Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: King of East Francia, König des Ostfrankenreiches, King of Eastern Franconia, Duke of Saxony, Duc de Saxe, Herzog von Sachsen
• House: Ottonian
• Life Event: Henry the Fowler (German: Heinrich der Vogler or Heinrich der Finkler; Latin: Henricus Auceps) (aprox. 876 – 2 July 936) was the Duke of Saxony from 912[1] and the King of East Francia from 919 until his death in 936. As the first non-Frankish king of East Francia, he established the Ottonian dynasty of kings and emperors, and he is generally considered to be the founder of the medieval German state, known until then as East Francia. An avid hunter, he obtained the epithet \"the Fowler\" because he was allegedly fixing his birding nets when messengers arrived to inform him that he was to be king. He was born into the Liudolfing line of Saxon dukes. His father Otto I of Saxony died in 912 and was succeeded by Henry. The new duke launched a rebellion against the king of East Francia, Conrad I of Germany, over the rights to lands in the Duchy of Thuringia. They reconciled in 915 and on his deathbed in 918, Conrad recommended Henry as the next king, considering the duke the only one who could hold the kingdom together in the face of internal revolts and external Magyar raids. Henry was elected and crowned king in 919. He went on to defeat the rebellious dukes of Bavaria and Swabia, consolidating his rule. Through successful warfare and a dynastic marriage, Henry acquired Lotharingia as a vassal in 925. Unlike his Carolingian predecessors, Henry did not seek to create a centralized monarchy, ruling through federated autonomous stem duchies instead. Henry built an extensive system of fortifications and mobile heavy cavalry across Germany to neutralize the Magyar threat and in 933 routed them at the Battle of Riade, ending Magyar attacks for the next 21 years and giving rise to a sense of German nationhood. Henry greatly expanded German hegemony in Europe with his defeat of the Slavs in 929 at the Battle of Lenzen along the Elbe river, by compelling the submission of Duke Wenceslaus I of Bohemia through an invasion of the Duchy of Bohemia the same year and by conquering Danish realms in Schleswig in 934. Henry\'s hegemonic status north of the Alps was acknowledged by the kings Rudolph of West Francia and Rudolph II of Upper Burgundy, who both accepted a place of subordination as allies in 935. Henry planned an expedition to Rome to be crowned emperor by the pope, but the design was thwarted by his death. Henry prevented a collapse of royal power, as had happened in West Francia, and left a much stronger kingdom to his successor Otto I He was buried at Quedlinburg Abbey, established by his wife Matilda in his honour. Born in Memleben, in what is now Saxony-Anhalt, Henry was the son of Otto the Illustrious, Duke of Saxony, and his wife Hedwiga, who was probably the daughter of Henry of Franconia. In 906 he married Hatheburg of Merseburg, daughter of the Saxon count Erwin. She had previously been a nun. The marriage was annulled in 909 because her vows as a nun were deemed by the church to remain valid. She had already given birth to Henry\'s son Thankmar. The annulment placed a question mark over Thankmar\'s legitimacy. Later that year he married Matilda, daughter of Dietrich of Ringelheim, Count in Westphalia. Matilda bore him three sons, one called Otto, and two daughters, Hedwig and Gerberga, and founded many religious institutions, including the Quedlinburg Abbey where Henry is buried. She was later canonized. As the first Saxon king of East Francia, Henry was the founder of the Ottonian dynasty. He and his descendants ruled East Francia, and later the Holy Roman Empire, from 919 until 1024. Henry had two wives and at least six children: With Hatheburg: - Thankmar (908–938)[2] – rebelled against his half-brother Otto and was killed in battle in 938 With Matilda: - Hedwig (910–965) – wife of West Francia\'s powerful Robertian duke Hugh the Great, mother of Hugh Capet, King of West Francia - Otto I (912–973) – Duke of Saxony, King of East Francia and Holy Roman Emperor. In 929 Henry married Otto to Eadgyth, daughter of Edward the Elder, King of Wessex - Gerberga (913–984) – wife of (1) Duke Gilbert of Lotharingia and (2) King Louis IV of France - Henry I (919–955) – Duke of Bavaria - Bruno (925–965) – Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia and regent of West Francia. Henry became Duke of Saxony after his father\'s death in 912. An able ruler, he continued to strengthen the position of his duchy within the weakening kingdom of East Francia, and was frequently in conflict with his neighbors to the South in the Duchy of Franconia. On 23 December 918 Conrad I, king of East Francia and Franconian duke, died. Although Henry had rebelled against Conrad I between 912 and 915 over the lands in Thuringia, Conrad recommended Henry as his successor. Kingship now changed from the Franks to the Saxons, who had suffered greatly during the conquests of Charlemagne and were proud of their identity. Henry, as Saxon, was the first non-Frank on the throne. Conrad\'s choice was conveyed by his brother, duke Eberhard III of Franconia at the Imperial Diet of Fritzlar in 919. The assembled Franconian and Saxon nobles elected Henry to be king with other regional dukes not participating in the election. Archbishop Heriger of Mainz offered to anoint Henry according to the usual ceremony, but he refused – the only king of his time not to undergo that rite – allegedly because he wished to be king not by the church\'s but by the people\'s acclaim. Henry, who was elected to kingship by only the Saxons and Franconians at Fritzlar, had to subdue the other dukes. Duke Burchard II of Swabia soon swore fealty to the new king, but when he died, Henry appointed a noble from Franconia to be the new duke. Duke Arnulf of Bavaria, lord over a realm of impressive extent, with de facto powers of a king and at times even named so in documents, proved a much harder nut to crack. He would not submit until Henry defeated him in two campaigns in 921. In Bavaria Duke Arnulf declared himself king in 919. Henry besieged Arnulf\'s residence at Ratisbon and forced the duke into submission. In 921 Arnulf renounced the crown and submitted to Henry while maintaining significant autonomy and the right to mint his own coins. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler
• Life Event: King Henry, of Saxon heritage, was the first non-Frank to occupy the throne of Francia (Franconia)
• FSID: 9C72-WGJ
• Appointments / Titles: Between 30 Nov 912 and 2 Jul 936; Duke of Saxony
• Appointments / Titles: Between 919 and 936; King of the East of France (König des Ostfrankenreiches)
• Life Event: May 919; Archbishop Heriger of Mainz was to anoint Henry king as had become customary, however, Henry refused, the only king of his time not to undergo that rite, allegedly because he wished to be king not by the church\'s but by the people\'s acclaim.
• Life Event: Between 24 May 919 and 2 Jul 936; Designated as king by his predecessor Conrad the Younger, Henry became king in 919 and ruler nearly 17 years, until his death, at which time his son Otto succeeded him.

Notes:

Considered the first King of Germany (the first Saxon king of East Francia) Henry was the founder of the Ottonian dynasty. He and his descendants ruled East Francia, and later the Holy Roman Empire, from 919 until 1024.

Henry the Fowler (German: Heinrich der Vogler or Heinrich der Finkler; Latin: Henricus Auceps) (876 – 2 July 936) was the Duke of Saxony from 912 and the King of East Francia from 919 until his death in 936. As the first non-Frankish king of East Francia, he established the Ottonian dynasty of kings and emperors, and he is generally considered to be the founder of the medieval German state, known until then as East Francia. An avid hunter, he obtained the epithet "the Fowler" because he was allegedly fixing his birding nets when messengers arrived to inform him that he was to be king.

He was born into the Liudolfing line of Saxon dukes. His father Otto I of Saxony died in 912 and was succeeded by Henry. The new duke launched a rebellion against the king of East Francia, Conrad I of Germany, over the rights to lands in the Duchy of Thuringia. They reconciled in 915 and on his deathbed in 918, Conrad recommended Henry as the next king, considering the duke the only one who could hold the kingdom together in the face of internal revolts and external Magyar raids.

Henry was elected and crowned king in 919. He went on to defeat the rebellious dukes of Bavaria and Swabia, consolidating his rule. Through successful warfare and a dynastic marriage, Henry acquired Lotharingia as a vassal in 925. Unlike his Carolingian predecessors, Henry did not seek to create a centralized monarchy, ruling through federated autonomous stem duchies instead. Henry built an extensive system of fortifications and mobile heavy cavalry across Germany to neutralize the Magyar threat and in 933 routed them at the Battle of Riade, ending Magyar attacks for the next 21 years and giving rise to a sense of German nationhood. Henry greatly expanded German hegemony in Europe with his defeat of the Slavs in 929 at the Battle of Lenzen along the Elbe river, by compelling the submission of Duke Wenceslaus I of Bohemia through an invasion of the Duchy of Bohemia the same year and by conquering Danish realms in Schleswig in 934. Henry's hegemonic status north of the Alps was acknowledged by the kings Rudolph of West Francia and Rudolph II of Upper Burgundy, who both accepted a place of subordination as allies in 935. Henry planned an expedition to Rome to be crowned emperor by the pope, but the design was thwarted by his death. Henry prevented a collapse of royal power, as had happened in West Francia, and left a much stronger kingdom to his successor Otto I. He was buried at Quedlinburg Abbey, established by his wife Matilda in his honour.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_I._(Ostfrankenreich)

Heinrich Himmler believed he was Henry the Fowler reincarnated; On 2 July 1936 Himmler commemorated the 1000th anniversary of Henry's death with a ceremony at his crypt and in 1937 had Henry's remains interred in a new sarcophagus.

Succeeded his father, Otto I of Saxony, in 912 to become Duke of Saxony and reigned until his death at which time his son Otto succeeded him.

Heinrich married von Ringelheim, Saint Mathilde in 909 in Wallhausen, Bad Kreuznach, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany. Mathilde (daughter of of The East Franks, Thiadrich and Reinhild) was born in 892 in Enger, Herford, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany; died on 14 Mar 968 in Quedlinburg, Quedlinburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany; was buried on 15 Mar 968 in Stiftskirche Saint Servatius, Quedlinburg, Quedlinburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

1. von Sachsen, Queen of France Gerberga was born on 10 Jun 913 in Nordhausen, Vogtlandkreis, Sachsen, Germany; was christened on 4 Aug 914 in Markneukirchen, Vogtlandkreis, Sachsen, Germany; died on 5 May 984 in Reims, Marne, Champagne-Ardenne, France; was buried on 22 May 984 in Reims Cathedral, Champagne-Ardenne, France.

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Duke of Saxony
• House: Ottonian
• Nickname: The Illustrious One
• FSID: G98N-1MN
• Life Event: Between 902 and 912, Hersfeld Abbey Bad Hersfeld, Hersfeld-Rotenburg, Hessen, Germany; Abbott

Notes:

Otto I, Duke of Saxony
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Otto I
Duke of Saxony
Otto I, Duke of Saxony.jpg
Otto I Dux, depiction in the Chronica Sancti Pantaleonis, Cologne (c. 1237
Born c. 830/40
Died 30 November 912
Wallhausen, Saxony
Buried Gandersheim Abbey
Noble family Ottonian dynasty
Spouse(s) Hathui of Babenberg
Issue
Henry the Fowler
Father Liudolf, Duke of Saxony
Mother Oda of Billung
Otto (c. 830/40 – 30 November 912), called the Illustrious (German: Otto der Erlauchte) by later authors, a member of the Ottonian dynasty, was Duke of Saxony from 880 to his death.

Contents
1 Family
2 Reign
3 Notes
4 Sources
Family
Otto was a younger son of the Saxon count Liudolf (d. 866), the progenitor of the dynasty, and his wife Oda (d. 913), daughter of the Saxon princeps Billung. Among his siblings were his elder brother Bruno, heir to their father's estates, and Liutgard, who in 876 became Queen of East Francia as consort of the Carolingian king Louis the Younger. The marriage expressed Liudolf's dominant position in the Saxon lands.

Around 873 Otto himself married Hathui (d. 903), probably daughter of the Frankish princeps militiae Henry of Franconia, a member of the noble House of Babenberg (Popponids). By her he had two sons, Thankmar and Liudolf, who predeceased him, but his third son Henry the Fowler succeeded him as duke of Saxony and was later elected king. Otto's daughter Oda married the Carolingian King Zwentibold of Lotharingia, son of Emperor Arnulf. His family is called the Liudolfinger after his father, upon the accession of his grandson Emperor Otto the Great it then was also called the Ottonian dynasty.

Reign
By a charter of King Louis the Younger to Gandersheim Abbey dated 26 January 877, the pago Suththuringa (region of South Thuringia) is described as in comitatu Ottonis (in Otto's county). He succeeded his brother Bruno after the latter's death in the Battle of Lüneburg Heath (Ebsdorf) on 2 February 880, fighting against the Viking invaders.[1]

Ruling over vast Saxon and Thuringian estates, Otto was mentioned as dux in later sources, while in a contemporary charter of 28 January 897, Otto is described as marchio and the pago Eichesfelden (Eichsfeld) is now found to be within his county (march). He was also the lay abbot of Hersfeld Abbey in 908 and fifty years later was described as magni ducis Oddonis (great duke Otto) by the chronicler Widukind of Corvey when describing the marriage of his sister Liutgard to King Louis.

Despite his dynastic relations, Otto only had loose connections to the Carolingian court and rarely left Saxony. He remained a regional East Frankish prince and his overlords, Louis the Younger and Emperor Arnulf, with both of whom he was on good terms, rarely interfered in Saxon autonomy. In his lands, Otto was prince in practice and he also established himself as a tributary ruler over the neighbouring Slavic tribes in the east, such as the Daleminzi.

According to Widukind of Corvey, the "Saxon and Franconian people" offered Otto the kingship of East Francia after the death of the last Carolingian monarch Louis the Child in 911. He did, however, not accept it on account of his advanced age, instead suggesting Duke Conrad of Franconia. The truthfulness of this report is considered doubtful.[2]

The next year, Otto died at the Pfalz of Wallhausen. He was buried in the church of Gandersheim Abbey.

Buried:
Gandersheim Abbey

Otto married von Babenberg, Hedwiga in 870 in Sachsen, Germany. Hedwiga (daughter of von Babenberg, Margrave Heinrich and of Fruili, Ingeltrude) was born on 10 Oct 853 in Babenberg Castle, Holzkirchen, Miesbach, Bayern, Germany; died on 24 Dec 903 in Aachen, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany; was buried after 24 Dec 903 in Stiftskirche Gandersheim, Bad Gandersheim, Northeim, Niedersachsen, Germany. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: L8TG-1DR

Notes:

Hedwiga (also known as Hathui; c.?850/55-24 December 903), a member of the Elder House of Babenberg (Popponids), was Duchess of Saxony from about 880 until her death, by her marriage with the Liudolfing duke Otto the Illustrious. She is the mother of King

Other Events and Attributes:

• House: House of Liudolfing
• FSID: LC58-L2Q
• Birth: 12 Mar 816, Goslar, Goslar, Niedersachsen, Germany
• Appointments / Titles: Between 844 and 866; Duke of Saxony

Notes:

fmg.ac. (n.d.). SAXONY DUKES. [online] Available at: https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SAXONY.htm#_Toc484586537.

Please read re Liudolf:

The basis of this conjecture is the record mentioned above in which a Liudolf is called a brother of a Cobbo ["Tradidit Bardo comes pro remedio anime Liudulfi familias XVIII in pago Bardengo. ... quidquid ipse Ludolfus habuit in pago Bardengo, ... exceptis seorsum denominatis familiis, quas ipse suo germano Cobboni atque suo propinquo Fresgario ad redimendum reliquerat. Omnia Bardo comes tradidit ... hac ei potestate contradita ab uxore Ludolfi atque a suis propinquis. ... ut predicti Ludolfi uxor ea possedeat usque ad obitum suum, ..." Trad. Corb., 76, B §350 (A §126)]. Some have identified this Liudolf with Liudolf of Saxony, and the brother Cobbo with either the son or grandson of Egbert, resulting in Liudolf being placed as a son or grandson of Egbert. The two variations are discussed in more detail on the page of Liudolf. The principle objection to the identification of this Liudolf (who was deceased at the time of the entry) as Liudolf of Saxony is that the date of the entry has been estimated in the 840's, whereas Liudolf of Saxony died in 866. Thus, it is probable that the Liudolf of the Corvey tradition was a different man from duke Liudolf of Saxony.

fasg.org. (n.d.). Egbert, Saxon count. [online] Available at: https://fasg.org/projects/henryproject/data/egber001.htm [Accessed 11 Jun. 2021].

Liudolf's ancestry cannot be determined with certainty. In the biography of the first abbess Hathumod from Gandersheim, a daughter of Liudolf, written around 877, the monk Agius claims that Liudolf comes from the most respected family in Saxony. In her poem Primordia, written in the middle of the 10th century, Hrotsvit von Gandersheim also reports that Liudolf came from “extremely noble” parents, whose names she could not or did not want to mention.

In the biography of the Franconian noblewoman Ida von Herzfeld from around 980, the vita s. Idae of the Werden monk Uffing, Uffing alleges that Liudolf and his son Otto the illustrious did not take care of Ida's grave without saying that they did so would only have been obliged as descendants. [5] In addition, Liudolf buried his son, who died in childhood, there. This burial place was on the Herzfeld farm, which first belonged to Ida's husband Ekbert, then Liudolf and finally Otto the illustrious, until he exchanged it for properties in Beek near Duisburg. Albert K. Hömberg therefore came to the conclusion that Liudolf was the grandson of Ida and Ekbert. [6] In fact, Ida's son Cobbo, like Liudolf a close confidante of Ludwig the German, had a son named Liudolf from his marriage to Eila

------------------
Liudolfs Abstammung ist nicht sicher zu bestimmen.[1] In der um 877 verfassten Lebensbeschreibung der ersten Gandersheimer Äbtissin Hathumod, einer Tochter Liudolfs, behauptet der Mönch Agius, Liudolf entstamme dem angesehensten Geschlecht in Sachsen.[2] Auch Hrotsvit von Gandersheim berichtet in ihrem Mitte des 10. Jahrhunderts entstandenen Gedicht Primordia,[3] Liudolf stamme von „überaus adligen“ Eltern ab, deren Namen sie jedoch nicht erwähnen konnte oder wollte.[4]

In der um 980 entstandenen Lebensbeschreibung der fränkischen Adligen Ida von Herzfeld, der Vita s. Idae des Werdener Mönches Uffing, erhebt dieser den Vorwurf, Liudolf und sein Sohn Otto der Erlauchte hätten sich nicht um das Grab Idas gekümmert, ohne auszusprechen, dass sie dazu nur als Abkömmlinge verpflichtet gewesen wären.[5] Zudem habe Liudolf seinen im Kindesalter verstorbenen Sohn dort beigesetzt. Diese Grablege befand sich auf dem Hof Herzfeld, der zunächst Idas Mann Ekbert, dann Liudolf und schließlich Otto dem Erlauchten gehörte, bis dieser ihn gegen Besitzungen in Beek bei Duisburg eintauschte. Albert K. Hömberg gelangte deshalb zu dem Ergebnis, Liudolf sei der Enkel Idas und Ekberts.[6] Tatsächlich hatte Idas Sohn Cobbo, wie Liudolf ein enger Vertrauter Ludwig des Deutschen, aus seiner Ehe mit Eila einen Sohn namens Liudolf.

de.zxc.wiki. (n.d.). Liudolf (Saxony) - zxc.wiki. [online] Available at: https://de.zxc.wiki/wiki/Liudolf_(Sachsen). Less

Addiionally:

However, as Hlawitschka has noted, the assumption that Liudolf was an heir of Egbert probably reads too much into the statements of the Life of St. Ida [Hlawitschka (1974), 156-9]. This source does not actually state that Liudolf held Herzfeld, only that he buried a son there. When it states that duke Otto was awarded Herzfeld by law, this was presumably after 880 (when Otto became duke), and therefore many years after the hereditary succession of unknown individuals to Egbert and Ida mentioned earlier. The Liudolfinger were from eastern Saxony, while Herzfeld is in Westfalen. Also, the fact that Otto II sold Herzfeld does not suggest that it was land long in hereditary possession of his family.

fasg.org. (n.d.). Egbert, Saxon count. [online] Available at: https://fasg.org/projects/henryproject/data/egber001.htm [Accessed 11 Jun. 2021].

Liudolf married Billung, Oda in 834 in Sachsen, Germany. Oda (daughter of Billung and of Italy, Aeda) was born in 818 in Stammen, Kassel, Hessen, Germany; died on 17 May 913 in Niedersachsen, Germany; was buried after 17 May 913 in Brunshausen, Stade, Niedersachsen, Germany. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Sachsen, Germany; Duchess
• FSID: LC58-LGY

Notes:

"About 830 Liudolf married Oda, daughter of Billung and Aeda."

--> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liudolf,_Duke_of_Saxony#Life

"About 830 Liudolf married Oda, daughter of Billung and Aeda."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liudolf,_Duke_of_Saxony#Life

Granddaughter of Charlemagne: (dutch) Liudolf was married to Oda (ca. 806 - 17 May 913), daughter of the princeps of Billung (Billungers) and Aeda, daughter of Pepin of Italy and thus granddaughter of Charlemagne. Oda founded the monastery of Calbe an der Milde in 885 and lived to be more than 100 years old. Liudolf and Oda had twelve children. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liudolf_van_Saxony

.

Other Events and Attributes:

• House: fränkischen Babenberger
• House: House of Popponid
• FSID: LD34-V6D
• Military: 28 Aug 886, Paris, Île-de-France, France; Commander-in-chief under Kings Louis the Younger and Charles the Fat.

Notes:

"Henry [or Heinrich, or Henri] was the leading military commander of the last years of the Carolingian Empire. He was commander-in-chief under Kings Louis the Younger and Charles the Fat."

"Henry is described in the sources as a Saxon, Frank or Thuringian. His title is given variously as count, margrave or duke. The territory he governed is described variously in the sources as Francia, Neustria or Austrasia, perhaps indicating that his military command covered most of the north of the empire from the Breton March in the west to Frisia and Saxony in the east."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry,_Margrave_of_the_Franks

Heinrich married of Fruili, Ingeltrude. Ingeltrude (daughter of of Friuli, Saint Eberardo, daughter of of Friuli, Saint Eberardo and de France, Princess of the Holy Roman Empire Gisèle) was born in 837 in Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy; died on 6 Apr 870. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: L8MS-M3H

Notes:

This is Ingeltrude (Engeltrude). Her sister is Judith.

DO NOT CONFUSE THEM. DO NOT MERGE THEM.

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: GD8P-VFC

Billung married of Italy, Aeda. Aeda (daughter of of Italy, Pippin) was born in 801 in Italy; died in DECEASED in Milan, Milano, Lombardia, Italy. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: GHFR-GK6

Notes:

Granddaughter of Charlemagne: (dutch) Liudolf was married to Oda (ca. 806 - 17 May 913), daughter of the princeps of Billung (Billungers) and Aeda, daughter of Pepin of Italy and thus granddaughter of Charlemagne. Oda founded the monastery of Calbe an der Milde in 885 and lived to be more than 100 years old. Liudolf and Oda had twelve children. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liudolf_van_Saxony

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Count of Grapfeld
• Appointments / Titles: Count of Saargu
• FSID: GQJ2-B1Q

Poppo married Grapfeld, Kunigunda Cunegonde. Kunigunda was born in 797 in Bohain, Aisne, Picardie, France; died in 835 in Milan, Milano, Lombardia, Italy. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: GQMH-ZL6

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: LDSH-HB3