelyn ap Gruffudd. Edmund sent a message to Llewelyn telling him he was coming to Llywelyn's aid and arranged to meet with him at Builth. At Irfon Bridge the Welsh prince became separated from his army. Edmund's brothers secretly forded the river behind Llywelyn's army and surprised the Welsh. In the resulting battle Llywelyn was killed and beheaded. Edmund then sent his brother Roger Mortimer of Chirk to present Llywelyn's severed head to King Edward I of England at Rhuddlan Castle. The head was displayed on the Tower of London as a warning to all rebels. In return for his services Edmund was knighted by King Edward at Winchester in 1283. In September 1285, he married Margaret de Fiennes, the daughter of William II de Fiennes and Blanche de Brienne (herself the granddaughter of John of Brienne by his third wife Berenguela of Leon), the family entering the blood royal. Their surviving children were: 1. Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March (25 April 1287 – 29 November 1330) married Joan de Geneville, by whom he had twelve children. 2. Maud Mortimer, married Sir Theobald II de Verdun, by whom she had four daughters, Joan de Verdun, who married John de Montagu (d. August 1317), eldest son and heir apparent of William Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu; Elizabeth de Verdun, who married Bartholomew de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh; Margaret de Verdun, who married firstly Sir William le Blount of Sodington, Worcestershire, secondly Sir Mark Husee, and thirdly Sir John de Crophill; and (allegedly) Katherine de Verdun. 3. John Mortimer, accidentally slain in a joust by John de Leyburne. 4. Walter Mortimer, a priest, Rector of Kingston. 5. Edmund, a priest, Rector of Hodnet and Treasurer of the cathedral at York. 6. Hugh Mortimer, a priest, Rector of church at Old Radnor. They also had two daughters who became nuns; 7. Elizabeth and 8. Joan. Mortimer served in the king's Scottish campaign, and returned to fight in Wales in 1283. He was mortally wounded in a skirmish near Builth, and died at Wigmore Castle. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Mortimer,_2nd_Baron_Mortimer	de Mortimer, Baron Edmund I (I35640)
1876	Edna Josephine Martin, 93, of Honolulu, Hawaii passed away May 1, 2018 at Kalakaua Gardens Assisted Living. Mass of Christian burial will be 11 a.m. Saturday, May 12, 2018 at S.S. Peter and Paul Catholic Church with Fr. Bill Peckman officiating. Visitation will be one hour prior to the service from 10-11 a.m. at the church. Burial will follow in St. Martins Catholic Cemetery. Edna Josephine Martin was born July 15, 1924 southwest of Boonville, Missouri, in the area known as Martinsville, the daughter of Julius Charles Martin and Mary Anna Lang Martin. Edna graduated 8th grade from St. Martins Catholic School in 1938. Edna worked at Pete & Holt's Café in Boonville, went to Kansas City in the mid 1940s and worked as a secretary for North American Bombers Plant until she moved to San Francisco, Calif., where she worked as a secretary for Standard Oil Company now known as Chevron. She retired from Chevron after 18 years of service in July, 1977. Edna loved to travel the world as she has seen Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia over the years. Edna was preceded in death by her parents, sister, Clara (George) Horst and brother, Emil (Elaine) Martin. She is survived by her sister, Isabel (late Ray) Stoecklein. Also surviving are her nieces and nephews: Robert (Linda) Horst, Edwin Horst, Mary Spradling, Donna Horst, Fran (Leonard) Kellogg, Carolyn Martin, Teresa Martin, Rebecca Martin and Lori (Wesley) Broyles, Barbara (Philip) McPherson, Louise (David) Cutshall and Lisa (George) Monk. She will be missed by her family and friends. Memorial contributions are suggested to the St. Martins Catholic Cemetery. Online condolences may be left at: www.howardfh.com	Martin, Edna Josephine (I16306)
1877	Educated as a Presbyterian Minister but taught school instead.	McQuigge, Thomas (I18311)
1878	At least one living or private individual is linked to this note - Details withheld.	Connolly, Lesley Alexander (I10314)
1879	Edward J. Garthoffner (Transcribed by Jim Thoma) Edward J. Garthoffner, proprietor of a flourishing feed mill, has been engaged in business since July 1, 1917, when he purchased the mill from H. Ohlendorf. Two men are employed and Mr. Garthofner does a general wholesale and retail business which is growing in volume through his' management. He was born in Boonville, Mo., April 11, 1867. George J. Garthoffner his father, was born in Germany and came to America in 1857. He operated a wagon shop in Boonville for many years - and was prominently identified with the early growth and history of Boonville. He was barn in 1828 and died May 13, 1873. His wife was Victoria (Wagner) Garthoffner, who bore him eight children, seven of whom are living: George, Boonville; Edward, subject of this review; Frank and Henry, engaged in the drug business in St Louis; Mary, Boonville; Louisa, deceased; Emma, Boonville; and Mrs. Sophia Gantner, Boonville. After attending the parochial schools of Boonville, Edward J. Garthoffner learned the trade of cigar maker and followed his trade for twenty years, becoming a partner in business with his brother in 1890. He remained with him until 1910, when he closed out his partnership interest in the business. In 1910, June, he was appointed postmaster of Boonville and served until July 1, 1914. For the following year he traveled for the Melito Fish and Oyster Company. Mr. Kramm became owner of the local feed mill at that time and Mr. Garthoffner operated it for Kramm for six months. Then Olendorf bought it and Mr. Garthoffner was in his employ until he became sole owner on July 1, 1917. Mr. Garthoffner was married in 1896 to Miss Mary E. Darby, a native of Cooper County, and daughter of Patrick Darby, a sketch of whom appears in this volume. Six children were born to this marriage: Bernardine, a teacher in the public schools of Cooper County; Mary, bookkeeper in the Commercial Bank of Boonville; Richard, Edward, Jr., Dorothy and Frances. Mr. Garthoffner has been active and influential in Republican politics and has served on the County and Congressional Central Committees. He has frequently been a delegate to the State convention of his party and has attended the National conventions. For several years he was vice-president of the Young Mens' Republican Association. He was elected to the office of city treasurer in 1908 and filled this office for two years. He is a member of Sts. Peter and Paul's Catholic Church, is a Grand Knight of the Knights of Columbus, and is affiliated with the Woodmen of the World.	Garthoffner, Edward J (I10148)
1880	Edward Lee, passed away suddenly March 10, 1988. He was born March 29, 1920 in Seminole, OK. He is survived by his wife of 47 years, Juanita & 5 children, John Sparks of MWC, Frank Sparks of Dibble, Libby Keller of MWC, Bruce Sparks of Del City, Linda Sparks of MWC, 14 grandchildren & 7 great grandchildren. He is also survived by his mother, Nora Mandrell, 5 sisters & 7 brothers & numerous nieces & nephews, as well as a host of friends & neighbors. Edd was loved & respected by his family & will be greatly missed by all. He was preceded in death by his father, John Harold Sparks & sister, Hettie Elizabeth Owens. Living with William Henry Thoma in 1930 and 1940.	Sparks, Edward Lee (I24449)
1881	Edward Melkersman (Transcribed by Jim Thoma) Edward Melkersman, a prosperous and progressive farmer and stockman of Clarks Fork township, is a native of Missouri. Mr. Melkersman was born Feb. 19, 1855, a son of Robert R. and Louisa (Portzig) Melkersman. He was born at St Charles, Mo., whence his parents moved in 1872 to Cooper County and located on an 80 acre farm three miles south of Boonville, where the father died in 1879. His remains are interred in the cemetery at Boonville. The widowed mother now makes her home with her daughter, Mrs. Frank Kirschner, at Otterville, Mo. Mrs. Melkersman is now, in 1919, at the advanced age of 86 years. Robert R. and Louisa Melkersman were the parents of the following children: Mrs. Sophia Achepohl, who died in Oregon; Edward, the subject of this review; Mrs. Lucy Wells, of the state of Washington; Mrs. Ottilia Kirschner, of Otterville, Mo., with whom the mother resides; Fred, who resides in Idaho; Mrs. Emma Landen, of the state of Washington; Mrs. Helen Nathan, deceased; and Mrs. Nora Comstock, of Freeman, Wash. In the public schools of St Charles, Mo., Edward Melkersman received his education. He has followed farming and stockraising practically his entire life and he has been a resident of Cooper County since 1872. He purchased his first farm 30 years ago and he later sold it and bought the country place he now owns, a farm comprising 330 acres of valuable land in Clarks Fork township, six miles from Boonville. Mr. Melkersman has, since acquiring the ownership of the place, added three barns. Petite Saline creek crosses the farm on the north and there are two exceptionally fine springs on the land, which is admirably adapted for stockraising. Large herds of hogs, cattle and sheep are raised on the Melkersman place, which is managed by Mr. Melkersman's son, Edward L. April 2, 1893, Edward Melkersman and Annie Margaret Kirschner, a daughter of John Nicholas and Eva (Hess) Kirschner, noble pioneers of Boonville township, were united in marriage. The Kirschners settled in Cooper County, in 1853, and reared and educated their five children in Bottom of Page 632 Boonville township. The father died in 1863 and he was buried in the cemetery at Boonville. The mother died in March 1905, and she was buried in Walnut Grove cemetery. John Nicholas and Eva Kirschner were the parents of the following children: John E., a farmer, Boonville; Mrs. Mary Lowe, of Otterville; Frank, of Otterville ; Mrs. Henry Roesler, of Otterville; and Mrs. Edward Melkersman, the wife of the subject of this sketch. To Edward and Annie M. Melkersman have been born two children: Edward Leroy, who manages the home farm; and Evaline Louise, a student at Cottey College, Nevada, Mo.; Edward Leroy Melkersman married Bertha Bechtold, of Boonville, and to them has been born two children: Charles Edward, who was born March 2, 1917; and one son, Harry Leroy, born Feb. 13, 1918, and died Feb. 14, 1919. Edward Melkersman is one of the representatives of the first families of Missouri. He is a gentleman of the old school, an upright, honorable citizen. Mr. and Mrs. Melkersman moved to Boonville in Nov., 1915, and they have a very pleasant home on South Third street on a 22 acre tract. Mr. Melkersman is a republican and he and his family are members of the Boonville Evangelical Church.	Melkersman, Edward Rudolph (I820)
1882	Edward moved to Taney County, Missouri and on October 7, 1893 they purchased 160 acres of land, northeast quarter of section twentyone in township twentyfour north of range twentyone. This land was north of present day Bronson, Missouri; just south of Christian County line. They went to school and church at Billings, Missouri, located in Christian County. They moved to Canada in 1904. Ed Crumly (Note: the name change from Gramlich to Crumly] and his son Lawrence, came from Billings, Missouri in 1904 and homsteaded just south of Stalwart (now Frank Wolff's homestead SE 9-26-25 W2]. He shipped up a carload of household goods, machinery and livestock. Mrs. Crumly and the three youngest childred came in June. The three oldest children, Lila, Henry, and Louisa stayed in the United States. It is recalled that during the winter of 10-4-1905 the men of the district put in a fish net, 150 foot long, near the mouth of the Arm to help the food supply. Several men would go each time the net was to be lifted. One very cold windy day noses, ears and cheeks were being frozen every little while because no one had the proper clothing to withstand these sub-ero temperatures. Ed's Missouri cap did not quite cover the lobes of his ears, nor did his coat collar cover his chin, so he put an empty gunny sack around his head. Naturally, the wind and cold went through the sack, and the men would draw Ed's attention to a frozen spot and he would rub the frost with the gunny sack. The following the Sunday the folks gathered at the Crumly's for the weekly "get-together" and there was Ed, with two black ear lobes, his nose half black, and two cheeks with a great black spot on each one, and his chin also black. The gunny sack had rubbed off the top skin, so Ed must have suffered severly, but his cheerful smile was still there.	Gramlich, Edward (I12635)
1883	Edward the Elder King of the Anglo-Saxons Reign 26 October 899 – 17 July 924 Coronation 8 June 900 Kingston upon Thames or Winchester Predecessor Alfred the Great Successor Æthelstan Born c. 874 Died 17 July 924 Farndon, Cheshire, England Burial New Minster, Winchester, later translated to Hyde Abbey Spouse Ecgwynn Ælfflæd Eadgifu Issue Æthelstan, King of England Daughter, wife of Sitric Cáech Eadgifu Ælfweard, King of Wessex? Eadgyth Eadhild Ælfgifu of Wessex Eadflæd of Wessex Eadhild of Wessex Edwin of Wessex Edmund, King of England Eadred, King of England Saint Eadburh of Winchester House Wessex Father Alfred, King of Wessex Mother Ealhswith Religion Catholicism (pre-reformation) Edward the Elder From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Edward the Elder (Old English: Eadweard cyning; c. 874 – 17 July 924) was King of the Anglo- Saxons from 899 until his death. He became king in 899 upon the death of his father, Alfred the Great. He captured the eastern Midlands and East Anglia from the Danes in 917 and became ruler of Mercia in 918 upon the death of Æthelflæd, his sister. All but two of his charters give his title as "Anglorum Saxonum rex" ("king of the Anglo-Saxons"), a title first used by his father, Alfred.[1] According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle the Kings of Scotland and Strathclyde and the rulers of Northumbria "chose [Edward] as father and lord" in 920, a claim dismissed by most modern historians.[2] Edward's cognomen "the Elder" was first used in Wulfstan's Life of St Æthelwold (c. 996) to distinguish him from the later King Edward the Martyr. Contents 1 Background 2 Childhood 3 Ætheling 4 Æthelwold's revolt 5 King of the Anglo-Saxons 6 Conquest of the southern Danelaw 7 Coinage 8 Church 9 Learning 10 Law and administration 11 Later life 12 Reputation 13 Marriages and children 14 Genealogy 15 Notes 16 Citations 17 Bibliography 18 Further reading 19 External links Background Mercia was the dominant kingdom in southern England in the eighth century and maintained its position until it suffered a decisive defeat by Wessex at the Battle of Ellandun in 825. Thereafter the two kingdoms became allies, which was to be an important factor in English resistance to the Vikings.[3] In 865 the Danish Viking Great Heathen Army landed in East Anglia and used this as a starting point for an invasion. The East Anglians were forced to buy peace and the following year the Vikings invaded Northumbria, where they appointed a puppet king in 867. They then moved on Mercia, where they spent the winter of 867–868. King Burgred of Mercia was joined by King Æthelred of Wessex and his brother, the future King Alfred, for a combined attack on the Vikings, who refused an engagement; in the end the Mercians bought peace with them. The following year, the Danes conquered East Anglia, and in 874 they expelled King Burgred and Ceolwulf became the last King of Mercia with their support. In 877 the Vikings partitioned Mercia, taking the eastern regions for themselves and allowing Ceolwulf to keep the western ones. The situation was transformed the following year when Alfred won a decisive victory over the Danes at the Battle of Edington. He was thus able to prevent the Vikings from taking Wessex and western Mercia, although they still occupied Northumbria, East Anglia and eastern Mercia.[4] Childhood Alfred the Great married his Mercian queen Ealhswith in 868. Her father was Æthelred Mucel, Ealdorman of the Gaini, and her mother, Eadburh, was a member of the Mercian royal family. Alfred and Ealhswith had five children who survived childhood. Their first child was Æthelflæd, who married Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians and ruled as Lady of the Mercians after his death. Edward was next, and the second daughter, Æthelgifu, became abbess of Shaftesbury. The third daughter, Ælfthryth, married Baldwin, Count of Flanders, and the youngest child, Æthelweard, was given a scholarly education, including learning Latin. This would usually suggest that he was intended for the church, but it is unlikely in Æthelweard's case as he had sons. There were also an unknown number of children who died young. Neither part of Edward's name, which means 'protector of wealth', had been used previously by the West Saxon royal house, and Barbara Yorke suggests that he may have been named after his maternal grandmother Eadburh, reflecting the West Saxon policy of strengthening links with Mercia.[5] Æthelflæd was probably born about a year after her parents' marriage, and Edward was brought up with his youngest sister, Ælfthryth. Yorke argues that he was therefore probably nearer in age to Ælfthryth than Æthelflæd. However, he led troops in battle in 893, and he must have been of marriagable age in that year as his oldest son Æthelstan was born about 894, so Edward was probably born in the mid-870s.[6] According to Asser in his Life of King Alfred, Edward and Ælfthryth were educated at court by male and female tutors, and read ecclesiastical and secular works in English, such as the Psalms See list A page from the will of Alfred the Great, which left the bulk of his estate to Edward Coin of Edward the Elder and Old English poems. They were taught the courtly qualities of gentleness and humility, and Asser wrote that they were obedient to their father and friendly to visitors. This is the only known case of an Anglo-Saxon prince and princess receiving the same upbringing.[7] Ætheling As a son of a king, Edward was an ætheling, a prince of the royal house who was eligible for kingship. However, even though he had the advantage of being the eldest son of the reigning king, his accession was not assured, as he had cousins who had a strong claim to the throne. Æthelhelm and Æthelwold were sons of Æthelred, Alfred's older brother and predecessor as king. More is known about Edward's childhood than about that of other Anglo- Saxon princes, providing information about the training of a prince in a period of Carolingian influence, and Yorke suggest that this may have been due to Alfred's efforts to portray his son as the most throneworthy ætheling.[8] Æthelhelm is only recorded in Alfred's will of the mid-880s, and probably died at some time in the next decade, but Æthelwold is listed above Edward in the only charter where he appears, probably indicating a higher status. Æthelwold may also have had an advantage because his mother Wulfthryth witnessed a charter as queen, whereas Edward's mother Ealhswith never had a higher status than king's wife. However, Alfred was in a position to give his own son considerable advantages. In his will, only left a handful of estates to his brother's sons, and the bulk of his property to Edward, including all his booklands in Kent. In a Kentish charter of 898 Edward witnessed as rex Saxonum, suggesting that Alfred may have followed the strategy adopted by his grandfather Egbert of strengthening his son's claim to succeed to the West Saxon throne by declaring him King of Kent.[9] Alfred also advanced men who could be depended on to support his plans for his succession, such as his brother-in-law, a Mercian ealdorman called Æthelwulf, his son-in-law Æthelred, and a relative called Osferth, who may have been Alfred's illegitimate son. Once Edward grew up Alfred was able to give him military commands and experience of royal business. Edward frequently witnessed Alfred's charters, suggesting that he often accompanied his father on royal peregrinations.[10] In 893 Edward defeated the Vikings in the Battle of Farnham, although he was unable to follow up his victory as his troops period of service and expired and he had to release them. The situation was saved by the arrival of troops from London led by his brother-in-law, Æthelred. The English defeated renewed Viking attacks in 893 to 896, and in Richard Abels' view, the glory belonged to Æthelred and Edward.[11] Yorke argues that although Alfred packed the witan with members whose interests lay in the continuation of Alfred's line, that may not have been sufficient to ensure Edward's accession, if he had not displayed his fitness for kingship.[12] However, Janet Nelson suggests that there was conflict between Alfred and Edward in the 890s. She points out that the contemporary Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, produced under court auspices in the 890s, does not mention Edward's military successes. These are only known from the late tenth century chronicle of Æthelweard, such as his account of the Battle of Farnham, in which in Nelson's view "Edward's military prowess, and popularity with a following of young warriors, are highlighted". Towards the end of his life Alfred invested his young grandson Æthelstan in a ceremony which historians see as designation as eventual successor to the kingship. Nelson argues that while this may have been proposed by Edward to support the accession of his own son, on the other hand it may have been intended by Alfred as part of a scheme to divide the kingdom between his son and grandson. Æthelstan was sent to be brought up in Mercia Æthelflæd and Æthelred, but it is not known whether this was Alfred's idea or Edward's. Alfred's wife Ealhswith is ignored in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in her husband's lifetime, but emerges from obscurity when her son accedes. This may be because she supported her son against her husband.[13] In about 893 Edward had married Ecgwynn, who bore him two children, the future King Æthelstan and a daughter who married Sitric, a Viking King of York. An opponent of Æthelstan claimed that his mother was a concubine of low birth, but the earliest life of the nobly born Saint Dunstan suggests that he was a relative of hers, and William of Malmesbury described her as an illustris femina. She may have died by 899, as around the time of Alfred's death Edward took Ælfflæd as his second wife. She was the daughter of Ealdorman Æthelhelm, probably of Wiltshire.[14] Æthelwold's revolt Alfred died on 26 October 899 and Edward succeeded to the throne, but Æthelwold immediately disputed the succession.[15] He seized the royal estates of Wimborne, symbolically important as the place where his father was buried, and Christchurch. Edward marched with his army to the nearby Iron Age hillfort at Badbury Rings. Æthelwold declared that he would live or die at Wimborne, but then left in the night and rode to Northumbria, where the Danes accepted him as king.[16] Edward was crowned on 8 June 900 at Kingston upon Thames or Winchester.[a] In 901, Æthelwold came with a fleet to Essex, and the following year he persuaded the East Anglian Danes to invade and harry English Mercia and northern Wessex. Edward retaliated by ravaging East Anglia, but when he retreated the men of Kent disobeyed the order to retire, and were intercepted by the Danish army. The two sides met at the Battle of the Holme (perhaps Holme in Huntingdonshire) on 13 December 902. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the Danes "kept the place of slaughter", meaning that they won the battle, but they suffered heavy losses, including Æthelwold and a King Eohric, possibly of the East Anglian Danes. Kentish losses included Sigehelm, ealdorman of Kent and father of Edward's third wife, Eadgifu. Æthelwold's death ended the threat to Edward's throne.[18] King of the Anglo-Saxons In London in 886 Alfred had received the formal submission of "all the English people that were not under subjection to the Danes", and thereafter he adopted the title "King of the Anglo-Saxons". This is seen by Simon Keynes as "the invention of a wholly new and distinctive polity", covering both West Saxons and Mercians, which was inherited by Edward with the support of Mercians at the West Saxon court, of whom the most important was Plegmund, Archbishop of Canterbury. In 903 Edward issued three charters at a meeting attended by the Mercian leaders and their daughter Ælfwynn. The charters all contain a statement that Æthelred and Æthelflæd "then held rulership and power over the race of the Mercians, under the aforesaid king".[19] This view of Edward's status is accepted by Martin Ryan, who states that Æthelred and Æthelflæd had "a considerable but ultimately subordinate share of royal authority" in English Mercia.[20] Other historians disagree. Pauline Stafford describes Æthelflæd as "the last Mercian queen",[21] while in Charles Insley's view Mercia kept its independence until Æthelflæd's death in 918.[22] Michael Davidson contrasts the 903 charters with one of 901 in which the Mercian rulers were "by grace of God, holding, governing and defending the monarchy of the Mercians". Davidson comments that "the evidence for Mercian subordination is decidedly mixed. Ultimately, the ideology of the 'Kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons' may have been less successful in achieving the absorption of Mercia and more something which I would see as a murky political coup."[23] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was compiled at the West Saxon court from the 890s, and the entries for the late ninth and early tenth centuries are seen by historians as reflecting the West Saxon viewpoint; Davidson observes that "Alfred and Edward possessed skilled 'spin doctors'".[24] However, some versions of the Chronicle incorporate part of a lost Mercian Register, which gives a Mercian perspective and details of Æthelfæd's campaign against the Vikings.[20] The standard of Anglo-Saxon learning declined severely in the ninth century, particularly in Wessex, and Mercian scholars such as Plegmund played a prominent part in the revival of learning initiated by Alfred. Mercians were prominent at the courts of Alfred and Edward, and the Mercian dialect and scholarship commanded West Saxon respect.[25] The only large scale embroideries which were certainly made in Anglo-Saxon England date to Edward's reign. They are a stole, a maniple and a possible girdle found in the tomb of St Cuthbert. They were donated by Æthelstan in 934, but inscriptions on the embroideries show that they were commissioned by Edward's second wife, Ælflæd, as a gift to Frithestan, Bishop of Winchester. They probably did not reach their intended destination because Æthelstan was on bad terms with Winchester.[26] In the late ninth and early tenth centuries connection with the West Saxon royal house was seen as prestigious by continental rulers. In the mid-890s Alfred had married his daughter Ælfthryth to Baldwin II of Flanders, and in 919 Edward married his daughter Eadgifu to Charles the Simple, King of West Francia. In 925, after Edward's death, another daughter Eadgyth married Otto, the future King of Germany and (after Eadgyth's death) Holy Roman Emperor.[27] Conquest of the southern Danelaw No battles are recorded between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danish Vikings for several years after the Battle of the Holme, but in 906 Edward agreed peace with the East Anglian and Northumbrian Danes, suggesting that there had been conflict. According to one version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle he made peace "of necessity", suggesting he was forced to buy them off.[15] He encouraged Englishmen to purchase land in Danish territory, and two charters survive relating to estates in Bedfordshire and Derbyshire.[28] In 909, Edward sent an army to harass Northumbria. In the following year, the Northumbrian Vikings retaliated by raiding Mercia, but on their way home they were met by a combined Mercian and West Saxon army at the Battle of Tettenhall, where the Northumbrians suffered a disastrous defeat. From that point, they never ventured south of the River Humber, and Edward and his Mercian allies were able to concentrate on conquering the southern Danelaw in East Anglia and the Five Boroughs of Viking east Mercia: Derby, Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham and Stamford.[15] In 911 Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians, died, and Edward took control of the Mercian lands around London and Oxford. Æthelred was succeeded as ruler by his widow Æthelflæd as Lady of the Mercians, and she had probably been acting as ruler for several years as Æthelred seems to have been incapacitated in later life.[29] Edward and Æthelflæd then began the construction of fortresses to guard against Viking attacks and protect territory captured from them. In November 911 he constructed a fort on the north bank of the River Lea at Hertford to guard against attack by the Danes of Bedford and Cambridge. In 912 he marched with his army to Maldon in Essex, and ordered the building of an earth fortification, and this together with another fort south of the Lea at Hertford protected London from attack, and encouraged many English living under Danish rule in Essex to submit to him instead. In 913 there was a pause in his activities, although Æthelflæd continued her fortress building in Mercia. In 914 a Viking army sailed from Brittany and ravaged the Severn estuary. It was defeated by a Mercian army, and Edward kept an army on the south side of the estuary which twice repelled attempts to invade Wessex. In the autumn the Vikings moved on to Ireland. In November 914 Edward built two forts at Buckingham, and many Danes at Bedford and Northampton submitted to him, while others left England with Earl Thurketil, reducing the number of Viking armies in the midlands. In 916 Edward built a fortress at Maldon as another defence against the Danes of Colchester.[30] The decisive year in the war was 917. In April Edward built a fort at Towcester as a defence against the Danes of Northampton, and another at an unidentified place called Wigingamere. The Danes launched unsuccessful attacks on Towcester, Bedford and Wigingamere, while Æthelflæd captured Derby, showing the value of the English defensive measures, which was aided by disunity and a lack of coordination among the Viking armies. The Danes had built their own fortress at Tempsford, but at the end of the summer the English stormed it and killed the last Danish king of East Anglia. The English then took Colchester, although they did not try to hold it. The Danes retaliated by sending a large army to lay siege to Maldon, but the garrison held out until it was relieved and the retreating army was heavily defeated. Edward then returned to Towcester and reinforced its fort with a stone wall, and the Danes of nearby Northampton submitted to him. The armies of Cambridge and East Anglia also submitted, and by the end of the year the only Danish armies still holding out were those of four of the Five Boroughs, Leicester, Stamford, Nottingham, and Lincoln.[31] In early 918, Æthelflæd secured the submission of Leicester without a fight, and the Danes of Northumbrian York offered her their allegiance, probably for protection against Norse (Norwegian) Vikings who had invaded Northumbria from Ireland, but she died on 12 June before she could take up the proposal. The same offer is not known to have been made to Edward, and the Norse Vikings took York in 919. Æthelflæd was succeeded by her daughter Ælfwynn, but the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states that in December 918 she "was deprived of all authority in Mercia and taken into Wessex". Mercia then came under Edward's direct rule. Stamford had surrendered to Edward before Æthelflæd's death, and Nottingham did the same shortly afterwards. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 918, "all the people who had settled in Mercia, both Danish and English, submitted to him". This would mean that he ruled all England south of the Humber, but it is not clear whether Lincoln was an exception, as coins of Viking York in the early 920s were probably minted at Lincoln.[32] Some Danish jarls were allowed to keep their estates, although Edward probably also rewarded his supporters with land, and some he kept in his own hands. Coin evidence suggests that his authority was stronger in the East Midlands than in East Anglia.[33] Coinage The principal currency was the silver penny, some of which had a stylised portrait of the king. Royal coins had "EADVVEARD REX" on the obverse and the name of the moneyer of the reverse. The place of issue is not shown, but in Æthelstan's reign the location was shown, allowing the location of many moneyers of Edward's reign to be established. There were mints in Bath, Canterbury, Chester, Chichester, Derby, Exeter, Hereford, London, Oxford, Shaftesbury, Shrewsbury, Southampton, Stafford, Wallingford, Wareham, Winchester and probably other towns. No coins were struck in the name of Æthelred or Æthelflæd, but from around 910 mints in English Mercia produced coins with an unusual decorative design on the reverse. This ceased before 920, and probably represents Æthelflæd's way of distinguishing her coinage from that of her brother. There was also a minor issue of coins in the name of Plegmund, Archbishop of Canterbury. There was a dramatic increase in the number of moneyers over Edward's reign, with less than 25 in the south in the first ten years rising to 67 in the last ten years, around 5 in English Mercia rising to 23, plus 27 in the re-conquered Danelaw.[34] Church In 908, Plegmund conveyed the alms of the English king and people to the Pope, the first visit to Rome by an Archbishop of Canterbury for almost a century, and the journey may have been to seek papal approval for a proposed re-organisation of the West Saxon sees.[35] When Edward came to the throne Wessex had two dioceses, Winchester, held by Denewulf, and Sherborne, held by Asser.[36] In 908 Denewulf died and was replaced the following year by Frithestan; soon afterwards Winchester was divided into two sees, with the creation of the diocese of Ramsbury covering Wiltshire and Berkshire, while Winchester was left with Hampshire and Surrrey. Forged charters date the division to 909, but this may not be correct. Asser died in the same year, and at some date between 909 and 918 Sherborne was divided into three sees, with Crediton covering Devon and Cornwall, and Wells covering Somerset, while Sherborne was left with Dorset.[37] The effect of the changes were to strengthen the status of Canterbury compared with Winchester and Sherborne, but the division may have been related to a change in the function of West Saxon bishops, to become agents of royal government in shires rather than provinces, assisting in defence and taking part in shire courts.[38] At the beginning of Edward's reign his mother, Ealhswith, founded the abbey of St Mary for nuns, known as the Nunnaminster, in Winchester.[39] Edward's daughter Eadburh became a nun there, and she was venerated as a saint and the subject of a hagiography by Osbert of Clare in the twelfth century.[40] In 901 Edward started building a major monastery for men, probably in accordance of his father's wishes. The monastery was next to Winchester Cathedral, which became known as the Old Minster, while Edward's foundation was called the New Minster. It was much larger than the Old Minster, and was probably intended as a royal mausoleum.[41] It acquired relics of the Breton Saint Judoc, which probably arrived in England from Ponthieu in 901, and the body of one of Alfred's closest advisers, Grimbald, who died in the same year and who was soon venerated as a saint. Edward's mother died in 902, and he buried her and Alfred there, moving his father's body from the Old Minster. Burials in the early 920s included Edward himself, his brother Æthelweard, and his son Ælfweard. However, when Æthelstan became king in 924, he did not show any favour to his father's foundation, probably because Winchester sided against him when the throne was disputed after Edward's death. The only later royal burial at the New Minster was that of King Eadwig in 959.[42] Edward's decision not to expand the Old Minster, but rather to overshadow it with a much larger building, suggests animosity towards Bishop Denewulf, and this was compounded by forcing the Old Minster to cede both land for the new site, and an estate of 70 hides at Beddington to provide an income for the New Minster. Edward was remembered by the New Minster as a benefactor, and at the Old Minster as rex avidus (greedy king).[43] Alan Thacker comments: Edward's method of endowing New Minster was of a piece with his ecclesiastical policy in general. Like his father he gave little to the church — indeed, judging by the dearth of charters for much of his reign he seems to have given away little at all...More than any other, Edward's kingship seems to epitomise the new hard-nosed monarchy of Wessex, determined to exploit all its resources, lay and ecclesiastical, for its own benefit.[44] Patrick Wormald observes: "The thought occurs that neither Alfred nor Edward was greatly beloved at Winchester Cathedral; and one reason for Edward's moving his father's body into the new family shrine next door was that he was surer of sincere prayers there."[45] Learning English scholarship almost collapsed during the ninth century, and Alfred was responsible for its revival during his last decade. It is uncertain how far his programmes continued during his son's reign. English translations of works in Latin made during Alfred's reign continued to be copied, but few original works are known. The Anglo-Saxon script known as Anglo-Saxon Square miniscule reached maturity in the 930s, and its earliest phases date to Edward's reign. The main scholarly and scriptorial centres were the cathedral centres of Canterbury, Winchester and Worcester; monasteries did not make a significant contribution until Æthelstan's reign.[46] Law and administration The only surviving original charter from Edward's reign is a grant by Æthelred and Æthelflæd in 901, and is not a charter of Edward himself.[47] In the same year a meeting at Southampton was attended by his brother and sons, his household thegns and nearly all bishops, but no ealdormen. It was on this occasion that the king acquired land from the Bishop of Winchester for the foundation of the New Minster, Winchester. No charters survive for the period from 910 to the king's death in 924, much to the puzzlement and distress of historians. Charters were usually issued when the king made grants of land, and it is possible that Edward followed a policy of retaining property which came into his hands in order to help finance his campaigns against the Vikings.[48] Clause 3 of the law code called I Edward provides that people convincingly charged with perjury shall not be allowed to clear themselves by oath, but only by ordeal. This is the start of the continuous history in England of trial by ordeal; it is probably mentioned in the laws of King Ine (688 to 726), but not in later codes such as those of Alfred.[49] The administrative and legal system in Edward's reign may have depended extensively on written records, almost none of which survive.[50] Edward was one of the few Anglo-Saxon kings to issue laws about bookland (landed vested in a charter which could be alienated by the holder, as opposed to folkland, which had to pass to heirs of the body). There was increasing confusion in the period as to what was really bookland, and Edward urged prompt settlement in bookland/folkland disputes, and laid down that jurisdiction belonged to the king and his offices.[51] Later life According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, there was a general submission of rulers in Britain to Edward in 920: Then [Edward] went from there into the Peak District to Bakewell and ordered a borough to be built in the neighbourhood and manned. And then the king of the Scots and all the people of the Scots, and Rægnald and the sons of Eadwulf and all who live in Northumbria, both English and Silver brooch imitating a coin of Edward the Elder, c. 920, found in Rome, Italy. British Museum. Danish, Norsemen and others, and also the king of the Strathclyde Welsh and all the Strathclyde Welsh, chose him as father and lord.[52] This passage was regarded as a straightforward report by most historians until the late twentieth century,[53] and Frank Stenton observed that "each of the rulers named in this list had something definite to gain from an acknowledgement of Edward's overlordship".[54] Since the 1980s the 'submission' has been viewed with increasing scepticism, particularly as the passage in the Chronicle is the only evidence for it, unlike other submissions such as that of 927, for which there is independent support from literary sources and coins.[55] Alfred Smyth points out that Edward was not in a position to impose the same conditions on the Scots and the Northumbrians as he could on conquered Vikings, and argued that the Chronicle presented a treaty between kings as a submission to Wessex.[56] Pauline Stafford observes that the rulers had met at Bakewell on the border between Mercia and Northumbria, and that meetings on borders were generally considered to avoid any implication of submission by either side.[57] Davidson points out that the wording "chosen as father and lord" applied to conquered army groups and burhs, not relations with other kings. In his view: The idea that this meeting represented a 'submission', while it must remain a possiblity, does however seem unlikely. The textual context of the chronicler's passage makes his interpretation of the meeting suspect, and ultimately, Edward was in no position to force the subordination of, or dictate terms to, his fellow kings in Britain.[58] Edward continued Æthelflæd's policy of founding burhs in the north-west, with ones at Thelwall and Manchester in 919, and Cledematha (Rhuddlan) at the mouth of the River Clwyd in North Wales in 921.[59] No charters of Edward dated after 909 have survived, and nothing is known of his relations with the Mercians between 919 and the last year of his life, when he put down a Mercian and Welsh revolt at Chester. Mercia and the eastern Danelaw were organised into shires at an unknown date in the tenth century, ignoring traditional boundaries, and historians such as Sean Miller and David Griffiths suggest that Edward's imposition of direct control from 919 is a likely context for a change which ignored Mercian sensibilities. Resentment at the changes, at the imposition of rule by distant Wessex, and at fiscal demands by Edward's reeves, may have provoked the revolt at Chester. He died at the royal estate of Farndon, twelve miles south of Chester, on 24 July 924, shortly after putting down the revolt, and was buried in the New Minster, Winchester.[60] Reputation Post-conquest chroniclers had a high opinion of Edward. John of Worcester described him as "the most invincible King Edward the Elder", who was generally seen as "inferior to Alfred in book learning", but "equal to him in dignity and power, and superior to him in glory".[61] Edward is also highly regarded by historians, and he is described by Keynes as "far more than the bellicose bit between Alfred and Æthelstan".[1] According to Nick Higham: "Edward the Elder is perhaps the most neglected of English kings. He ruled an expanding realm for twenty-five years and arguably did as much as any other individual to construct a single, south-centred, Anglo-Saxon kingdom, yet posthumously his achievements have been all but forgotten." In 1999 a conference on his reign was held at the University of Manchester, and the papers given on this occasion were published as a book in 2001. Prior to this conference, no monographs had been published on Edward's reign, whereas his father has been the subject of numerous biographies and other studies. A principal reason for the neglect is that very few primary sources for his reign survive, whereas there are many for Alfred. Edward has also suffered in historians' estimation by comparison with his highly regarded sister, Æthelflæd.[62] In the view of F. T. Wainwright: "Without detracting from the achievements of Alfred, it is well to remember that it was Edward who reconquered the Danish Midlands and gave England nearly a century of respite from serious Danish attacks."[63] Higham summarises Edward's legacy as follows: Under Edward's leadership, the scale of alternative centres of power diminished markedly: the separate court of Mercia was dissolved; the Danish leaders were in large part brought to heel or expelled; the Welsh princes were constrained from aggression of the borders and even the West Saxon bishoprics divided. Late Anglo-Saxon England is often described as the most centralised polity in western Europe at the time, with its shires, its shire-reeves and its systems of regional courts and royal taxation. If so — and the matter remains debatable — much of that centrality derives from Edward's activities, and he has as good a claim as any other to be considered the architect of medieval England.[64] Edward's cognomen the Elder was first used in Wulfstan's Life of St Æthelwold at the end of the tenth century, to distinguish him from King Edward the Martyr.[15] Marriages and children Edward had about fourteen children from three marriages.[b] He first married Ecgwynn around 893.[73] Their children were: Æthelstan, King of England 924-939[15] A daughter, perhaps called Edith, married Sihtric Cáech, Viking King of York in 926, who died in 927. Possibly Saint Edith of Polesworth[70] In c. 900, Edward married Ælfflæd, daughter of Ealdorman Æthelhelm, probably of Wiltshire.[74] Their children were: Ælfweard, died August 924, a month after his father; possibly King of Wessex for that month[75] Edwin, drowned at sea 933[76] Æthelhild, lay sister at Wilton Abbey[77] Eadgifu (died in or after 951), married Charles the Simple, King of the West Franks, c. 918[78] Eadflæd, nun at Wilton Abbey[77] Eadhild, married Hugh the Great, Duke of the Franks in 926[79] Eadgyth (died 946), in 929/30 married Otto I, future King of the East Franks, and (after Eadgyth's death) Holy Roman Emperor[80] Ælfgifu, married "a prince near the Alps", perhaps Louis, brother of King Rudolph II of Burgundy[81] Edward married for a third time, about 919, Eadgifu, the daughter of Sigehelm, Ealdorman of Kent.[82] Their children were Edmund, King of England 939-946[65] Eadred, King of England 946-955[65] Eadburh (died c. 952), Benedictine nun at Nunnaminster, Winchester, and saint[83] Eadgifu, existence uncertain, possibly the same person as Ælfgifu[84] Genealogy Ancestors of Edward the Elder 16. Ealhmund of Kent 8. Egbert of Wessex 4. Æthelwulf of Wessex 2. Alfred the Great 10. Oslac 5. Osburga 1. Edward the Elder 6. Æthelred Mucel 3. Ealhswith 7. Eadburh Notes a. The twelfth-century chroniclerR alph of Diceto stated that the coronation took place at Kingston, and this is accepted bSyi mon Keynes, but Sarah Foot thinks that Winchester is more likely.[17] b. The order in which Edward's children are listed is based on the family tree in FootÆ's thelstan: the First King of England, which shows sons of each wife before daughters. The daughters are listed in their birth order according to William of Malmesbury's Gesta Regum Anglorum.[65] The earliest primary sources do not distinguish whether Sihtric's wife was Æthelstan's full or half sist,e rand a tradition recorded at Bury in the early twelfth century makes her a daughter of Edward's second wife, Ælfflæd.[66] However, she is described as the daughter of Edward and Ecgwynn in William of Malmesbury's twelfth century Deeds of the English Kings, and Michael Wood's argument that this is partly based on a lost early life of Æthelstan has been generally accepte[d6.6][67] Modern historians follow William of Malmesbury's testimony in showing her as Æthelstan's full siste."r[68][65][15] William of Malmesbury did not know her name, but some late sources name her as Edith or Eadgyth, an identification accepted by some historian[s1.5][68][69] She is also identified in late sources with saint Edith of Polesworth, a view accepted by Alan Thacker, but dismissed as "dubious" by Sarah Foot, who does however think that it is like ltyhat she entered the cloister in widowhood[.70][71][72] Citations 1. Keynes 2001, p. 57. 2. Davidson 2001, pp. 200-209. 3. Keynes and Lapidge 1983, pp. 11–12. 4. Stenton 1971, pp. 245–257. 5. Yorke 2001, pp. 25–28. 6. Yorke 2001, pp. 25–26; Miller 2004. 7. Yorke 2001, pp. 27–28. 8. Yorke 2001, p. 25. 9. Yorke 2001, pp. 29–32; Keynes and Lapidge 1983, p. 321, n. 66; Æthelhelm, PASE. 10. Yorke 2001, pp. 31–35. 11. Abels 1998, pp. 294–304. 12. Yorke 2001, p. 37. 13. Nelson 1996, pp. 53–54, 63–66. 14. Yorke 2001, pp. 33–34. 15. Miller 2004. 16. Stenton 1971, p. 321; Lavelle 2009, pp. 53, 61. 17. Keynes 2001, p. 48; Foot 2011, p. 74. 18. Stenton 1971, pp. 321–322; Hart 1992, p. 512– 515; Stafford 2004. 19. Keynes 2001, pp. 44–54. 20. Ryan 2013, p. 298. 21. Stafford 2001, p. 45. 22. Insley 2009, p. 330. 23. Davidson 2001, p. 205; Keynes 2001, p. 43. 24. Davidson 2001, pp. 203–204. 25. Gretsch 2001, p. 287. 26. Coatsworth 2001, pp. 292–296. 27. Sharp 2001, pp. 81–86. 28. Abrams 2001, p. 136. 29. Stenton 1971, p. 324, n. 1; Wainwright 1975, pp. 308–309; Bailey 2001, p. 113. 30. Miller 2004; Stenton 1971, pp. 324–327. 31. Miller 2004; Stenton 1971, pp. 327–329. 32. Miller 2004; Stenton 1971, pp. 329–331. 33. Abrams 2001, pp. 138–139. 34. Lyon 2001, pp. 67–73, 77. 35. Brooks 1984, pp. 210, 213. 36. Rumble 2001, pp. 230–231. 37. Yorke 2004b; Brooks 1984, pp. 212–213. 38. Rumble 2001, p. 243. 39. Rumble 2001, p. 231. 40. Thacker 2001, pp. 259–260. 41. Rumble 2001, pp. 231–234. 42. Miller 2001, pp. xxv–xxix; Thacker 2001, pp. 253–254. 43. Rumble 2001, pp. 234–237, 244; Thacker 2001, p. 254. 44. Thacker 2001, p. 254. 45. Wormald 2001, pp. 274–275. 46. Lapidge 1993, pp. 12–16. 47. Lapidge 1993, p. 13. 48. Keynes 2001, pp. 50–51, 55–56. 49. Campbell 2001, p. 14. 50. Campbell 2001, p. 23. 51. Wormald 2001, pp. 264, 276. 52. Davidson 2001, pp. 200–201. 53. Davidson 2001, p. 201. 54. Stenton 1971, p. 334. 55. Davidson 2001, p. 206–207. 56. Smyth 1984, p. 199. 57. Stafford 1989, p. 33. 58. Davidson 2001, pp. 206, 209. 59. Griffiths 2001, p. 168. 60. Miller 2004; Griffiths 2001, pp. 167, 182–183. 61. Keynes 2001, pp. 40–41. 62. Higham 2001a, pp. 1–4. 63. Wainwright 1975, p. 77. 64. Higham 2001b, p. 311. 65. Foot 2011, p. xv. 66. Thacker 2001, p. 257. 67. Foot 2011, pp. 241–258. 68. Williams 1991, pp. xxix,123. 69. Foot 2011, pp. xv,48 (tentatively). 70. Thacker 2001, pp. 257–258. 71. Foot 2011, p. 48. 72. Foot 2010, p. 243. 73. Foot 2011, p. 11. 74. Yorke 2001, p. 33. 75. Foot 2011, p. 17. 76. Foot 2011, p. 21. Bibliography "Æthelhelm 4 (Male)". Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England (PASE). Retrieved 31 December 2016. Abels, Richard (1998). Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England. Harlow, UK: Longman. ISBN 0-582-04047-7. Abrams, Lesley (2001). "Edward the Elder's Danelaw". In Higham, Nick; Hill, DavidE. dward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 128–143.I SBN 0- 415-21497-1. Bailey, Maggie (2001). "Ælfwynn, Second Lady of the Mercians". In Higham, Nick; Hill, aDvid. Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 112–127. ISBN 0-415-21497-1. Brooks, Nicholas (1984). The Early History of the Church of Canterbury. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press.I SBN 0-7185-1182-4. Campbell, James (2001). "What is not Known About the Reign of Edward the Elder". In Higham, Nick; Hill, DaviEdd. ward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 12–24. ISBN 0-415-21497-1. Coatsworth, Elizabeth (2001). "The Embroideries from the oTmb of St Cuthbert". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David. Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 292–306. ISBN 0-415-21497-1. Davidson, Michael R. (2001). "The (Non)submission of the Northern Kings in 920". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. EHd. ward the Elder, 899–924. London, UK: Routledge. pp. 200–211. ISBN 0-415-21497-1. Foot, Sarah (2010). "Dynastic Strategies: The West Saxon Royal Family in Europe". In Rollason, David; Leyse, rConrad; Williams, Hannah. England and the Continent in the Tenth Century:Studies in Honour of Wilhelm Levison (1876-1947). Brepols. ISBN 9782503532080. Foot, Sarah (2011). Æthelstan: the First King of England. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12535-1. Gretsch, Mechtild (2001). "The Junius Psalter Gloss: Tradition and Innovation". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David. Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 280–291. ISBN 0-415-21497-1. Griffiths, David (2001). "The North-West Frontier". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David.E dward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 167–187.I SBN 0-415- 21497-1. Hart, Cyril (1992). The Danelaw. London, UK: The Hambledon Press.I SBN 1-85285-044-2. Higham, Nick (2001a). "Edward the Elder's Reputation: An Introduction". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. HEd. ward the Elder, 899–924. London, UK: Routledge. pp. 1–11. ISBN 0-415-21497-1. Higham, Nick (2001b). "Endpiece". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. HE. dward the Elder, 899–924. London, UK: Routledge. pp. 307–31. ISBN 0-415-21497-1. Insley, Charles (2009). "Southumbria". In Stafford, Pauline. A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ierland c.500- c.1100. Chichester, UK: Wiley- Blackwell. pp. 322–40. ISBN 978-1-118-42513-8. Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael, eds. (1983)A. lfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources. London, UK: Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4. Keynes, Simon (2001). "Edward, King of the Anglo-Saxons". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. HE. dward the Elder, 899–924. London, UK: Routledge. pp. 40–66.I SBN 0- 415-21497-1. Lapidge, Michael (1993).A nglo-Latin Literature 900–1066. London, UK: The Hambledon Press.I SBN 1-85285-012-4. Lavelle, Ryan (2009). "The Politics of Rebellion: The Ætheling Æthelwold and the West Saxon Royal Succession, 899–902". In Skinne, rPatricia. Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History: The Legacy of iTmothy Reuter. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. pp. 51–80.I SBN 978-2-503-52359-0. Lyon, Stewart (2001). "The coinage of Edward the Elder". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. HE.d ward the Elder, 899–924. London, UK: Routledge. pp. 67–78.I SBN 0-415- 21497-1. Miller, Sean (2001). "Introduction: The History of the New Minste, rWinchester". In Miller, Sean. Charters of the New Minste,r Winchester. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press for The British Academy. pp. xxv–xxxvi. ISBN 0-19-726223-6. Miller, Sean (2004). "Edward [called Edward the Elder] (870s?–924), king of the Anglo-Saxon.s "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8514. Retrieved 6 October 2016. (subscription or UK public library membership required) Nelson, Janet (1996). "Reconstructing a Royal Family: Reflections on Alfred from Ass,e Cr hapter 2". In Wood, Ian; Lund, Niels.P eople and places in Northern Euorpe 500-1600 : essays in honour of Peter Hayes Sawye.r Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 48–66.I SBN 9780851155470. Rumble, Alexander R. (2001). "Edward and the Churches of Winchester and Wessex". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David.E dward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 230–247. ISBN 0-415-21497-1. Ryan, Martin J. (2013). "Conquest, Reform and the Making of England". In Higham, Niclhaos J.; Ryan, Martin J. The Anglo-Saxon World. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 284–322.I SBN 978-0-300-12534-4. Sharp, Sheila (2001). "The West Saxon Tradition of Dynastic Marriage, with Special Reference to the Family of Edward the Elder". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David. Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 79–88.I SBN 0-415-21497-1. Smyth, Alfred P (1984). Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–100. London, UK: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-6305-4. Stafford, Pauline (1989). Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in thee Tnth and Eleventh Centuries. London, UK: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-6532-4. Stafford, Pauline (2001). "Political Women in Mercia, Eighth ot Early Tenth Centuries". In Brown, MichelleP .; Farr, Carol A. Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe. London, UK: Leicester University Press. pp. 35–49I.S BN 0-7185-0231-0. Stafford, Pauline (2004). "Eadgifu (b. in or before 904, d. in or after 966), queen of the Anglo-Saxon.s "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/52307. Retrieved 4 January 2017. (subscription or UK public library membership required) Stafford, Pauline (2011). "Eadgyth (c.911–946), queen of the East Franks". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/93072. Retrieved 3 January 2017. (subscription or UK public library membership required) Stenton, Frank (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University PressI. SBN 978-0-19-280139-5. Thacker, Alan (2001). "Dynastic Monasteries and Family Cults". In Higham, Nick; Hill, Dvaid. Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.I SBN 0-415- 21497-1. Wainwright, F. T. (1975). Scandinavian England: Collected Papers. Chichester, UK: Phillimore. ISBN 0-900592-65-6. Williams, Ann (1982). "Princeps Merciorum Gentis: the Family, Career and Connections of Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia 956-983"A. nglo-Saxon England. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press1. 0. ISBN 0 521 24177 4. doi:10.1017/s0263675100003240. Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (1991). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain: England, Scotland, and Wales. Routledge. ISBN 1-85264-047-2. Wormald, Patrick (2001). "Kingship and Royal Property from Æthelwulf to Edward the Elder". In Higham, Nick; Hill, DaviEdd. ward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 264–279. ISBN 0-415-21497-1. Yorke, Barbara (2001). "Edward as Ætheling". In Higham, Nick; Hill, DavidE. dward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 25–39.I SBN 0-415-21497-1. Yorke, Barbara (2004a). "Eadburh [St Eadburh, Eadburga] (921x4–951x3), Benedictine nun". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49419. Retrieved 4 January 2017. (subscription or UK public library membership required) Yorke, Barbara (2004b). "Frithestan (d. 932/3), bishop of Winchester". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49428. Retrieved 1 March 2017. (subscription or UK public library membership required) Further reading Smyth, Alfred P. (1996-03-14). King Alfred the Great. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822989-6. 77. Foot 2011, p. 45. 78. Foot 2011, p. 46; Stafford 2011. 79. Foot 2011, p. 18. 80. Stafford 2011. 81. Foot 2011, p. 51. 82. Stafford 2004. 83. Yorke 2004a; Thacker 2001, pp. 259–260. 84. Foot 2011, pp. 50–51; Stafford 2004. Wikisource has original works written by or about: Edward the Elder Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edward the Elder. External links Edward 2 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England The Laws of King Edward the Elder Edward the Elder Coinage Regulations Edward the Elder at Find a Grave Preceded by Alfred the Great King of the Anglo- Saxons 899–924 Succeeded by Æthelstan Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Elder&oldid=784388160" Categories: 870s births 924 deaths Anglo-Saxon monarchs 9th-century English monarchs 10th-century English monarchs Christian monarchs House of Wessex Monarchs of England before 1066 This page was last edited on 8 June 2017, at 01:41. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.	of Wessex, King Edward (I26329)
1884	Edward the Exile From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Edward the Exile, the Outlaw, the Confessor (1016 – late August 1057), also called Edward Ætheling, was the son of King Edmund Ironside and of Ealdgyth. He spent most of his life in exile following the defeat of his father by Canute the Great. Exile After the Danish conquest of England in 1016, Canute had Edward, said to be only a few months old, and his brother, Edmund, sent to the Swedish court of Olof Skötkonung (who was either Canute's half-brother or stepbrother), supposedly with instructions to have the children murdered. Instead, the two boys were secretly sent either to Kiev, where Olof's daughter Ingigerd was the Queen, or to Poland, where Canute's uncle Bolesław I Chrobry was duke. Later Edward made his way to Hungary, probably in the retinue of Ingigerd's son-in-law, András in 1046, whom he supported in his successful bid for the Hungarian throne. Return On hearing the news of his being alive, Edward the Confessor recalled him to England in 1056 and made him his heir. Edward offered the last chance of an undisputed succession within the Saxon royal house. News of Edward's existence came at a time when the old Anglo-Saxon monarchy, restored after a long period of Danish domination, was heading for catastrophe. The Confessor, personally devout but politically weak and without children, was unable to make an effective stand against the steady advance of the powerful and ambitious sons of Godwin, Earl of Wessex. From across the Channel William, Duke of Normandy, also had an eye on the succession. Edward the Exile appeared at just the right time. Approved by both king and by the Witan, the Council of the Realm, he offered a way out of the impasse, a counter both to the Godwinsons and to William, and one with a legitimacy that could not be readily challenged. Edward, who had been in the custody of Henry III, the Holy Roman Emperor, finally came back to England at the end of August 1057. But he died within two days of his arrival. The exact cause of Edward's death remains unclear, but he had many powerful enemies, and there is a strong possibility that he was murdered, although by whom is not known with any certainty. It is known, though, that his access to the king was blocked soon after his arrival in England for some unexplained reason, at a time when the Godwinsons, in the person of Harold, were once again in the ascendant. This turn of events left the throne of England to be disputed by Earl Harold and Duke William, ultimately leading to the Norman Conquest of England. He was buried in Old St Paul's Cathedral. Family Edward's wife was named Agatha, whose origins are disputed. Their children were: Edgar Ætheling (c. 1051 - c. 1126) - Elected King of England after the Battle of Hastings but submitted to William the Conqueror. Saint Margaret of Scotland (c. 1045 - 16 November 1093) - Married King Malcolm III of Scotland. Cristina (c. 1057 - c. 1093) - Abbess at Romsey Abbey. Edward's grandchild Edith of Scotland, also called Matilda, married King Henry I of England, continuing the Anglo-Saxon line into the post-Conquest English monarchy. Ancestors Edward the Exile was a direct descendant of a line of Wessex kings dating back, at least on the pages of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, to the arrival of Cerdic of Wessex in 495AD, and from Alfred the Great in the English monarchs family tree. Of his more immediate ancestors, all four of Edward's male-line ancestors shown in the diagram below were Kings of England before Cnut the Great took the crown and sent Edward into exile.	Aetheling, Edward (I25454)
1885	Edwin "Dale" Stammerjohn, 83, of Boonville passed away Wednesday evening March 25 at his home in Boonville surrounded by his family and friends. Visitation for Dale will be 6-8 p.m. Friday evening March 27 at Davis Funeral Chapel. Funeral services will be 2 p.m. Saturday, March 28 at the First Christian Church with Rev. Roger McMurry officiating. Burial will follow in the Walnut Grove Cemetery with full military honors. Edwin Dale Stammerjohn was born May 22, 1931 in Boonville, Mo the son of Edwin Claus Stammerjohn and Gladys Viertel. He graduated from Boonville High School in 1949 with honors. He graduated from Central Methodist University with a degree in accounting. He served his country with the U.S. Army from 1953 thru 1955. In his early career he managed several FOX theatres around the country and then put his degree to work in Boonville, working as an accountant for Paul Darby for many years until Mr. Darby's death and more recently worked for Serck Tax and Accounting Inc. in Boonville, until recent health issues forced him to quit that position, but not until he had completed the taxes for most of his clients for the current year. His sense of humor made him very enjoyable to be around, especially when there were issues with some of his clients. He will be missed by the many friends that he made while in the accounting business. He loved animals and always had pets running around the house. Dale was preceded in death by his parents, his lifetime partner, Jimmy Speed and sisters; Gladys, Louis and Hilda. He is survived by his caregiver, two nieces, great niece and nephew, and great great nephew. In lieu of flowers the family has requested memorial contribution to: Boonville Animal Shelter or First Christian Church. Arrangements: Davis Funeral Chapel, 1397 West Ashley Road, Boonville, Missouri Published in Boonville Daily News from Mar. 27 to Apr. 3, 2015	Stammerjohn, Edwin DALE (I18721)
1886	Egbert King of Wessex Reign 802 – 839 Predecessor Beorhtric Successor Æthelwulf King of Kent Reign 825 – 839 Predecessor Baldred Successor Æthelwulf Born 771 or 775[1] Died 839 (aged 64 or 68) Burial Winchester Issue Æthelwulf, King of Wessex House Wessex Father Ealhmund of Kent Egbert of Wessex From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Egbert (771/775 – 839), also spelled Ecgberht, Ecgbert, or Ecgbriht, was King of Wessex from 802 until his death in 839. His father was Ealhmund of Kent. In the 780s Egbert was forced into exile by Offa of Mercia and Beorhtric of Wessex, but on Beorhtric's death in 802 Egbert returned and took the throne. Little is known of the first 20 years of Egbert's reign, but it is thought that he was able to maintain the independence of Wessex against the kingdom of Mercia, which at that time dominated the other southern English kingdoms. In 825 Egbert defeated Beornwulf of Mercia, ended Mercia's supremacy at the Battle of Ellandun, and proceeded to take control of the Mercian dependencies in southeastern England. In 829 Egbert defeated Wiglaf of Mercia and drove him out of his kingdom, temporarily ruling Mercia directly. Later that year Egbert received the submission of the Northumbrian king at Dore. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle subsequently described Egbert as a bretwalda or 'wide-ruler' of Anglo-Saxon lands. Egbert was unable to maintain this dominant position, and within a year Wiglaf regained the throne of Mercia. However, Wessex did retain control of Kent, Sussex, and Surrey; these territories were given to Egbert's son Æthelwulf to rule as a subking under Egbert. When Egbert died in 839, Æthelwulf succeeded him; the southeastern kingdoms were finally absorbed into the kingdom of Wessex after Æthelwulf's death in 858. Family Egbert's name, spelled Ecgbriht, from the 827 entry in the C manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Historians do not agree on Egbert's ancestry. The earliest version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the Parker Chronicle, begins with a genealogical preface tracing the ancestry of Egbert's son Æthelwulf back through Egbert, Ealhmund (thought to be Ealhmund of Kent), and the otherwise unknown Eoppa and Eafa to Ingild, brother of King Ine of Wessex, who abdicated the throne in 726. It continues back to Cerdic, founder of the House of Wessex.[2] Egbert's descent from Ingild was accepted by Frank Stenton, but not the earlier genealogy back to Cerdic.[3] Heather Edwards in her Online Dictionary of National Biography article on Egbert argues that he was of Kentish origin, and that the West Saxon descent may have been manufactured during his reign to give him legitimacy,[4] whereas Rory Naismith considered a Kentish origin unlikely, and that it is more probable that "Egbert was born of good West Saxon royal stock".[5] Egbert's wife's name is unknown. A fifteenth century chronicle now held by Oxford University names Egbert's wife as Redburga who was supposedly a relation of Charlemagne that he married when he was banished to Francia, but this is dismissed by academic historians in view of its late date.[6] He is reputed to have had a halfsister Alburga, later to be recognised as a saint for her founding of Wilton Abbey. She was married to Wulfstan, ealdorman of Wiltshire, and on his death in 802 she became a nun, Abbess of Wilton Abbey.[7] He was believed at one time to also be the father of Saint Eadgyth of Polesworth and Æthelstan of Kent. Political context and early life Offa of Mercia, who reigned from 757 to 796, was the dominant force in Anglo-Saxon England in the second half of the eighth century. The relationship between Offa and Cynewulf, who was king of Wessex from 757 to 786, is not well documented, but it seems likely that Cynewulf maintained some independence from Mercian overlordship. Evidence of the relationship between kings can come from charters, which were documents which granted land to followers or to churchmen, and which were witnessed by the kings who had power to grant the land. In some cases a king will appear on a charter as a subregulus, or "subking", making it clear that he has an overlord.[8][9] Cynewulf appears as "King of the West Saxons" on a charter of Offa's in 772;[10] and he was defeated by Offa in battle in 779 at Bensington, but there is nothing else to suggest Cynewulf was not his own master, and he is not known to have acknowledged Offa as overlord.[11] Offa did have influence in the southeast of the country: a charter of 764 shows him in the company of Heahberht of Kent, suggesting that Offa's influence helped place Heahberht on the throne.[12] The extent of Offa's control of Kent between 765 and 776 is a matter of debate amongst historians, but from 776 until about 784 it appears that the Kentish kings had substantial independence from Mercia.[12][13] Another Egbert, Egbert II of Kent, ruled in that kingdom throughout the 770s; he is last mentioned in 779, in a charter granting land at Rochester.[12] In 784 a new king of Kent, Ealhmund, appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. According to a note in the margin, "this king Ealhmund was Egbert's father [i.e. Egbert of Wessex], Egbert was Æthelwulf's father." This is supported by the genealogical preface from the A text of the Chronicle, which gives Egbert's father's name as Ealhmund without further details. The preface probably dates from the late ninth century; the marginal note is on the F manuscript of the Chronicle, which is a Kentish version dating from about 1100.[14] Ealhmund does not appear to have long survived in power: there is no record of his activities after 784. There is, however, extensive evidence of Offa's domination of Kent during the late 780s, with his goals apparently going beyond overlordship to outright annexation of the kingdom,[12] and he has been described as "the rival, not the overlord, of the Kentish kings".[15] It is possible that the young Egbert fled to Wessex in 785 or so; it is suggestive that the Chronicle mentions in a later entry that Beorhtric, Cynewulf's successor, helped Offa to exile Egbert.[12] Cynewulf was murdered in 786. His succession was contested by Egbert, but he was defeated by Beorhtric, maybe with Offa's assistance.[16][17] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Egbert spent three years in Francia before he was king, exiled by Beorhtric and Offa. The text says "iii" for three, but this may have been a scribal error, with the correct reading being "xiii", that is, thirteen years. Beorhtric's reign lasted sixteen years, and not thirteen; and all extant texts of the Chronicle agree on "iii", but many modern accounts assume that Egbert did indeed spend thirteen years in Francia. This requires assuming that the error in transcription is common to every manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; many historians make this assumption but others have rejected it as unlikely, given the consistency of the sources.[18] In either case Egbert was probably exiled in 789, when Beorhtric, his rival, married the daughter of Offa of Mercia.[19] At the time Egbert was in exile, Francia was ruled by Charlemagne, who maintained Frankish influence in Northumbria and is known to have supported Offa's enemies in the south. Another exile in Gaul at this time was Odberht, a priest, who is almost certainly the same person as Eadberht, who later became king of Kent. According to a later chronicler, William of Malmesbury, Egbert learned the arts of government during his time in Gaul.[20] Early reign Beorhtric's dependency on Mercia continued into the reign of Cenwulf, who became king of Mercia a few months after Offa's death.[11] Beorhtric died in 802, and Egbert came to the throne of Wessex, probably with the support of Charlemagne and perhaps also the papacy.[21] The Mercians continued to oppose Egbert: the day of his accession, the Hwicce (who had originally formed a separate kingdom, but by that time were part of Mercia) attacked, under the leadership of their ealdorman, Æthelmund. Weohstan, a Wessex ealdorman, met him with men from Wiltshire:[14] according to a 15th-century source, Weohstan had married Alburga, Egbert's sister, and so was Egbert's brother-in-law.[22] The Hwicce were defeated, though Weohstan was killed as well as Æthelmund.[14] Nothing more is recorded of Egbert's relations with Mercia for more than twenty years after this battle. It seems likely that Egbert had no influence outside his own borders, but on the other hand there is no evidence that he ever submitted to the overlordship of Cenwulf. Cenwulf did have overlordship of the rest of southern England, but in Cenwulf's charters the title of "overlord of the southern English" never appears, presumably in consequence of the independence of the kingdom of Wessex.[23] In 815 the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Egbert ravaged the whole of the territories of the remaining British kingdom, Dumnonia, known to the author of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as the West Welsh; their territory was about equivalent to what is now Cornwall.[14][24] Ten years later, a charter dated 19 August 825 indicates that Egbert was campaigning in Dumnonia again; this may have been related to a battle recorded in the Chronicle at Gafulford in 823, between the men of Devon and the Britons of Cornwall.[25] The battle of Ellendun It was also in 825 that one of the most important battles in Anglo-Saxon history took place, when Egbert defeated Beornwulf of Mercia at Ellendun—now Wroughton, near Swindon. This battle marked the end of the Mercian domination of southern England.[26] The Chronicle tells how Egbert followed up his victory: "Then he sent his son Æthelwulf from the army, and Ealhstan, his bishop, and Wulfheard, his ealdorman, to Kent with a great troop." Æthelwulf drove Baldred, the king of Kent, north over the Thames, and according to the Chronicle, the men of Kent, Essex, Surrey and Sussex then all submitted to Æthelwulf "because earlier they were wrongly forced away from his relatives."[14] This may refer to Offa's interventions in Kent at the time Egbert's father Ealhmund became king; if so, the chronicler's remark may also indicate Ealhmund had connections elsewhere in southeast England.[21] A map of England during Egbert's reign The entry for 827 in the C manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, listing the eight bretwaldas The Chronicle's version of events makes it appear that Baldred was driven out shortly after the battle, but this was probably not the case. A document from Kent survives which gives the date, March 826, as being in the third year of the reign of Beornwulf. This makes it likely that Beornwulf still had authority in Kent at this date, as Baldred's overlord; hence Baldred was apparently still in power.[25][27] In Essex, Egbert expelled King Sigered, though the date is unknown. It may have been delayed until 829, since a later chronicler associates the expulsion with a campaign of Egbert's in that year against the Mercians.[25] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle does not say who was the aggressor at Ellendun, but one recent history asserts that Beornwulf was almost certainly the one who attacked. According to this view, Beornwulf may have taken advantage of the Wessex campaign in Dumnonia in the summer of 825. Beornwulf's motivation to launch an attack would have been the threat of unrest or instability in the southeast: the dynastic connections with Kent made Wessex a threat to Mercian dominance.[25] The consequences of Ellendun went beyond the immediate loss of Mercian power in the southeast. According to the Chronicle, the East Anglians asked for Egbert's protection against the Mercians in the same year, 825, though it may actually have been in the following year that the request was made. In 826 Beornwulf invaded East Anglia, presumably to recover his overlordship. He was slain, however, as was his successor, Ludeca, who invaded East Anglia in 827, evidently for the same reason. It may be that the Mercians were hoping for support from Kent: there was some reason to suppose that Wulfred, the Archbishop of Canterbury, might be discontented with West Saxon rule, as Egbert had terminated Wulfred's currency and had begun to mint his own, at Rochester and Canterbury,[25] and it is known that Egbert seized property belonging to Canterbury.[28] The outcome in East Anglia was a disaster for the Mercians which confirmed West Saxon power in the southeast.[25] Defeat of Mercia In 829 Egbert invaded Mercia and drove Wiglaf, the king of Mercia, into exile. This victory gave Egbert control of the London Mint, and he issued coins as King of Mercia.[25] It was after this victory that the West Saxon scribe described him as a bretwalda, meaning 'wide-ruler' or perhaps 'Britain-ruler', in a famous passage in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The relevant part of the annal reads, in the C manuscript of the Chronicle:[29] ⁊†þy geare geeode Ecgbriht cing Myrcna rice ⁊†eall þæt be suþan Humbre wæs, ⁊†he wæs eahtaþa cing se ðe Bretenanwealda wæs. In modern English:[30] And the same year King Egbert conquered the kingdom of Mercia, and all that was south of the Humber, and he was the eighth king who was 'Wide-ruler'. Coin of King Egbert The previous seven bretwaldas are also named by the Chronicler, who gives the same seven names that Bede lists as holding imperium, starting with Ælle of Sussex and ending with Oswiu of Northumbria. The list is often thought to be incomplete, omitting as it does some dominant Mercian kings such as Penda and Offa. The exact meaning of the title has been much debated; it has been described as "a term of encomiastic poetry"[31] but there is also evidence that it implied a definite role of military leadership.[32] Later in 829, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Egbert received the submission of the Northumbrians at Dore (now a suburb of Sheffield); the Northumbrian king was probably Eanred.[33] According to a later chronicler, Roger of Wendover, Egbert invaded Northumbria and plundered it before Eanred submitted: "When Egbert had obtained all the southern kingdoms, he led a large army into Northumbria, and laid waste that province with severe pillaging, and made King Eanred pay tribute." Roger of Wendover is known to have incorporated Northumbrian annals into his version; the Chronicle does not mention these events.[34] However, the nature of Eanred's submission has been questioned: one historian has suggested that it is more likely that the meeting at Dore represented a mutual recognition of sovereignty.[35] In 830, Egbert led a successful expedition against the Welsh, almost certainly with the intent of extending West Saxon influence into the Welsh lands previously within the Mercian orbit. This marked the high point of Egbert's influence.[25] Reduction in influence after 829 In 830, Mercia regained its independence under Wiglaf—the Chronicle merely says that Wiglaf "obtained the kingdom of Mercia again",[14] but the most likely explanation is that this was the result of a Mercian rebellion against Wessex rule.[36] Egbert's dominion over southern England came to an end with Wiglaf's recovery of power. Wiglaf's return is followed by evidence of his independence from Wessex. Charters indicate Wiglaf had authority in Middlesex and Berkshire, and in a charter of 836 Wiglaf uses the phrase "my bishops, duces, and magistrates" to describe a group that included eleven bishops from the episcopate of Canterbury, including bishops of sees in West Saxon territory.[37] It is significant that Wiglaf was still able to call together such a group of notables; the West Saxons, even if they were able to do so, held no such councils.[28][38] Wiglaf may also have brought Essex back into the Mercian orbit during the years after he recovered the throne.[25][39] In East Anglia, King Æthelstan minted coins, possibly as early as 827, but more likely c. 830 after Egbert's influence was reduced with Wiglaf's return to power in Mercia. This demonstration of independence on East Anglia's part is not surprising, as it was Æthelstan who was probably responsible for the defeat and death of both Beornwulf and Ludeca.[25] Both Wessex's sudden rise to power in the late 820s, and the subsequent failure to retain this dominant position, have been examined by historians looking for underlying causes. One plausible explanation for the events of these years is that Wessex's fortunes were to some degree dependent on Carolingian support. The Franks supported Eardwulf when he recovered the throne of Northumbria in 808, so it is plausible that they also supported Egbert's accession in 802. At Easter 839, not long before Egbert's death, he was in touch with Louis the Pious, king of the Franks, to arrange safe passage to Rome. Hence a continuing relationship with the Franks seems to be part of southern English politics during the first half of the ninth century.[25] Carolingian support may have been one of the factors that helped Egbert achieve the military successes of the late 820s. However, the Rhenish and Frankish commercial networks collapsed at some time in the 820s or 830s, and in addition, a rebellion broke out in February 830 against Louis the Pious—the first of a series of internal 16th-century mortuary chest, one in a series set up by Bishop Foxe in Winchester Cathedral, which purports to contain Egbert's bones conflicts that lasted through the 830s and beyond. These distractions may have prevented Louis from supporting Egbert. In this view, the withdrawal of Frankish influence would have left East Anglia, Mercia and Wessex to find a balance of power not dependent on outside aid.[25] Despite the loss of dominance, Egbert's military successes fundamentally changed the political landscape of Anglo-Saxon England. Wessex retained control of the south-eastern kingdoms, with the possible exception of Essex, and Mercia did not regain control of East Anglia.[25] Egbert's victories marked the end of the independent existence of the kingdoms of Kent and Sussex. The conquered territories were administered as a subkingdom for a while, including Surrey and possibly Essex.[40] Although Æthelwulf was a subking under Egbert, it is clear that he maintained his own royal household, with which he travelled around his kingdom. Charters issued in Kent described Egbert and Æthelwulf as "kings of the West Saxons and also of the people of Kent." When Æthelwulf died in 858 his will, in which Wessex is left to one son and the southeastern kingdom to another, makes it clear that it was not until after 858 that the kingdoms were fully integrated.[41] Mercia remained a threat, however; Egbert's son Æthelwulf, established as king of Kent, gave estates to Christ Church, Canterbury, probably to counter any influence the Mercians might still have there.[25] In the southwest, Egbert was defeated in 836 at Carhampton by the Danes,[14] but in 838 he won a battle against them and their allies the West Welsh at the Battle of Hingston Down in Cornwall. The Dumnonian royal line continued after this time, but it is at this date that the independence of one of the last British kingdoms may be considered to have ended.[25] The details of Anglo-Saxon expansion into Cornwall are quite poorly recorded, but some evidence comes from place names.[42] The river Ottery, which flows east into the Tamar near Launceston, appears to be a boundary: south of the Ottery the placenames are overwhelmingly Cornish, whereas to the north they are more heavily influenced by the English newcomers.[43] Succession At a council at Kingston upon Thames in 838, Egbert and Æthelwulf granted land to the sees of Winchester and Canterbury in return for the promise of support for Æthelwulf's claim to the throne.[28][37][44] The archbishop of Canterbury, Ceolnoth, also accepted Egbert and Æthelwulf as the lords and protectors of the monasteries under Ceolnoth's control. These agreements, along with a later charter in which Æthelwulf confirmed church privileges, suggest that the church had recognised that Wessex was a new political power that must be dealt with.[25] Churchmen consecrated the king at coronation ceremonies, and helped to write the wills which specified the king's heir; their support had real value in establishing West Saxon control and a smooth succession for Egbert's line.[45] Both the record of the Council of Kingston, and another charter of that year, include the identical phrasing: that a condition of the grant is that "we ourselves and our heirs shall always hereafter have firm and unshakable friendships from Archbishop Ceolnoth and his congregation at Christ Church."[44][46][47] Although nothing is known of any other claimants to the throne, it is likely that there were other surviving descendants of Cerdic (the supposed progenitor of all the kings of Wessex) who might have contended for the kingdom. Egbert died in 839, and his will, according to the account of it found in the will of his grandson, Alfred the Great, left land only to male members of his family, so that the estates should not be lost to the royal house through marriage. Egbert's wealth, acquired through conquest, was no doubt one reason for his ability to purchase the support of the southeastern church establishment; the thriftiness of his will indicates he understood the importance of personal wealth to a king.[45] The kingship of Wessex had been frequently contested among different branches of the royal line, and it is a noteworthy achievement of Egbert's that he was able to ensure Æthelwulf's untroubled succession.[45] In addition, Æthelwulf's experience of kingship, in the subkingdom formed from Egbert's southeastern conquests, would have been valuable to him when he took the throne.[48] Egbert was buried in Winchester, as were his son, Æthelwulf, his grandson, Alfred the Great, and his greatgrandson, Edward the Elder. During the ninth century, Winchester began to show signs of urbanisation, and it is likely that the sequence of burials indicates that Winchester was held in high regard by the West Saxon royal line.[49] See also Notes 1. Ashley, p. 313 2. Garmonsway, G.N. ed., The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, London, J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., pp. xxxii,2,4 3. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 65–66 4. Edwards, Ecgbehrt 5. Naismith, p. 16 6. The chronicle (Hardy, Vol III, No. 326 (https://books.google.com/books?id=XPkUAAAAQAAJ&pg=AP198&redir_esc =y#v=onepage&q&f=false) describes Egbert's wife as "Redburga regis Francorum sororia" (sister or sister-in-law of the Frankish Emperor). Some nineteenth-century historians cited the manuscript to identify Redbguar as Egbert's wife, such W. G. Searle in his 1897 Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum (https://archive.org/stream/onomasticonangl00seargoog/ onomasticonangl00seargoog_djvu.txt) and (as Rædburh) in his 1899 Anglo-Saxon Bishops, Kings and Nobles (http://ia7 00408.us.archive.org/20/items/anglosaxonbishop00searuoft/anglosaxonbishop00searuoft.pf)d. Other historians of that time were sceptical, such as William Hunt, who did not mention Redburga in his article about Egbert in the original Dictionary of National Biography in 1889. In the twentieth century, popular genealogists and historians have followed Searle in naming Redburga as Egbert's wife, but academic historians ignore her when discussing Egbert, and Janet Nelson's 2004 article on his sonÆ thelwulf (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8921?docPos=1 )in the Online Oxford Dictionary of National Biography states that his mother's name is unknown. 7. Farmer, D.H.: The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, p. 10 8. Hunter Blair, Roman Britain, pp. 14–15. 9. P. Wormald, "The Age of Bede and Æthelbald", in Campbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons, pp. 95–98 10. "Anglo-Saxons.net: S 108" (http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get&type=charter&id=108. )Sean Miller. Retrieved 8 August 2007. 11. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 208–210. 12. Kirby, Earliest English Kings, pp. 165–169 13. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 207. 14. Swanton, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 58–63. 15. Wormald, "Bede, the bretwaldas and the origins of the Gens Anglorum", in Wormald et al., Ideal and Reality, p. 113; quoted in Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 167., and n. 30. 16. Fletcher, Who's Who, p. 114. 17. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 141. 18. E.g. Fletcher assumes that Egbert spent essentially all Beorhtric's reign in Francia; see Fletch, eWr ho's Who, p. 114. Similarly, Swanton annotates "3 years" with "in fact thirteen years . . . this error is commotno all MSS." See note 12 in Swanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 62–63. Naismith suggests that Egbert's exile may have occupied the thirteen-year period from 789, the year of Beorhtric's marriage with Offa's daughter, to 802, the year of his coming to power: see Naismith, p. 3. On the other hand, Stenton accepts the figure as three: see StentonA,n glo-Saxon England, p. 220. Stenton adds in a footnote that "it is very dangerous to reject a reading which is so well attested". 19. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 220. 20. Kirby, Earliest English Kings, pp. 176–177. 21. Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 186. 22. The source, a poem in the Chronicon Vilodunense, is described by Yorke as "admittedly . . . far from ideal". See Barbara Yorke, "Edward as Ætheling", in Higham & HillE, dward the Elder, p. 36. 23. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 225. 24. The border had been pushed back to ther iver Tamar, between Devon and Cornwall, by Ine of Wessex in 710. See Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p.125. 25. Kirby, Earliest English Kings, pp. 189–195. 26. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 231. References Primary sources Swanton, Michael (1996). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92129-5. Egbert's charters at Anglo-Saxons.net Secondary sources Abels, Richard (2005). Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England. Longman. ISBN 0-582-04047-7. Ashley, Mike (1998). The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens. London: Robinson. ISBN 1- 84119-096-9. Campbell, James; John, Eric; Wormald, Patrick (1991). The Anglo-Saxons. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-014395-5. Edwards, Heather (2004) Ecberht, Oxford Online Dictionary of National Biography Fletcher, Richard (1989). Who's Who in Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon England. Shepheard-Walwyn. ISBN 0-85683-089-5. Higham, N.J.; Hill, D.H. (2001). Edward the Elder. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-21497-1. Hunter Blair, Peter (1966). Roman Britain and Early England: 55 B.C. – A.D. 871. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-00361-2. Kirby, D.P. (1992). The Earliest English Kings. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-09086-5. Naismith, Rory (2011). "The Origins of the Line of Egbert, King of the West Saxons, 802 – 839" (PDF). English Historical Review. Oxford University Press. CXXVI (518): 1 – 16. doi:10.1093/ehr/ceq377. Retrieved 23 May 2012. Nelson, Janet L. (2004). "Æthelwulf (d. 858)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8921. Retrieved 14 April 2012. (subscription or UK public library membership required) 27. "Anglo-Saxons.net: S 1267" (http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get&type=charter&id=1267. )Sean Miller. Retrieved 8 August 2007. 28. P. Wormald, "The Age of Ofa and Alcuin", p. 128, in Campbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons. 29. "Manuscript C: Cotton Tiberius C.i" (http://asc.jebbo.co.uk/c/c-L.html). Tony Jebson. Retrieved 12 August 2007. 30. Translation is based on Swanton; note thatb retwalda (which Swanton translates as 'controller of Britain') in ms A appears as brytenwealda and variants in the other mss; here this is translated as 'wide-ruler', per Swanton. See Swanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 60–61. 31. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 34–35. 32. Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 17. 33. Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 197. 34. P. Wormald, "The Ninth Century", p. 139, in Campbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons. 35. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 96. 36. Stenton cites the annal for 839, which says Æthelwulf "granted" or "gave" the kingdom of Kent to his son, as an example of the language that would have been used had Wiglaf been granted the kingdom by Egbert. See Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 233–235 37. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 233–235 38. P. Wormald, "The Ninth Century", p. 138, in Campbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons. 39. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 51. 40. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 32. 41. Abels, Alfred the Great, p. 31. 42. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 155. 43. Payton, Cornwall, p. 68. 44. "Anglo-Saxons.net: S 1438" (http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get&type=charter&id=1438. )Sean Miller. Retrieved 1 September 2007. 45. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, pp. 148–149. 46. "Anglo-Saxons.net: S 281" (http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get&type=charter&id=281. )Sean Miller. Retrieved 8 August 2007. 47. P. Wormald, "The Ninth Century", p. 140, in Campbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons. 48. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, pp. 168–169. 49. Yorke, Wessex, p. 310. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Egbert of Wessex. Payton, Philip (2004). Cornwall: A History. Cornwall Editions. ISBN 1-904880-00-2. Stenton, Frank M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821716-1. Whitelock, Dorothy (1968). English Historical Documents v.l. c.500 – 1042. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. Wormald, Patrick; Bullough, D.; Collins, R. (1983). Ideal and Reality in Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Society. Oxford. ISBN 0-631-12661-9. Yorke, Barbara (1990). Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Seaby. ISBN 1- 85264-027-8. Yorke, Barbara (1995). Wessex in the Early Middle Ages. London: Leicester University Press. ISBN 0- 7185-1856-X. External links Ecgberht 10 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Egbert_of_Wessex&oldid=775069967" Categories: 839 deaths 8th-century births 9th-century English monarchs Burials at Winchester Cathedral Founding monarchs House of Wessex Kentish monarchs Mercian monarchs West Saxon monarchs This page was last edited on 12 April 2017, at 13:25. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.	of Wessex, King Egbert (I26337)
1887	Egidius and Ursula nee' Grunhofer Rosenthaler supposed had twelve child of which Ursula was the last. Is is possible that a Helene Rosenthaler was also a child, and the first wife of Maximilian Mörlin. She would have died in 1542/1543. And then Ursula would have married Max in 1543/1544	Rosenthaler, Egidius (I26774)
1888	Eigentumsmüller in Schweinitz durch Hochzeit Rittergutsbesitzer zu Casabra Wittwer	Mörlin, Johann Karl Friedrich (I28076)
1889	Eight children of this marriage.	Oesterreicher, Anna (I30259)
1890	Einion Yrth ap Cunedda From Wikipedia Einion ap Cunedda (c. 420-500; r. c. 470–500), also known as Einion Yrth (Welsh for "the Impetuous"), was a king of Gwynedd. One of the sons of Cunedda, he travelled with his father to north Wales in the early 450s to expel Irish raiders from the region. After his father's death, Einion inherited control over the newly founded kingdom of Gwynedd. Aided by his brother Ceredig, ruler of Ceredigion, and his nephew Meirion, ruler of Meirionnydd, Einion built upon his father's successes and further established his family's rule in the region. He was succeeded by two sons: Cadwallon Lawhir and Owain Ddantgwyn. See also Kings of Wales family trees Preceded by Cunedda Wledig Kings of Gwynedd Succeeded by Cadwallon Lawhir *********************** Early British Kingdoms Einion Yrth, King of Gwynedd (Born c.AD 419) (Latin: Engenius; English: Enoch) Einion Yrth (the Impetuous) originated in Manau Gododdin on the Firth of Forth. He travelled to North Wales with his father, Cunedda Wledig, in the early 5th century to expel the invading Irish. Despite, apparently, being the seventh son, he must have been of strong character for he became heir to his father's central power-base of Gwynedd. The kingdom was named after the Irish people known, in Latin, as the Venodotæ. From here, Einion was eventually able to impose himself as over-king to most of his brothers.	ap Cunedda, Einion Yrth (I33633)
1891	Elaine Deards From GENi Elaine Deards (Scott) Birthdate: circa 1527 (58) Birthplace: London, Greater London, England, United Kingdom Death: Died 1585 in Tillingham, Essex, England, United Kingdom Immediate Family: Spouse: Nathaniel Deards Children: Elizabeth Cole	Scott, Elaine (I25225)
1892	Eleanor of Aquitaine (French: Aliénor/Éléonore; 1122 or 1124 – 1 April 1204) was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in western Europe during the High Middle Ages and a member of the Ramnulfid dynasty of rulers in southwestern France. She became Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right while she was still a child, then later Queen consort of France (1137–1152) and of England (1154–1189). She was the patron of literary figures such as Wace, Benoît de Sainte-Maure, and Bernart de Ventadorn. Eleanor's succession to the duchy of Aquitaine in 1137 made her the most eligible bride in Europe. Three months after she became duchess, she married King Louis VII of France, son of her guardian, King Louis VI. As Queen of France, she participated in the unsuccessful Second Crusade. Soon after, Eleanor sought an annulment of her marriage, but her request was rejected by Pope Eugene III. However, after the birth of her second daughter Alix, Louis agreed to an annulment in consideration of her failure to bear a son after fifteen years of marriage. The marriage was annulled on 11 March 1152 on the grounds of consanguinity within the fourth degree. Their daughters were declared legitimate and custody was awarded to Louis, while Eleanor's lands were restored to her. As soon as the annulment was granted, Eleanor became engaged to Henry, Duke of Normandy, who became King Henry II of England in 1154. Henry was her third cousin (cousin of the third degree), and nine years younger. The couple married on 18 May 1152 (Whit Sunday), eight weeks after the annulment of Eleanor's first marriage, in a cathedral in Poitiers, France. Over the next thirteen years, she bore Henry eight children: five sons, three of whom would become kings; and three daughters. However, Henry and Eleanor eventually became estranged. Henry imprisoned her in 1173 for supporting her son Henry's revolt against her husband, and she was not released until 1189 when Henry died (on 6 July), and their son ascended the English throne as Richard I. Now queen dowager, Eleanor acted as regent while Richard went on the Third Crusade where he was captured and held prisoner. Eleanor lived well into the reign of her youngest son John. By the time of her death, she had outlived all her children except for King John and Queen Eleanor of Castile.	of Aquitaine, Queen Eleanor (I25501)
1893	Eleanor of Provence 1223-1291 Queen of England, 1236-1272 "Beautiful, resourceful, clever—and unpopular" Eleanor of Provence, the queen of Henry III of England, was his loyal marriage-partner for thirty-six years. Strong-willed, ambitious and practical, she played a major role in ruling the kingdom during the volatile thirteenth century. So why is she so little remembered in the roster of medieval queens? Probably because Henry filled his reign with so many miscalculations and disasters that not even a strong helpmeet could avert them. If Eleanor had been a reigning queen instead of a queen-consort, things might have been different. As daughter of Count Raymond of Provence, Eleanor grew up steeped in the sunny, pleasure-loving culture of Southern France. She was acquainted with the nobility of the Mediterranean world. When she married Henry she brought from her birthplace her taste for the good life and her familiarity with many influential players on the European stage. Eleanor also brought her relatives to install in important offices in England. This didn't endear her to Henry's barons or to the English people, who mistrusted foreigners. What Henry, an ambitious but ineffective king, lacked in willpower Eleanor more than made up for. Like her two predecessors on the English throne, Isabella of Angouleme and Eleanor of Aquitaine, Eleanor of Provence was fiercely ambitious for her children and supremely self-confident in exercising her power. She was intimately involved in Henry's battles. These included excursions to France to fight for the Continental lands the French and English had been squabbling about for decades. At home, Henry and Eleanor had rebellious barons to contend with. When Henry was captured by his own barons and forced to agree to their terms for reforms, Eleanor went to France and raised a formidable army to free her husband. But her invasion fleet was wrecked before it reached England. Her son Edward (later Edward I), as combative as his mother, fought off the rebels and rescued his father. After Henry died in 1272 Eleanor became Queen Dowager, but she never gave up her active role in promoting the royal family's interests. Only after fourteen years did she take off her crown and don the veil at the nunnery of Amesbury. There she lived a quiet, pious life until her death in 1291. Queen Eleanor of Provence was beautiful, resourceful, clever-and unpopular. Her foreign airs and entanglements, her influence on her husband and her imperious manner could not endear her to the English. The chronicler summed up her contradictory qualities after her death: "the generous and devout virago." http://www.medievalqueens.com/queen-eleanor-of-provence.htm Eleanor of Provence (c. 1223 – 24/25 June 1291) was Queen consort of England, as the spouse of King Henry III of England, from 1236 until his death in 1272. She served as regent of England during the absence of her spouse in 1253. Although she was completely devoted to her husband, and staunchly defended him against the rebel Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, she was very much hated by the Londoners. This was because she had brought a large number of relatives with her to England in her retinue; these were known as "the Savoyards", and they were given influential positions in the government and realm. On one occasion, Eleanor's barge was attacked by angry citizens who pelted her with stones, mud, pieces of paving, rotten eggs and vegetables. Eleanor was the mother of five children including the future King Edward I of England. She also was renowned for her cleverness, skill at writing poetry, and as a leader of fashion Eleanor and Henry together had five children: 1.Edward I (1239–1307), married Eleanor of Castile (1241–1290) in 1254, by whom he had issue, including his heir Edward II. His second wife was Margaret of France, by whom he had issue. 2.Margaret (1240–1275), married King Alexander III of Scotland, by whom she had issue. 3.Beatrice (1242–1275), married John II, Duke of Brittany, by whom she had issue. 4.Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster (1245–1296), married Aveline de Forz in 1269, who died four years later without issue; married Blanche of Artois in 1276, by whom he had issue. 5.Katherine (25 November 1253 – 3 May 1257)	Berenger, Eleanor (I25437)
1894	Eli was the son of James Lee Boggs (1756-1835) and his wife Elizabeth Clements (1760-?). Eli married his first wife Tabitha "Polly" Pennington (1786-1822) on 12 April 1810. Read a story about suspicions that Eli was involved in a murder at http://melungeon-studies.blogspot.com/2009/04/eli-boggs-and-alexander-goins.html https://www.ancestry.com/family-tree/person/tree/90955000/person/122023145166/facts Eli Boggs and Alexander Goins If you followed the link, yesterday's blog entry lead you to a brief account of the death of Alexander Goins. The following is a much more complete telling of the tale and the lyrics of the mountain ballad it inspired: Excerpt from Rugged Trail to Appalachia A History of Leslie County, Kentucky and Its People By Mary T. Brewer While Eli Boggs was living in Wise County, Virginia, tradition has it that he was implicated in the murder of Alexander Goins, a man of the Melungeon people of southwest Virginia and Tennessee. The story is told here to show how pioneers dealt with horse thieves. The murder supposedly took place on a ridge of Nine Mile Spur of Black Mountain, known as Goins' Ridge, and about 300 yards northwest from where Mud Lick Creek empties into Callahan Creek. Eli lived in a bottom just west of the grave site of Goins. James Taylor Adams visited the grave in the 1930's and placed the date of the tragedy around November 10, 1844. The following account was written by Mr. Adams, and given for history by Emory Hamilton of Wise, Virginia. "The grave is now, as shown by the head and foot stone, twelve feet long by actual measurement. It is now enclosed by Interstate Railroad property fence. Mystery has always surrounded Goins' grave. That is why it has attracted so many visitors. There are two traditions of the killing, both of which seem to have been accepted as historical facts by different writers. First, the one handed down through the Church family, who were residents of the immediate community at that time, and second, the one handed down through the Maggard-Craft, who lived in Kentucky a few miles across Big Black Mountain (and who have Boggs ancestry). The Church tradition, and it has the backing of the descendants of Goins, is that Alexander Goins was a respectable trader, dealing in fine horses, which he drove from Kentucky to South Carolina to sell. He supposedly lived in what is now Lawrence County, and operated a race track and breeding farm at Louisa. On one of his trips, and as he was returning home, he was ambushed on Callahan creek near the present mining town of Stonega, and escaped to return down the stream to the home of Eli Boggs, where he had stopped on other trips through the county. Boggs was a member of the ambushing party, and the next morning he offered to show Goins a nearer way up Nine Mile Spur. Where trails crossed, the robbers awaited their coming, and as they approached, shot Goins. his horse became frightened and Goins fell dead from his saddle near the mouth of Mud Lick Creek. The descendants of Goins tell about the same story, only that he was on his way to South Carolina to buy horses, instead of returning, and that he carried $9,000 in cash, and that a young man, named William Holbrook, who had been employed by Goins to help him drive horses from South Carolina, played sick, not able to go on the last trip, followed him and led the band who killed and robbed him. This tradition finds substantial strength in a Holbrook family tradition, which tells us that William Holbrook had been employed in the Big Sandy country of Kentucky by Alexander Goins and on one trip he discovered his employer was stealing horses instead of buying them, quit him enroute south, and arrived at an Uncle's house in North Carolina on Election Day in the month of November, 1844. The Maggard-Craft tradition finds support in the Holbrook tradition, as well as in the Goins tradition. It says that Alexander Goins was a horse stealer; a bad man in every respect. The late John P. Craft, a respected citizen of Wise, Virginia, says that Goins stopped overnight with his grandfather Maggard on Cumberland River the night before he was killed on Callahan Creek, and that when he was getting ready to leave next morning, he pulled down a fine deer skin, and without as much as "by your leave" he cut it up into stripe, which he hung on his saddle horn and rode away. The Maggards knew his reputation as a killer and let him go in peace. Mr. Craft also remembered hearing his grandmother tell of how Goins took two of his Negro slaves, who had displeased him, tied them in sacks with heavy stones and threw them in the Big Sandy River. He believed that Eli Boggs and his neighbors did kill Goins, but that they did it because he had previously stolen their stock, and not for his money.... If anyone was ever legally accused of his murder there is no record to be found of such accusation. The grave was left to the briars and bushes for many years. Before 1908 someone had built a pen around it. More recently it has been fenced in with other parts of the Interstate Railroad right of way. Gabriel Church, born 1814, a pioneer settler of Gabe's Branch of Roaring Fork of the Powell River, was living near the scene of the tragic incident, and he memorialized the event in a ballad. Church is said to have written other ballads, but this one is the only one in existence: POOR GOINS Come all you young people Who live far and near, And I'll tell you of some murder That was done on the Nine Mile Spur. They surrounded poor Goins, But Goins got way; He went to Ely Boggs' He went there to stay. Ely Boggs he foreknew him, His life he did betray, Saying, "Come and go with me And I'll show you a nigh way." They started up the Nine Mile Spur They made no delay, Till they come to the crossroads Where Goins they did slay. When they got in hearing They were lying mighty still, "Your money is what we're after, And Goins we will kill." When they got in gun shot They bid him for to stand "Your money is what we're after, Your life is in our hands." "Sweet Heaven! Sweet Heaven!" How loud he did cry. "To think of my companion, And now I have to die." When the gun did fire It caused his horse to run. The bullet failed to kill him George struck him with his gun. After they had killed him With him they would not stay, They drank up all his whiskey And then they rode away. Mrs. Goins she was sent for, She made no delay; She found his grave Along by the way Go kill a man for his riches Or any such thing. I pray the Lord have mercy, Till the Judgment kills the sting. For more on "Poor Goins" and other Virginia folk ballads involving violent death, including audio clips, visit the "Deathly Lyrics" web site. Note: Your MHS Blogmaster is a great-great-great grandson of Eli Boggs. Posted by Dennis Maggard at 7:30 AM	Boggs, Elijah (I31691)
1895	Elinor Carolyn Koerner passed away Tuesday, September 7. She was born at 719 Morgan Street, Boonville, Missouri on January 6, 1929, the daughter of Henry C. and Annie Laura Neef. Carolyn graduated from Boonville High School, attended Hollins College in Virginia and later graduated from the University of Missouri, Columbia. There she was a member of Delta Delta Delta sorority and the Mo Maids swimming team. She married Robert Koerner in Boonville and taught elementary education before beginning her career as a dedicated mother, serving as Cub Scout leader, Girl Scout leader, and a strong role model for her children. Carolyn taught math and Spanish at David Barton School in Boonville, and had many former students years later tell her that they still remembered her lessons by heart. While working as librarian at Stephens College she completed Master's degrees with honors in Library Science and Math at the University of Missouri, and later was the Documents and Periodicals librarian at Southeast Missouri State University. After several years enjoying golf and retirement in Diamondhead Mississippi she and Bob returned to Boonville. Carolyn was active in the community as a member of PEO, the Boonville Women's Club, the Boonslick Regional Library board, the Boonville High School Blankenbaker scholarship committee, the YMCA, the Boonville Retired Teachers organization, the United Church of Christ, and volunteered in leading music at Cooper County Hospital. Carolyn was preceded in death by her parents, husband Bob, and sister Nancy van Ravenswaay(Dr. Ted) , and is survived by son Dr. Scott Koerner (Kate), daughter Susan Gerling(Mark) grandsons Samuel Gerling(Jacqueline), Dr. Bryan Koerner(Christine) and Gordon Koerner, granddaughter Hannah Gerling(Josh), great grandson Hudson McCarroll, great granddaughters Avery and Lana Gerling, nephew Dr. Paul van Ravenswaay, niece Carolyn van Ravenswaay, and great nephew Nick Donovan(Gladys) Family and friends always knew that Carolyn loved God, family, golf, and the St. Louis Cardinals. A private family gathering to remember Carolyn is planned. Memorial gifts are suggested to the Boonslick Regional Library-Boonville building fund, the United Church of Christ, and the MS Society.	Neef, Elinor Carolyn (I6594)
1896	Elisabeth Scheber baptized 07 Jun 1616, buried 25 Aug 1684, was sent by her mother to an imperial soldier; because her mother wanted to create rest in their house. Elisabeth was housed by M. Kühner and Wendel body for two months, then stayed with her cousin, Superintendent Wagner, in Eisenach; married first soldier Hans Schepper from Pilsen, with whom she was in the war year; married second a Swedish lieutenant; married the third time Georg Kern, a shoemaker from Homburg, who had departed from there in 1650 by the Calvinists; of these came the family Kern to Hildburghausen.	Scheber, Elisabeth (I28800)
1897	Elisabetha was the widow of Tobias Röger	Carpzovin, Elisabetha Sophia (I30442)
1898	Elisedd, King of Powys (c.695-773) (Latin: Elisetus; English: Ellis) Elisedd is best known for his memorial stone: Eliseg's Pillar standing in Llantysilio-yn-Ial in Northern Powys. It was once topped by an enormous cross, and was erected by his great grandson, King Cyngen, some one hundred years after Elisedd's ascendancy in the early 8th century. Its inscription praises his victories against the Saxons and includes an exceptional record of the Powysian pedigree, stretching back through his father King Gwylog ap Beli's line to Vortigern and Magnus Maximus. Elisedd lived at nearby Castell Dinas-Bran, which is also associated with the Celtic ancestor god, Bran, and King Arthur's Quest for the Holy Grail. EBK: King Elisedd of Powys. (2017). Earlybritishkingdoms.com. Retrieved 30 May 2017, from http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/bios/elisepw.html BIO: from British Kings and Queens (Mike Ashsley) p 155 Elisedd (or Eliseg) Powys, 725-? Elisedd was remembered by his great grandson, Cyngen ap Cadell, a century later, for having rebuilt Powys and recovered lands from the English. He erected a stone column, now known as "Eliseg's Pillar" which commemorated his descent, tracing it all the way back to Vortigern. The genealogy provides us with some dating problems, but we must assume that Elisedd lived sometime in the early/mid eighth century. This coincides with the reign of the Mercian king Athelbald, a turbulent period where the Mercians generally had the upper hand but where some victories went to the underdogs. We can image the Elisedd succeeded in regaining lands along the Welsh/Mercian border from this powerful king, which made his victories all the more significant. It is possible the Elisedd ruled (or was active as a battle leader) earlier, because there are Welsh border incidents recorded during the reign of the Merican king Cenred, around the year 708. The fact that the Pillar was erected at Llangollen, well inside the later Welsh border, shows that these territorial gains were not permanent. from Wikipedia listing for Elisedd ap Gwylog Elisedd ap Gwylog (died c. 755), also known as Elise, was king of Powys in eastern Wales. Little has been preserved in the historical records about Elisedd, who was a descendant of Brochwel Ysgithrog. He appears to have reclaimed the territory of Powys after it had been overrun by the English. His great-grandson, Cyngen ap Cadell erected a column in his memory which stands not far from the later abbey of Valle Crucis. This is known as the Pillar of Eliseg, but the form Eliseg which appears on the column is thought to be a mistake by the carver of the inscription. The Latin inscription on the pillar is now very hard to read, but was apparently clearer in the time of Edward Lhuyd who transcribed it. The translation of the part of the inscription referring to Elisedd is as follows: + Concenn son of Catell, Catell son of Brochmail, Brochmail son of Eliseg, Eliseg son of Guoillauc. + And that Concenn, great-grandson of Eliseg, erected this stone for his great-grandfather Eliseg. + The same Eliseg, who joined together the inheritance of Powys . . . out of the power of the Angles with his sword and with fire. + Whosoever repeats the writing, let him give a blessing on the soul of Eliseg. Some old poems refer to Elisedd and assert he had a "special crown, a chain of twisted gold links, and armlets and anklets of gold which were the badges of sovereignty of Powys".[1] These artifacts have disappeared from history but perhaps resurfaced briefly during the coronation of Owain Glyndŵr in 1400. Elisedd was succeeded by his son Brochfael. References ^ Pre Welsh History John Edward Lloyd (1911) A history of Wales from the earliest times to the Edwardian conquest (Longmans, Green & Co.) from Wikipedia listing for Pillar of Eliseg The Pillar of Eliseg also known as Elise's Pillar or Croes Elisedd in Welsh, stands near Valle Crucis Abbey, Denbighshire, Wales, at grid reference SJ204442. It was erected by Cyngen ap Cadell (died 855), king of Powys in honour of his great-grandfather Elisedd ap Gwylog. The form Eliseg found on the pillar is thought to be a mistake by the carver of the inscription. The Latin inscription not only mentions several individuals described in the Historia Britonum, but also complements the information presented in that text. A generally accepted translation of this inscription, one of the longest surviving inscriptions from pre-Viking Wales, is as follows: † Concenn son of Cattell, Cattell son of Brochmail, Brochmail son of Eliseg, Eliseg son of Guoillauc. † And that Concenn, great-grandson of Eliseg, erected this stone for his great-grandfather Eliseg. † The same Eliseg, who joined together the inheritance of Powys . . . throughout nine (years?) out of the power of the Angles with his sword and with fire. † Whosoever shall read this hand-inscribed stone, let him give a blessing on the soul of Eliseg. † This is that Concenn who captured with his hand eleven hundred acres [4.5 km²] which used to belong to his kingdom of Powys . . . and which . . . . . . the mountain [the column is broken here. One line, possibly more, lost] . . . the monarchy . . . Maximus . . . of Britain . . . Concenn, Pascent, Maun, Annan. † Britu son of Vortigern, whom Germanus blessed, and whom Sevira bore to him, daughter of Maximus the king, who killed the king of the Romans. † Conmarch painted this writing at the request of king Concenn. † The blessing of the Lord be upon Concenn and upon his entire household, and upon the entire region of Powys until the Day of Judgement. The Pillar was thrown down by the Roundheads during the English Civil War and a grave under it opened. Edward Lhuyd examined the Pillar and copied the inscription in 1696. The lower half disappeared but the upper half was re-erected in 1779. The original inscription is now illegible. External links Rhys, John (1908), All around the Wrekin, "Y Cymmrodor: The magazine of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion", Y Cymmrodor (London: Honorable Society of Cymmrodorion) XXI: 1–62 – the pillar and the etymology of "Eliseg" are discussed in this article, which includes Edward Lhuyd's translation. Project Eliseg - 2010 Archaeological Excavation of the Pillar and Surrounding area On the castlewales website "Ancient British Pillar, Valle Crucis Abbey, South Wales", Table-book	ap Gwylog, King Elisedd (I33506)
1899	Elisha T. SIMMONS Birth: MAY 1854 in Crawford County, Pennsylvania Note: 1 2 Census: 1880 Sullivan County, Missouri Note: He is listed in Clay Township, 2 June 1880, by William B. Taylor. He is on page 216. Elisha Simmons age 25 born Missouri, both parents born Pennsylvania, a farmer. Wife Lucy J. 18 born Missouri, and child Meriet six months born Missouri Census: 1900 Pettis County, Missouri Note: It appears to me that he is enumerated district 96, Sheet 5. They lived at Dresden Village in Dresden Township. The Census was taken on 14 June 1900. Elisha Simmons born May 1854, said he was born in Wisconsin, and his parents in Pennsylvania. He had been married 22 years. A day laborer, he could read and write, and he owned his own home free and clear. His wife, Lucy was born Jan. 1862. She was the mother of eight children, with six living. She was born in Missouri, her father in Virginia and her mother in Illinois. Children at home were Mabel born April 1882, Effie J. April 1885, Fred I born March 1888,Goldie M born March 1891, and Gertrude E. born July 1896. Census: 1910 Pettis County, Missouri He is found in the city of Sedalia, enumerated on 16 April 1910. ET Simmons 54, married 31 years, said he was born in Pennsylvania and both of his parents in the United States. He was a laborer at the Railroad shops. He owned a mortgaged home. Both he and his wife read and write. His wife, L. J., was 49, born Missouri. She said her father was born in Virginia and her mother in Illinois. She was the mother of eight children, with six of them living. They had two daughters at home, Gertrude age 14, and Genevieve age 7. Event: Living 4 JUN 1904 Sedalia, Pettis County, Missouri Note: He is shown in his father's obituary as a resident of Sedalia. Event Living 1935 Sedalia, Pettis County, Missouri Note: He was last found in the Sedalia City directories at that time.He was still living on Jan. 27, 1936 when his wife died. A researcher, William B. Claycomb (June 2000) said he had reviewed all cemetery indexes for Pettis County cemeteries of two about 1982. He did not find a listing for Elisha Simmons. 1 Lucy J b: JAN 1862 in Missouri. Married: ABT 1878 Children Meriet SIMMONS b: DEC 1879 in Sullivan County, Missouri Mabel SIMMONS b: APR 1882 in Missouri Effie J. SIMMONS b: MAR 1885 in Missouri Fred I SIMMONS b: MAR 1888 in Missouri Goldie M. SIMMONS b: MAR 1891 in Missouri Gertrude E. SIMMONS b: JUL 1896 in Missouri Genevieve SIMMONS b: 1903 in Pettis County, Missouri	Simmons, Elisha Thadeus (I32755)
1900	Eliza McQuigg and Malcolm McQuigg were cousins. Individuals: Cunningham, Jennifer, Main St Presbyterian Church, Garvagh (2nd Garvagh). Marriage 2nd March, 1873 of Malcolm McQuigg of full age, bachelor, farmer, Knockaduff of William McQuigg, farmer to Eliza McQuigg of full age, spinster of Culcrow of Peter McQuigg, farmer witnesses Henry McQuigg and Ellen McQuigg. Individuals: Cunningham, Jennifer, Death Letter loaded from Wilburt McQuigg: Malcolm McQuigg, aged 78 died at his residence, Knockaduff, on Tuesday 4th May 1909, interment in Agivey Burying Ground on Thursday , 6th May, Elizabeth McQuigg. In the 1901 Irish Census, Malcolm was born in 1834 while according to his death letter he was born in 1832. In the 1901 census he lived on Farm 12 in a two room thatched house with four windows in front. He was also a landlord owning Number 12, Matilda McCartney's house. Administration (with the Will) of the Estate of Malcolm McQuigg late of Knockaduff County Londonderry Farmer who died 4 May 1909 granted at Londonderry to William McQuigg Farmer	McQuigg, Malcolm (I22802)

Our Thomæ / Thoma Family

Of Hildburghausen, Germany

Notes