Other Events and Attributes:

• House: gens Claudia
• FSID: GZF9-JRR
• Occupation: Roman Senator

Notes:

Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus (born no later than 93 BC[1] - died 42 BC) was a senator of the Roman Republic. He was born with the name Appius Claudius Pulcher, into the patrician family of the Claudii. According to Suetonius, Drusus was a direct descendant of the consul and censor Appius Claudius Caecus. He was descended from Caecus via the first Appius Claudius Pulcher, who was consul in 212 BC and Caecus's great-grandson. His daughter Livia became the wife of the first Roman Emperor Augustus, and he was a direct ancestor of the Julio-Claudian emperors Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero not through this marriage, which produced no children, but through Livia's first marriage.

Biography
Background
As a Pulchri, Claudianus was a direct descendant of the consul and censor Appius Claudius Caecus through his son Publius Claudius Pulcher. Claudianus descended via the first Appius Claudius Pulcher, who was consul in 212 BC and Publius Claudius Pulcher's son or grandson.

Antiquarian Bartolomeo Borghesi suggested that his biological father could have been either Appius Claudius Pulcher (military tribune in the year 87 BC) or the Gaius Claudius Pulcher (legate or preator in 73 BC); both of these men were sons of Gaius Claudius Pulcher (consul in 130 BC).[2] Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul of 79 BC); and Gaius Claudius Pulcher (the consul of 92 BC), have been postulated by Ronald Syme.[3][a] Susan Treggiari has speculated that his mother might have been a sister of Marcus Livius Drusus the tribune, this explaining his adoption by Drusus,[5] since Drusus had at least two other nephews whom he chose Claudianus over.[b] Adopted fathers and sons were often closely related[8] and adoption of a sororal nephew was especially common in Rome.[9][10]

Early life
Little is known about the circumstances leading to Claudianus's adoption by Marcus Livius Drusus.[3] He was unusually young at the time of adoption (likely a small child, if not an infant),[11][c] as most other adoption in ancient Rome happened with the adoptee as adults. In accordance with convention, his name was changed from Appius Claudius Pulcher to Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus, in honour of his adoptive father.[12] Drusus may have been married to a Servilia at the time, whom would have been Claudianus adoptive mother.[13] Since the death of his adopted father's sister Livia Drusa, he was likely raised together with her children Servilia Major, Gnaeus Servilius Caepio, Servilia Minor, Porcia and Cato in Drusus's household.[14] Drusus was assassinated in 91 BC[15] and Claudianus presumably inherited all his immense wealth.[1]

Career
Claudianus was praetor of Rome in 50 BC and presided over a court case brought under the Lex Scantinia. Caelius, writing to Cicero, seems to find the situation ironic.[16]

In 45 BC, Cicero had purchased gardens owned by Claudianus in Rome. Claudianus was a supporter of the Roman Republic and was among those who opposed the rule and dictatorship of Julius Caesar, assassinated in 44 BC by Brutus and Cassius.

In 42 BC, Claudianus arranged for his daughter Livia Drusilla to marry his kinsman Tiberius Claudius Nero, who became the parents of future Roman Emperor Tiberius and the general Nero Claudius Drusus. Through this second grandson, Claudianus was a direct ancestor to the Roman Emperors Caligula, Claudius, and Nero.

Death
Claudianus became a supporter of Brutus and Cassius and joined them in the war against Octavian and Mark Antony. The decision would have serious consequences for him and for Livia's family. He fought alongside Brutus and Cassius at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC. When Brutus and Cassius were defeated, they committed suicide. Claudianus killed himself in his tent to avoid being captured alive by the victors.

Family
Claudianus married a woman of plebeian status called Alfidia. They had at least one child: a daughter Livia Drusilla (58 BC–29). The usage of the nickname "Drusilla" might imply that she had an older sister.[17] Claudianus relatively advanced age at the time of his marriage to Alfidia could indicate that he had been married before.[1]

It is also probable that he had a biological son named Gaius Livius Drusus who had two daughters named Livia Pulchra[18] and Livia Livilla. This son may have died in battle after the assassination of Julius Caesar, or been proscribed and killed by the Second
Triumvirate.[19]

He also adopted as his son Marcus Livius Drusus Libo.[20][21] This was likely a testamentary adoption. Adoptions of that sort was mostly carried out because a man lacked legitimate sons who could carry on their name and estate,[22] perhaps implying that if Claudianus had ever had a son, he was likely dead before his father wrote his will.[d]

Family/Spouse: Alfidia Lurco. Alfidia was born in 78 BC in Rome, Roma, Lazio, Italy; died in 24 BC in Rome, Roma, Lazio, Italy. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

1. Livia Julia Drusilla was born in 30 Jan 59 BC in Rome, Roma, Lazio, Italy; died on 28 Sep 29 in Rome, Roma, Lazio, Italy; was buried after 28 Sep 29 in Mausoleum of Augustus, Rome, Roma, Lazio, Italy.

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: 91 BC; Elected Tribune
• FSID: G8ML-JVB

Notes:

Wikipedia -

Marcus Livius Drusus (c. 124 – 91 BC) was a Roman politician and reformer, most famous as Tribune of the plebs in 91 BC. During his year in office, Drusus proposed wide-ranging legislative reforms, including offering the citizenship to Rome's Italian allies. The failure of these reforms, and Drusus' subsequent murder at the hands of an unknown assassin in late 91 BC, are often seen as an immediate cause of the Social War.[1]

Early life
Marcus Livius Drusus was born in ca. 124 BC.[2] He was the son of Cornelia (whose precise identity is unknown) and Marcus Livius Drusus the Elder, a distinguished statesman who had served all the major magistracies of the cursus honorum as tribune in 122 BC, consul in 112 BC, and censor in 109 BC. Drusus the Elder died in 108 BC: if the younger Marcus was the eldest son, he would now have become the pater familias of the Drusi and the provider for his two siblings, Mamercus and Livia.[3] However, certain scholars believe that Mamercus was in fact the eldest son,[1] Marcus one or two years his junior.[4][5]

Cicero reports that Drusus was a principled and conscientious youth.[6] When serving as quaestor in Asia Minor, he conspicuously refused to wear his official insignia as a sign of respect.[7]

After the death of his father, Drusus inherited vast amounts of wealth, with which he paid for grand gladiatorial shows during his aedileship.[2] His generosity was famous in antiquity: he once commented that he spent so much money on other people that he had 'nothing left to give away to anybody but mud and air'.[8] Drusus also built a grand new house on the Palatine Hill, telling the architect to build it so that all his fellow-citizens could see everything he did. This famous house was later owned by Cicero, Censorinus, and Rutilius Sisenna.[9]

Drusus had several distinguished descendants. Through his adopted son, he became an ancestor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty; and through the two marriages of his sister, Livia, he was uncle to Cato the Younger and great-uncle to Marcus Junius Brutus. His brother, Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus (who was adopted into the Aemilii Lepidi), also served as consul in 77 BC.

At some point ca. 100 BC, Drusus married Servilia, a sister of his friend Quintus Servilius Caepio. However, they appear to have divorced sometime around the year 97 BC without having any known children.[78] It seems that Drusus did not marry again before his death in 91 BC.[79] However there is a Livia of the late Roman Republic whom has been speculated to be Drusus daughter.[80]

Imperial descendants

Drusus did adopt Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus, born Appius Claudius Pulcher. This adopted son married Alfidia, with whom he had a daughter named Livia. This Livia was the famous Empress, the wife to the emperor Augustus and mother of the second emperor Tiberius. Therefore, through the adoption of his son, Marcus Livius Drusus and his family (the Drusi) became eventual ancestors to the imperial Julio-Claudian dynasty.[81]
Nieces and nephews[edit]

Drusus had a sister, Livia, whom he married to his friend and brother-in-law Quintus Servilius Caepio. Livia and Caepio had three children: the famous Servilia, who was sequentially the mistress of Julius Caesar and the mother of Marcus Junius Brutus; another Servilia, who married the general Lucullus; and a son, also called Gnaeus Servilius Caepio.[82]

However, Drusus and Caepio fell out, allegedly over the sale of a ring at an auction, and subsequently they became personal enemies.[83] As a result, Drusus divorced Servilia, and Caepio divorced Livia.

Drusus apparently had his sister remarried almost immediately, either in 97 or 96 BC,[84] this time to Marcus Porcius Cato, the grandson of Cato the Elder. Livia and Cato had a son, Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis, who was to become the famous opponent of Julius Caesar; they also had a daughter, Porcia, who married Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. However, both Livia and Cato seem to have died in the mid to late 90s BC, meaning that Servilia, Cato, and Porcia were all raised in Drusus' house before his own death in 91 BC.[85]

Marcus married Servilia Caepionis in 100 BC in Roman Republic ( 509 BC - 27 BC ), and was divorced in 97 BC in Roman Republic ( 509 BC - 27 BC ). Servilia (daughter of Quintus Servillus Caepio and Livia) was born in 114 BC in Roman Republic ( 509 BC - 27 BC ); died in 71 BC in Roman Republic ( 509 BC - 27 BC ). [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• House: gens Servilla
• FSID: G8ML-NFB

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: G8M2-5Q8
• Name: Marcus Livius Drusus II ...
• Death: 115
• Birth: 157

Marcus married Cornelia Sciipionis in UNKNOWN in Roman Republic ( 509 BC - 27 BC ). Cornelia was born in 157 BC in Roman Republic ( 509 BC - 27 BC ); died in 100 BC in Roman Republic ( 509 BC - 27 BC ). [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: G8M2-R28

Other Events and Attributes:

• House: gens Servilla
• Life Event: 106 BC; Elected Consul
• Life Event: 105 BC; Elected Proconul
• FSID: G8M2-RQ1
• Name: Quintus Servillus Caepio ...
• Death: 80
• Birth: 137

Notes:

Quintus Servilius Caepio was a Roman statesman and general, consul in 106 BC, and proconsul of Cisalpine Gaul in 105 BC. He was the father of Quintus Servilius Caepio and the grandfather of Servilia.
Consulship and Arausio[edit]
During his consulship in 106 BC, he passed a controversial law, with the help of the famous orator Lucius Licinius Crassus, by which the jurymen were again to be chosen from the senators instead of the equites.[1][2][3][4] However, it appears this law was overturned by a law of Gaius Servilius Glaucia in either 104 or 101 BC.
After his consulship, he was assigned to Gaul, where he captured the town of Tolosa, ancient Toulouse. There, he found some 50 thousand bars of gold and 10 thousand bars of silver which were legendarily stolen from the temple of Delphi by the Sordisci in the Gallic invasion of the Balkans in 279 BC.[5] The riches of Tolosa were shipped back to Rome, but only the silver made it; the gold was stolen by a band of marauders, who were rumoured to have been hired by Caepio himself.[5] The Gold of Tolosa was never found, and was said to have been passed all the way down to the last heir of the Servilii Caepiones, Marcus Junius Brutus.[citation needed]
During the southern migration of the Cimbri in 105 BC, Caepio was assigned an army to defeat the migrating tribe. Also tasked to defeat the Cimbri was the consul for that year, Gnaeus Mallius Maximus, who was a novus homo ("new man").[6] While the sitting consul outranked Caepio, Caepio refused to cooperate with the consul and his army.[6] Leading one of the two Roman armies into the Battle of Arausio, this refusal to cooperate with his superior officer, led to the destruction of both armies. Caepio refused to camp with Maximus and his troops; when the battle began, both Roman armies were overrun and defeated by the massively numerically superior Cimbri force, resulting in the deaths of some 60 to 80 thousand Roman soldiers.[7]
Exile[edit]
Upon his return to Rome, Caepio was stripped of his proconsulship by the Assembly.[8] A law proposed by Lucius Cassius Longinus stripped any person of his seat in the Senate if he had had his imperium revoked by the Senate. Based on this law, Caepio was stripped of his seat in the Senate.[8] Then, he was tried in the courts for the theft of the Tolosa gold, but with many senators on the jury, he was acquitted.[8]
He was then tried for "the loss of his army" by two tribunes of the plebs, Gaius Norbanus and Lucius Appuleius Saturninus. Despite being defended by the orator Lucius Licinius Crassus, Caepio was convicted,[9] and was given the harshest sentence allowable: he was stripped of his citizenship, forbidden fire and water within eight hundred miles of Rome, nominally fined 15,000 talents (about 825,000 lb) of gold, and forbidden to see or speak to his friends or family until he had left for exile. The huge fine — which greatly exceeded the amount in the Roman treasury — was never collected.
Two versions detail what happened thereafter: according to one, Caepio died in prison and his body, mangled by the executioner, was put on display on the Gemonian steps; however, according to the more commonly accepted version, he spent the rest of his life in exile in Smyrna in Asia Minor.[9] Historian Timagenes claimed that he was survived only by his daughters, if true, he must have died after 90 BC since that was when his son Quintus was killed.[10]
Family[edit]
Caepio was likely married to a Caecilia Metella whom he had three children with, a son named Quintus Servilius Caepio as well as at least two daughters Servilia, the wife of Catulus and Servilia, the wife of Marcus Livius Drusus.[11] His wife may have been a daughter of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus.[12]

Quintus married LiviaRoman Republic ( 509 BC - 27 BC ). was born in UNKNOWN in Roman Republic ( 509 BC - 27 BC ); died in DECEASED in Roman Republic ( 509 BC - 27 BC ). [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: G8M2-PHL

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: G8M2-PHP