Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Canmore or "Big Head"
• Appointments / Titles: Long-neck
• House: House of Dunkeld
• FSID: KN4J-P1M
• Appointments / Titles: Between 1058 and 1093; King of Scotland

Notes:

Malcolm III of Scotland
From Life Sketch
Called in most Anglicised regnal lists Malcolm III, and in later centuries nicknamed Canmore, "Big Head", either literally or in reference to his leadership, "Long-neck"; died 13 November 1093), was King of Scots. He was the eldest son of King Duncan I (Donnchad mac Crínáin).

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Malcolm III
Margaret and Malcolm Canmore (Wm Hole).JPG
Victorian depiction of Malcolm and his second wife, St. Margaret of Scotland
King of Alba (Scots)
Reign 1058–1093
Coronation 25 April 1058?, Scone, Perth and Kinross
Predecessor Lulach
Successor Donald III
Born c. 26 March 1031
Scotland
Died 13 November 1093
Alnwick, Northumberland, England
Burial Tynemouth Castle and Priory, Tynemouth, Tyne and Wear, England; reinterred in the reign of Alexander I in Dunfermline Abbey in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland in a shrine with his second wife, St. Margaret of Scotland
Spouse Ingibiorg Finnsdottir
St. Margaret of Scotland
Issue Duncan II, King of Scots
Edward, Prince of Scotland
Edmund
Ethelred
Edgar, King of Scots
Alexander I, King of Scots
David I, King of Scots
Edith (Matilda), Queen of England
Mary, Countess of Boulogne
House Dunkeld
Father Duncan I, King of Scots
Mother Suthen
Malcolm (Gaelic: Máel Coluim; c. 26 March 1031 – 13 November 1093) was King of Scots from 1058 to 1093. He was later nicknamed "Canmore" ("ceann mòr", Gaelic for "Great Chief": "ceann" denotes "leader", "head" (of state) and "mòr" denotes "pre-eminent", "great", and "big"). Malcolm's long reign of 35 years preceded the beginning of the Scoto-Norman age.

Malcolm's kingdom did not extend over the full territory of modern Scotland: the north and west of Scotland remained under Scandinavian, Norse-Gael, and Gaelic rule, and the territories under the rule of the Kings of Scots did not extend much beyond the limits established by Malcolm II until the 12th century. Malcolm III fought a series of wars against the Kingdom of England, which may have had as its objective the conquest of the English earldom of Northumbria. These wars did not result in any significant advances southward. Malcolm's primary achievement was to continue a lineage that ruled Scotland for many years, although his role as founder of a dynasty has more to do with the propaganda of his youngest son David I and his descendants than with history.

Malcolm's second wife, St. Margaret of Scotland, is Scotland's only royal saint. Malcolm himself had no reputation for piety; with the notable exception of Dunfermline Abbey in Fife he is not definitely associated with major religious establishments or ecclesiastical reforms.

Contents [hide]
1 Background
2 Malcolm and Ingibiorg
3 Malcolm and Margaret
4 Malcolm and William Rufus
5 Death
6 Issue
7 Depictions in fiction
8 Ancestry
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Background
Main article: Scotland in the High Middle Ages
Malcolm's father Duncan I became king in late 1034, on the death of Malcolm II, Duncan's maternal grandfather and Malcolm's great-grandfather. According to John of Fordun, whose account is the original source of part at least of William Shakespeare's Macbeth, Malcolm's mother was a niece of Siward, Earl of Northumbria, but an earlier king-list gives her the Gaelic name Suthen. Other sources claim that either a daughter or niece would have been too young to fit the timeline, thus the likely relative would have been Siward's own sister Sybil, which may have translated into Gaelic as Suthen.

Duncan's reign was not successful and he was killed by Macbeth on 15 August 1040. Although Shakespeare's Macbeth presents Malcolm as a grown man and his father as an old one, it appears that Duncan was still young in 1040, and Malcolm and his brother Donalbane were children. Malcolm's family did attempt to overthrow Macbeth in 1045, but Malcolm's grandfather Crínán of Dunkeld was killed in the attempt.

Soon after the death of Duncan his two young sons were sent away for greater safety—exactly where is the subject of debate. According to one version, Malcolm (then aged about nine) was sent to England, and his younger brother Donalbane was sent to the Isles. Based on Fordun's account, it was assumed that Malcolm passed most of Macbeth's seventeen-year reign in the Kingdom of England at the court of Edward the Confessor.

According to an alternative version, Malcolm's mother took both sons into exile at the court of Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Earl of Orkney, an enemy of Macbeth's family, and perhaps Duncan's kinsman by marriage.[16]

An English invasion in 1054, with Siward, Earl of Northumbria in command, had as its goal the installation of one "Máel Coluim, son of the king of the Cumbrians". This Máel Coluim has traditionally been identified with the later Malcolm III.[17] This interpretation derives from the Chronicle attributed to the 14th-century chronicler of Scotland, John of Fordun, as well as from earlier sources such as William of Malmesbury.[18] The latter reported that Macbeth was killed in the battle by Siward, but it is known that Macbeth outlived Siward by two years.[19] A. A. M. Duncan argued in 2002 that, using the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry as their source, later writers innocently misidentified "Máel Coluim" with the later Scottish king of the same name.[20] Duncan's argument has been supported by several subsequent historians specialising in the era, such as Richard Oram, Dauvit Broun and Alex Woolf.[21] It has also been suggested that Máel Coluim may have been a son of Owain Foel, British king of Strathclyde[22] perhaps by a daughter of Malcolm II, King of Scotland.[23]

In 1057 various chroniclers report the death of Macbeth at Malcolm's hand, on 15 August 1057 at Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire.[24][25] Macbeth was succeeded by his stepson Lulach, who was crowned at Scone, probably on 8 September 1057. Lulach was killed by Malcolm, "by treachery",[26] near Huntly on 23 April 1058. After this, Malcolm became king, perhaps being inaugurated on 25 April 1058, although only John of Fordun reports this.[27]

Malcolm and Ingibiorg

Late medieval depiction of Malcolm with MacDuff, from an MS (Corpus Christi MS 171) of Walter Bower's Scotichronicon
If Orderic Vitalis is to be relied upon, one of Malcolm's earliest actions as king may have been to travel south to the court of Edward the Confessor in 1059 to arrange a marriage with Edward's kinswoman Margaret, who had arrived in England two years before from Hungary.[28] If he did visit the English court, he was the first reigning king of Scots to do so in more than eighty years. If a marriage agreement was made in 1059, it was not kept, and this may explain the Scots invasion of Northumbria in 1061 when Lindisfarne was plundered.[29] Equally, Malcolm's raids in Northumbria may have been related to the disputed "Kingdom of the Cumbrians", reestablished by Earl Siward in 1054, which was under Malcolm's control by 1070.[30]

The Orkneyinga saga reports that Malcolm married the widow of Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Ingibiorg, a daughter of Finn Arnesson.[31] Although Ingibiorg is generally assumed to have died shortly before 1070, it is possible that she died much earlier, around 1058.[32] The Orkneyinga Saga records that Malcolm and Ingibiorg had a son, Duncan II (Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim), who was later king.[33] Some Medieval commentators, following William of Malmesbury, claimed that Duncan was illegitimate, but this claim is propaganda reflecting the need of Malcolm's descendants by Margaret to undermine the claims of Duncan's descendants, the Meic Uilleim.[34] Malcolm's son Domnall, whose death is reported in 1085, is not mentioned by the author of the Orkneyinga Saga. He is assumed to have been born to Ingibiorg.[35]

Malcolm's marriage to Ingibiorg secured him peace in the north and west. The Heimskringla tells that her father Finn had been an adviser to Harald Hardraade and, after falling out with Harald, was then made an Earl by Sweyn Estridsson, King of Denmark, which may have been another recommendation for the match.[36] Malcolm enjoyed a peaceful relationship with the Earldom of Orkney, ruled jointly by his stepsons, Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson. The Orkneyinga Saga reports strife with Norway but this is probably misplaced as it associates this with Magnus Barefoot, who became king of Norway only in 1093, the year of Malcolm's death.[37]

Malcolm and Margaret

Malcolm and Margaret as depicted in a 16th-century armorial. Anachronistically, Malcolm's surcoat is embroidered with the royal arms of Scotland, which probably did not come into use until the time of William the Lion. Margaret's kirtle displays the supposed arms of her great-uncle Edward the Confessor, which were in fact invented in the 13th century, though they were based on a design which appeared on coins from his reign
Although he had given sanctuary to Tostig Godwinson when the Northumbrians drove him out, Malcolm was not directly involved in the ill-fated invasion of England by Harald Hardraade and Tostig in 1066, which ended in defeat and death at the battle of Stamford Bridge.[38] In 1068, he granted asylum to a group of English exiles fleeing from William of Normandy, among them Agatha, widow of Edward the Confessor's nephew Edward the Exile, and her children: Edgar Ætheling and his sisters Margaret and Cristina. They were accompanied by Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria. The exiles were disappointed, however, if they had expected immediate assistance from the Scots.[39]

In 1069 the exiles returned to England, to join a spreading revolt in the north. Even though Gospatric and Siward's son Waltheof submitted by the end of the year, the arrival of a Danish army under Sweyn Estridsson seemed to ensure that William's position remained weak. Malcolm decided on war, and took his army south into Cumbria and across the Pennines, wasting Teesdale and Cleveland then marching north, loaded with loot, to Wearmouth. There Malcolm met Edgar and his family, who were invited to return with him, but did not. As Sweyn had by now been bought off with a large Danegeld, Malcolm took his army home. In reprisal, William sent Gospatric to raid Scotland through Cumbria. In return, the Scots fleet raided the Northumbrian coast where Gospatric's possessions were concentrated.[40] Late in the year, perhaps shipwrecked on their way to a European exile, Edgar and his family again arrived in Scotland, this time to remain. By the end of 1070, Malcolm had married Edgar's sister Margaret of Wessex, the future Saint Margaret of Scotland.[41]

The naming of their children represented a break with the traditional Scots regal names such as Malcolm, Cináed and Áed. The point of naming Margaret's sons—Edward after her father Edward the Exile, Edmund for her grandfather Edmund Ironside, Ethelred for her great-grandfather Ethelred the Unready and Edgar for her great-great-grandfather Edgar and her brother, briefly the elected king, Edgar Ætheling—was unlikely to be missed in England, where William of Normandy's grasp on power was far from secure.[42] Whether the adoption of the classical Alexander for the future Alexander I of Scotland (either for Pope Alexander II or for Alexander the Great) and the biblical David for the future David I of Scotland represented a recognition that William of Normandy would not be easily removed, or was due to the repetition of Anglo-Saxon royal name—another Edmund had preceded Edgar—is not known.[43] Margaret also gave Malcolm two daughters, Edith, who married Henry I of England, and Mary, who married Eustace III of Boulogne.

In 1072, with the Harrying of the North completed and his position again secure, William of Normandy came north with an army and a fleet. Malcolm met William at Abernethy and, in the words of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle "became his man" and handed over his eldest son Duncan as a hostage and arranged peace between William and Edgar.[44] Accepting the overlordship of the king of the English was no novelty, as previous kings had done so without result. The same was true of Malcolm; his agreement with the English king was followed by further raids into Northumbria, which led to further trouble in the earldom and the killing of Bishop William Walcher at Gateshead. In 1080, William sent his son Robert Curthose north with an army while his brother Odo punished the Northumbrians. Malcolm again made peace, and this time kept it for over a decade.[45]

Malcolm faced little recorded internal opposition, with the exception of Lulach's son Máel Snechtai. In an unusual entry, for the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle contains little on Scotland, it says that in 1078:

Malcholom [Máel Coluim] seized the mother of Mælslæhtan [Máel Snechtai] ... and all his treasures, and his cattle; and he himself escaped with difficulty.[46]

Whatever provoked this strife, Máel Snechtai survived until 1085.[47]

Malcolm and William Rufus

William Rufus, "the Red", king of the English (1087–1100)
When William Rufus became king of England after his father's death, Malcolm did not intervene in the rebellions by supporters of Robert Curthose which followed. In 1091, William Rufus confiscated Edgar Ætheling's lands in England, and Edgar fled north to Scotland. In May, Malcolm marched south, not to raid and take slaves and plunder, but to besiege Newcastle, built by Robert Curthose in 1080. This appears to have been an attempt to advance the frontier south from the River Tweed to the River Tees. The threat was enough to bring the English king back from Normandy, where he had been fighting Robert Curthose. In September, learning of William Rufus's approaching army, Malcolm withdrew north and the English followed. Unlike in 1072, Malcolm was prepared to fight, but a peace was arranged by Edgar Ætheling and Robert Curthose whereby Malcolm again acknowledged the overlordship of the English king.[48]

In 1092, the peace began to break down. Based on the idea that the Scots controlled much of modern Cumbria, it had been supposed that William Rufus's new castle at Carlisle and his settlement of English peasants in the surrounds was the cause. It is unlikely that Malcolm controlled Cumbria, and the dispute instead concerned the estates granted to Malcolm by William Rufus's father in 1072 for his maintenance when visiting England. Malcolm sent messengers to discuss the question and William Rufus agreed to a meeting. Malcolm travelled south to Gloucester, stopping at Wilton Abbey to visit his daughter Edith and sister-in-law Cristina. Malcolm arrived there on 24 August 1093 to find that William Rufus refused to negotiate, insisting that the dispute be judged by the English barons. This Malcolm refused to accept, and returned immediately to Scotland.[49]

It does not appear that William Rufus intended to provoke a war,[50] but, as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports, war came:

For this reason therefore they parted with great dissatisfaction, and the King Malcolm returned to Scotland. And soon after he came home, he gathered his army, and came harrowing into England with more hostility than behoved him ....[51]

Malcolm was accompanied by Edward, his eldest son by Margaret and probable heir-designate (or tánaiste), and by Edgar.[52] Even by the standards of the time, the ravaging of Northumbria by the Scots was seen as harsh.[53]

Death

Memorial cross said to mark the spot where King Malcolm III of Scotland was killed while besieging Alnwick Castle in 1093.
While marching north again, Malcolm was ambushed by Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumbria, whose lands he had devastated, near Alnwick on 13 November 1093. There he was killed by Arkil Morel, steward of Bamburgh Castle. The conflict became known as the Battle of Alnwick.[54] Edward was mortally wounded in the same fight. Margaret, it is said, died soon after receiving the news of their deaths from Edgar.[55] The Annals of Ulster say:

Mael Coluim son of Donnchad, over-king of Scotland, and Edward his son, were killed by the French [i.e. Normans] in Inber Alda in England. His queen, Margaret, moreover, died of sorrow for him within nine days.[56]

Malcolm's body was taken to Tynemouth Priory for burial. The king's body was sent north for reburial, in the reign of his son Alexander, at Dunfermline Abbey, or possibly Iona.[57]

On 19 June 1250, following the canonisation of Malcolm's wife Margaret by Pope Innocent IV, Margaret's remains were disinterred and placed in a reliquary. Tradition has it that as the reliquary was carried to the high altar of Dunfermline Abbey, past Malcolm's grave, it became too heavy to move. As a result, Malcolm's remains were also disinterred, and buried next to Margaret beside the altar.[58]

Issue
Malcolm and Ingibiorg had three sons:

Duncan II of Scotland, succeeded his father as King of Scotland
Donald, died ca.1094
Malcolm, died ca.1085
Malcolm and Margaret had eight children, six sons and two daughters:

Edward, killed 1093
Edmund of Scotland
Ethelred, abbot of Dunkeld
King Edgar of Scotland
King Alexander I of Scotland
King David I of Scotland
Edith of Scotland, also called Matilda, married King Henry I of England
Mary of Scotland, married Eustace III of Boulogne
Depictions in fiction
Malcolm appears in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth as Malcolm. He is the son of King Duncan and heir to the throne. He first appears in the second scene where he is talking to a sergeant, with Duncan. The sergeant tells them how the battle was won thanks to Macbeth. Then Ross comes and Duncan decides that Macbeth should take the title of Thane of Cawdor. Then he later appears in Act 1.4 talking about the execution of the former Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth then enters and they congratulate him on his victory. He later appears in Macbeth’s castle as a guest. When his father is killed he is suspected of the murder so he escapes to England. He later makes an appearance in Act 4.3, where he talks to Macduff about Macbeth and what to do. They both decide to start a war against him. In Act 5.4 he is seen in Dunsinane getting ready for war. He orders the troops to hide behind branches and slowly advance towards the castle. In Act 5.8 he watches the battle against Macbeth and Macduff with Siward and Ross. When eventually Macbeth is killed, Malcolm takes over as king.

The married life of Malcolm III and Margaret has been the subject of two historical novels: A Goodly Pearl (1905) by Mary H. Debenham, and Malcolm Canmore's Pearl (1907) by Agnes Grant Hay. Both focus on court life in Dunfermline, and the Margaret helping introduce Anglo-Saxon culture in Scotland. The latter novel covers events to 1093, ending with Malcolm's death.[59][60]

Canmore appears in the third and fourth episodes of the four-part series "City of Stone" in Disney's Gargoyles, as an antagonist of Macbeth. After witnessing his father Duncan's death, the young Canmore swears revenge on both Macbeth and his gargoyle ally, Demona. After reaching adulthood, he overthrows Macbeth with English allies. Canmore is also the ancestor of the Hunters, a family of vigilantes who hunt Demona through the centuries. Canmore was voiced in the series by J.D. Daniels as a boy and Neil Dickson as an adult.

In The Tragedy of Macbeth Part II, Malcolm appears as the anti-hero of this 2009-written (by Noah Lukeman), and historically very inaccurate, successor-play. Malcom, who has succeeded from MacBeth, and ruled well for ten years, is led by the witches down MacBeth's path to perdition—killing his brother Donalbain as well as MacDuff before finally being killed by Fleance (supposedly the ancestor of Stuart king James).

Malcolm married Aetheling, Queen of Scotland and Saint Margaret in 1070 in Scotland. Margaret (daughter of Aetheling, Edward and Aetheling, Princess of England Agatha) was born on 8 Sep 1045 in Castle Reka, Mecseknádasd, Baranya, Hungary; died on 16 Nov 1093 in Edinburgh Castle and Portsburgh, Midlothian, Scotland; was buried on 18 Nov 1093 in Dunfermline Abbey, Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

1. of Scotland, Queen of England Matilda was born in 1079 in Fife, Scotland; died in 1118 in London, London, England; was buried in Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England.
2. of Scotland, King David I was born on 31 Dec 1080 in Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland; was christened in 1124 in Scotland; died on 24 May 1153 in Carlisle, Cumberland, England; was buried on 24 May 1153 in Dunfermline Abbey, Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland.

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Earl of Northumberland
• Appointments / Titles: King of Scotland

Notes:

Donnchad mac Crinain (Modern Gaelic: Donnchadh mac Crìonain), anglicized as Duncan I, and nicknamed An t-Ilgarach, "the Diseased" or "the Sick" (ca. 1001 – 14 August 1040) was king of Scotland (Alba) from 1034 to 1040. He is the historical basis of the King Duncan in Shakespeare's play "Macbeth". He was son of Crínán, hereditary lay abbot of Dunkeld, and Bethóc, daughter of king Máel Coluim mac Cináeda (Malcolm II). Unlike the "King Duncan" of Shakespeare's Macbeth, the historical Duncan appears to have been a young man. He followed his grandfather Malcolm as king after the latter's death on 25 November 1034. He may have been Malcolm's acknowledged successor, or tánaise, as the succession appears to have been unopposed.

An earlier source, a variant of the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba (CK-I), gives Duncan's wife the Gaelic name Suthen. Whatever his wife's name may have been, Duncan had at least two sons. The eldest, Malcolm III (Máel Coluim mac Donnchada) was king from 1058 to 1093, the second Donald III (Domnall Bán, or "Donalbane") was king afterwards. Máel Muire, Earl of Atholl is a possible third son of Duncan, although this is uncertain.

The early period of Duncan's reign was apparently uneventful, perhaps a consequence of his youth. Macbeth (Mac Bethad mac Findláich) is recorded as having been his dux, today rendered as "duke" and meaning nothing more than the rank between prince and marquess, but then still having the Roman meaning of "war leader". In context, "dukes of Francia" had half a century before replaced the Carolingian kings of the Franks, and in England the over-mighty Godwin of Wessex was called a dux. This suggests that Macbeth may have been the power behind the throne.

In 1039, Duncan led a large Scots army south to besiege Durham, but the expedition ended in disaster. Duncan survived, but the following year he led an army north into Moray, Macbeth's domain, apparently on a punitive expedition against Moray. There he was killed in action, at Bothnagowan, now Pitgaveny, near Elgin, by the men of Moray led by Macbeth, probably on 14 August 1040. He is thought to have been buried at Elgin before being later relocated to the Isle of Iona.

Duncan I
Anachronistic depiction of Duncan I by Jacob de
Wet, 17th Century
King of Alba
Reign 1034–1040
Predecessor Malcolm II
Successor Macbeth
Born c. 1001
Died 14 August 1040[1]
Pitgaveny, near Elgin
Burial Iona ?
Spouse Suthen
Issue Malcolm III, King of Alba
Donald III, King of Alba
Máel Muire, Earl of Atholl
House Dunkeld
Father Crinan of Dunkeld
Mother Bethoc
Duncan I of Scotland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Donnchad mac Crinain (Modern Gaelic: Donnchadh mac
Crìonain;[2] anglicised as Duncan I, and nicknamed An t-
Ilgarach, "the Diseased" or "the Sick";[3] ca. 1001 – 14
August 1040)[1] was king of Scotland (Alba) from 1034 to
1040. He is the historical basis of the "King Duncan" in
Shakespeare's play Macbeth.
Contents
1 Life
2 Depictions in fiction
3 Ancestry
4 Notes
5 References
Life
He was son of Crínán, hereditary lay abbot of Dunkeld, and
Bethóc, daughter of king Máel Coluim mac Cináeda
(Malcolm II).
Unlike the "King Duncan" of Shakespeare's Macbeth, the
historical Duncan appears to have been a young man. He
followed his grandfather Malcolm as king after the latter's
death on 25 November 1034, without apparent opposition.
He may have been Malcolm's acknowledged successor or
Tànaiste as the succession appears to have been
uneventful.[4] Earlier histories, following John of Fordun,
supposed that Duncan had been king of Strathclyde in his
grandfather's lifetime, between 1018 and 1034, ruling the
former Kingdom of Strathclyde as an appanage. Modern
historians discount this idea.[5]
An earlier source, a variant of the Chronicle of the Kings of
Alba (CK-I), gives Duncan's wife the Gaelic name Suthen.[6]
Whatever his wife's name may have been, Duncan had at
least two sons. The eldest, Malcolm III (Máel Coluim mac Donnchada) was king from 1058 to 1093, the
second Donald III (Domnall Bán, or "Donalbane") was king afterwards. Máel Muire, Earl of Atholl is a
possible third son of Duncan, although this is uncertain.[7]
The early period of Duncan's reign was apparently uneventful, perhaps a consequence of his youth. Macbeth
(Mac Bethad mac Findláich) is recorded as having been his dux, today rendered as "duke" and meaning nothing
more than the rank between prince and marquess, but then still having the Roman meaning of "war leader". In
context — "dukes of Francia" had half a century before replaced the Carolingian kings of the Franks and in
England the over-mighty Godwin of Wessex was called a dux — this suggests that Macbeth may have been the
power behind the throne.[8]
In 1039, Duncan led a large Scots army south to besiege Durham, but the expedition ended in disaster. Duncan
survived, but the following year he led an army north into Moray, Macbeth's domain, apparently on a punitive
expedition against Moray.[9] There he was killed in action, at Bothnagowan, now Pitgaveny, near Elgin, by the
men of Moray led by Macbeth, probably on 14 August 1040.[10] He is thought to have been buried at Elgin[11]
before later relocation to the Isle of Iona.
Depictions in fiction
Duncan is depicted as an elderly King in the play Macbeth (1606) by William Shakespeare. He is killed in his
sleep by the protagonist, Macbeth.
In the historical novel Macbeth the King (1978) by Nigel Tranter, Duncan is portrayed as a schemer who is
fearful of Macbeth as a possible rival for the throne. He tries to assassinate Macbeth by poisoning and then
when this fails, attacks his home with an army. In self-defence Macbeth meets him in battle and kills him in
personal combat.
In the animated television series Gargoyles he is depicted as a weak and conniving king who assassinates those
who he believes threaten his rule.[12] He even tries to assassinate Macbeth, forcing Demona to ally with the
Moray nobleman, with Duncan's resulting death coming from attempting to strike an enchanted orb of energy
that one of the Weird Sisters gave to Macbeth to take Duncan down.
Ancestry
2. Crínán of Dunkeld
1. Duncan I of Scotland
24. Malcolm I of Scotland
12. Kenneth II of Scotland
6. Malcolm II of Scotland
3. Bethóc
Notes
1. Broun, "Duncan I (d. 1040)".
2. Donnchad mac Crínáin is the Mediaeval Gaelic form.
3. Skene, Chronicles, p. 101.
4. Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, p. 33.
5. Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, p. 40.
6. Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, p. 37.
Ancestors of Duncan I of Scotland
References
Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History AD 500 to 1286, volume one. Republished with
corrections, Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. ISBN 1-871615-03-8
Broun, Dauvit, "Duncan I (d. 1040)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press,
2004 accessed 15 May 2007
Duncan, A. A. M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence. Edinburgh
University Press, Edinburgh, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8
Oram, Richard, David I: The King Who Made Scotland. Tempus, Stroud, 2004. ISBN 0-7524-2825-X
Duncan I of Scotland
House of Dunkeld
Born: unknown 14 August
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Malcolm II
King of Scots
1034–1040
Succeeded by
Macbeth
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duncan_I_of_Scotland&oldid=784258539"
Categories: Monarchs killed in action House of Dunkeld 11th-century births 1040 deaths
11th-century Scottish monarchs Burials at Iona Abbey
Scottish pre-union military personnel killed in action
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trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
7. Oram, David I, p. 233, n. 26: the identification is from theO rkneyinga saga but Máel Muire's grandsonM áel Coluim,
Earl of Atholl is known to have married Donald III's granddaughter Hextilda.
8. Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, pp. 33–34.
9. G. W. S. Barrow, Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000–1306, Edinburgh University Press, 1981, p.26.
10. Broun, "Duncan I (d. 1040)"; the date is fromM arianus Scotus and the killing is recorded by theA nnals of Tigernach.
11. "I Never Knew That About Scotland", Christopher Winn, p. 165.
12. Bishansky, Greg (March 13, 2013). "Station Eight : Gargoyles : Ask Greg Archive : Duncan" (http://www.s8.org/gargoy
les/askgreg/archives.php?lid=531&qid=17989&ppp=1. )S8.org. Retrieved April 18, 2017. "Duncan: This guy was a
jerk. I mean, really. A paranoid tyrant who thought the world was out to get him. Well, not the world so much as his
cousin, Macbeth. I suppose I can understand seeing Macbeth as a threat to the throne, but he just seemed to go out of his
way to make Macbeth miserable. He reveled in it. When he died, we were all happy to see him bite" it.

Duncan married mac Siward, Sybilla Suthen. Sybilla was born in 1009 in Northumberland, England; died on 14 Aug 1040 in Elgin, Moray, Scotland; was buried in Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Appointments / Titles: Between 1034 and 1040; King of Alba

Notes:

King of Alba
Reign1034–1040
PredecessorMalcolm II
SuccessorMacbeth
SpouseSuthen (also listed spouse's name, Sybilla)
IssueMalcolm III, King of Alba
Per Wikipedia.com
Donald III, King of Alba
Máel Muire, Earl of Atholl
HouseDunkeld
FatherCrinan of Dunkeld
MotherBethoc
Died14 August 1040
Pitgaveny, near Elgin

SUTHEN [SIBYLLA], [cousin of SIWARD Earl of Northumbria, daughter of ---]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that the mother of Malcolm and Donald Bane, Duncan´s sons, was "the cousin of Earl Siward". This information is not included in any earlier source and should be considered dubious. In one earlier king list, King Malcolm III's mother is named "Suthen". No reference has been found in primary sources to her being named Sibylla, the name found in many secondary sources. Cawley’s Medlands

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: LH3X-XV4

Notes:

Crínán of Dunkeld
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Crínán of Dunkeld (died 1045) was the lay abbot of the monastery of Dunkeld, and perhaps the Mormaer of Atholl. Crínán was progenitor of the House of Dunkeld, the dynasty which would rule Scotland until the later 13th century. He was the son-in-law of one king, and the father of another.

Family
Crinán was married to Bethóc, daughter of Máel Coluim mac Cináeda (Malcolm II) (King of Scots, who reigned from 1005 to 1034). As Máel Coluim had no surviving son, the strongest hereditary claim to the Scottish throne descended through Bethóc. Crinán and Bethóc's eldest son, Donnchad (Duncan I), who reigned from 1034 to 1040.

There is a myth that Crinán had a second son, Maldred of Allerdale, who held the title of Lord of Cumbria. There is no evidence to support this.[1]

Lay Abbot of Dunkeld
The monastery of Saint Columba was founded on the north bank of the River Tay in the 6th century or early 7th century following the expedition of Columba into the land of the Picts. It may have continued to draw its hierarchy from the Cenél Conaill of Donegal.[2] Iain Moncreiffe argued that Crinán belonged to a Scottish sept of the Irish Cenél Conaill royal dynasty.[3]

While the title of Hereditary Lay Abbot was a feudal position that was often exercised in name only, Crinán does seem to have acted as Abbot in charge of the monastery in his time. He was thus a man of high position in both clerical and secular society.

The magnificent semi-ruined Dunkeld Cathedral, built in stages between 1260 and 1501, stands today on the grounds once occupied by the monastery. The Cathedral contains the only surviving remains of the previous monastic society: a course of red stone visible in the east choir wall that may have been re-used from an earlier building, and two stone ninth - or tenth-century cross-slabs in the Cathedral Museum. In 1045, Crínán of Dunkeld rose in rebellion against Macbeth in support of his 14-year-old grandson, Malcolm III's claim to the throne.[4] Malcolm was the elder son of Crinan's son, the late King Duncan, who predecessor his Father. However, Crínán, by then an elderly man, was killed in a battle at Dunkeld.

Notes
1. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/17858/?back=,17859,8209,17859,8209

2. Woolf, Alex. "The Problem with Crínán",From Pictland to Alba, Edinburgh University Press, 2007 (https://books.google.com/books?id=iyikBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA249&dq=cr%C3%ADn%C3%A1n+of+dunkeld&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDEQ6AEwBGoVChMIt-rDgoX4xgIVRhU-Ch1fkgD8#v=onepage&q=cr%C3%ADn%C3%A1n%20of%20dunkeld&f=false)

3. Sir Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk, The Highland Clans. Part II. 1982. p. 236

4. Knox, James. The topography of the basin of the Tay, Andrew Shorteed, Edinburgh, 1831 (https://books.google.com/books?id=mp4HAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA133&dq=beth%C3%B3c+biography&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEoQ6AEwCTgKahUKEwiTu_bmmfnGAhVKVz4KHZdlBEw#v=onepage&q=beth%C3%B3c%20biography&f=false)

Crínán married ingen Maíl Coluim meic Cináeda, Bethóc. Bethóc (daughter of of Scotland, King of Scotland Malcolm II) was born in UNKNOWN in Scotland; died in DECEASED in Scotland; was buried in Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FSID: LRXC-XHH
• Birth: Between 6 Jan 984 and 5 Jan 985, Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland
• Death: Between 7 Jan 1045 and 6 Jan 1046, Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland

Notes:

Bethóc

Spouse Crínán, Abbot of Dunkeld
Issue Duncan I, King of Alba
Maldred of Allerdale
House House of Alpin (by birth)
House of Dunkeld (by marriage)
Father Malcolm II, King of Alba

Bethóc
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bethóc ingen Maíl Coluim meic Cináeda was the elder daughter of Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots, and the mother of his successor, Duncan I.

Biography
Bethóc was the eldest daughter of the Malcolm II of Scotland, who had no known surviving sons. She married Crínán, Abbot of Dunkeld. Their older son, Donnchad I, ascended to the throne of Scotland around 1034. Malcolm's youngest daughter married Sigurd Hlodvirsson, Earl of Orkney.[1] Early writers have asserted that Máel Coluim also designated Donnchad as his successor under the rules of tanistry because there were other possible claimants to the throne.

In this period, the Scottish throne still passed in Picto-Gaelic matrilineal fashion, from brother to brother, uncle to nephew, and cousin to cousin.

References
1. Knox, James. The topography of the basin of the Tay, Andrew Shorteed, Edinburgh, 1831 (https://books.google.com/books?id=mp4HAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA133&dq=beth%C3%B3c+biography&hl=en&sa=X&ve=d0CEoQ6AEwCTgKahUKEwiTu_bmmfnGAhVKVz4KHZdlBEw#v=onepage&q=beth%C3%B3c%20biography&fa=lfse)

Sources
Anderson, Marjorie Ogilvy. Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland, 1973 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bethóc&oldid=744558067"
Categories: 10th-century births 11th-century deaths House of Dunkeld Women of medieval Scotland 11th-century Scottish people Scottish princesses Scottish royalty stubs
This page was last edited on 16 October 2016, at 01:07.
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Other Events and Attributes:

• Nickname: The Destroyer
• Name: Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, Rí na h'Alb

Notes:

Malcolm II

King of Scots
Reign 1005–1034
Predecessor Kenneth III
Successor Duncan I
Born c. 954
Died 25 November 1034
Glamis
Burial Iona
Issue Bethóc
Donada
Olith
House Alpin
Father Kenneth II
Malcolm II of Scotland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Malcolm (Gaelic: Máel Coluim; c. 954 - 25 November
1034)[1] was King of the Scots from 1005 until his death.[2]
He was a son of King Kenneth II; the Prophecy of Berchán
says that his mother was a woman of Leinster and refers to
him as Forranach, "the Destroyer".[3]
To the Irish annals which recorded his death, Malcolm was
ard rí Alban, High King of Scotland. In the same way that
Brian Bóruma, High King of Ireland, was not the only king
in Ireland, Malcolm was one of several kings within the
geographical boundaries of modern Scotland: his fellow
kings included the king of Strathclyde, who ruled much of
the south-west, various Norse-Gael kings on the western
coast and the Hebrides and, nearest and most dangerous
rivals, the kings or Mormaers of Moray. To the south, in the
Kingdom of England, the Earls of Bernicia and Northumbria,
whose predecessors as kings of Northumbria had once ruled
most of southern Scotland, still controlled large parts of the
southeast.[4]
Contents
1 Early years
2 Children
3 Bernicia
4 Cnut
5 Orkney and Moray
6 Strathclyde and the succession
7 Death and posterity
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Early years
Malcolm II was born to Kenneth II of Scotland. He was grandson of Malcolm I of Scotland. In 997, the killer
of Constantine is credited as being Kenneth, son of Malcolm. Since there is no known and relevant Kenneth
alive at that time (King Kenneth having died in 995), it is considered an error for either Kenneth III, who
succeeded Constantine, or, possibly, Malcolm himself, the son of Kenneth II.[5] Whether Malcolm killed
Constantine or not, there is no doubt that in 1005 he killed Constantine's successor Kenneth III in battle at
Monzievaird in Strathearn.[6]

John of Fordun writes that Malcolm defeated a Norwegian army "in almost the first days after his coronation",
but this is not reported elsewhere. Fordun says that the Bishopric of Mortlach (later moved to Aberdeen) was
founded in thanks for this victory over the Norwegians.[7]
Children
Malcolm demonstrated a rare ability to survive among early Scottish kings by reigning for twenty-nine years.
He was a clever and ambitious man. Brehon tradition provided that the successor to Malcolm was to be selected
by him from among the descendants of King Aedh, with the consent of Malcolm's ministers and of the church.
Ostensibly in an attempt to end the devastating feuds in the north of Scotland, but obviously influenced by the
Norman feudal model, Malcolm ignored tradition and determined to retain the succession within his own line.
But since Malcolm had no son of his own, he undertook to negotiate a series of dynastic marriages of his three
daughters to men who might otherwise be his rivals, while securing the loyalty of the principal chiefs, their
relatives. First he married his daughter Bethoc to Crinan, Thane of The Isles, head of the house of Atholl and
secular Abbot of Dunkeld; then his youngest daughter, Olith, to Sigurd, Earl of Orkney. His middle daughter,
Donada, was married to Finlay, Earl of Moray, Thane of Ross and Cromarty and a descendant of Loarn of
Dalriada. This was risky business under the rules of succession of the Gael, but he thereby secured his rear and,
taking advantage of the renewal of Viking attacks on England, marched south to fight the English. He defeated
the Angles at Carham in 1018 and installed his grandson, Duncan, son of the Abbot of Dunkeld and his choice
as Tanist, in Carlisle as King of Cumbria that same year.[8]
Bernicia
The first reliable report of Malcolm II's reign is of an invasion of Bernicia in 1006, perhaps the customary crech
ríg (literally royal prey, a raid by a new king made to demonstrate prowess in war), which involved a siege of
Durham. This appears to have resulted in a heavy defeat by the Northumbrians, led by Uhtred of Bamburgh,
later Earl of Bernicia, which is reported by the Annals of Ulster.[9]
A second war in Bernicia, probably in 1018, was more successful. The Battle of Carham, by the River Tweed,
was a victory for the Scots led by Malcolm II and the men of Strathclyde led by their king, Owen the Bald. By
this time Earl Uchtred may have been dead, and Eiríkr Hákonarson was appointed Earl of Northumbria by his
brother-in-law Cnut the Great, although his authority seems to have been limited to the south, the former
kingdom of Deira, and he took no action against the Scots so far as is known.[10] The work De obsessione
Dunelmi (The siege of Durham, associated with Symeon of Durham) claims that Uchtred's brother Eadwulf
Cudel surrendered Lothian to Malcolm II, presumably in the aftermath of the defeat at Carham. This is likely to
have been the lands between Dunbar and the Tweed as other parts of Lothian had been under Scots control
before this time. It has been suggested that Cnut received tribute from the Scots for Lothian, but as he had
likely received none from the Bernician Earls this is not very probable.[11]
Cnut
Cnut, reports the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, led an army into Scotland on his return from pilgrimage to Rome.
The Chronicle dates this to 1031, but there are reasons to suppose that it should be dated to 1027.[12]
Burgundian chronicler Rodulfus Glaber recounts the expedition soon afterwards, describing Malcolm as
"powerful in resources and arms … very Christian in faith and deed."[13] Ralph claims that peace was made
between Malcolm and Cnut through the intervention of Richard, Duke of Normandy, brother of Cnut's wife
Emma. Richard died in about 1027 and Rodulfus wrote close in time to the events.[14]
It has been suggested that the root of the quarrel between Cnut and Malcolm lies in Cnut's pilgrimage to Rome,
and the coronation of Holy Roman Emperor Conrad II, where Cnut and Rudolph III, King of Burgundy had the
place of honour. If Malcolm were present, and the repeated mentions of his piety in the annals make it quite
possible that he made a pilgrimage to Rome, as did Mac Bethad mac Findláich ("Macbeth") in later times, then
the coronation would have allowed Malcolm to publicly snub Cnut's claims to overlordship.[15]
Cnut obtained rather less than previous English kings, a promise of peace and friendship rather than the
promise of aid on land and sea that Edgar and others had obtained. The sources say that Malcolm was
accompanied by one or two other kings, certainly Mac Bethad, and perhaps Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of
Mann and the Isles, and of Galloway.[16] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle remarks of the submission "but he
[Malcolm] adhered to that for only a little while".[17] Cnut was soon occupied in Norway against Olaf
Haraldsson and appears to have had no further involvement with Scotland.
Orkney and Moray
Olith a daughter of Malcolm, married Sigurd Hlodvisson, Earl of Orkney.[18] Their son Thorfinn Sigurdsson
was said to be five years old when Sigurd was killed on 23 April 1014 in the Battle of Clontarf. The
Orkneyinga Saga says that Thorfinn was raised at Malcolm's court and was given the Mormaerdom of
Caithness by his grandfather. Thorfinn, says the Heimskringla, was the ally of the king of Scots, and counted on
Malcolm's support to resist the "tyranny" of Norwegian King Olaf Haraldsson.[19] The chronology of
Thorfinn's life is problematic, and he may have had a share in the Earldom of Orkney while still a child, if he
was indeed only five in 1014.[20] Whatever the exact chronology, before Malcolm's death a client of the king of
Scots was in control of Caithness and Orkney, although, as with all such relationships, it is unlikely to have
lasted beyond his death.
If Malcolm exercised control over Moray, which is far from being generally accepted, then the annals record a
number of events pointing to a struggle for power in the north. In 1020, Mac Bethad's father Findláech mac
Ruaidrí was killed by the sons of his brother Máel Brigte.[21] It seems that Máel Coluim mac Máil Brigti took
control of Moray, for his death is reported in 1029.[22]
Despite the accounts of the Irish annals, English and Scandinavian writers appear to see Mac Bethad as the
rightful king of Moray: this is clear from their descriptions of the meeting with Cnut in 1027, before the death
of Malcolm mac Máil Brigti. Malcolm was followed as king or earl by his brother Gillecomgan, husband of
Gruoch, a granddaughter of King Kenneth III. It has been supposed that Mac Bethad was responsible for the
killing of Gille Coemgáin in 1032, but if Mac Bethad had a cause for feud in the killing of his father in 1020,
Malcolm too had reason to see Gille Coemgáin dead. Not only had Gillecomgan's ancestors killed many of
Malcolm's kin, but Gillecomgan and his son Lulach might be rivals for the throne. Malcolm had no living sons,
and the threat to his plans for the succession was obvious. As a result, the following year Gruoch's brother or
nephew, who might have eventually become king, was killed by Malcolm.[23]
Strathclyde and the succession
It has traditionally been supposed that King Owen the Bald of Strathclyde died at the Battle of Carham and that
the kingdom passed into the hands of the Scots afterwards. This rests on some very weak evidence. It is far
from certain that Owen died at Carham, and it is reasonably certain that there were kings of Strathclyde as late
as 1054, when Edward the Confessor sent Earl Siward to install "Malcolm son of the king of the Cumbrians".
The confusion is old, probably inspired by William of Malmesbury and embellished by John of Fordun, but
there is no firm evidence that the kingdom of Strathclyde was a part of the kingdom of the Scots, rather than a
loosely subjected kingdom, before the time of Malcolm II of Scotland's great-grandson Malcolm Canmore.[24]
By the 1030s Malcolm's sons, if he had any, were dead. The only evidence that he did have a son or sons is in
Rodulfus Glaber's chronicle where Cnut is said to have stood as godfather to a son of Malcolm.[25] His
grandson Thorfinn would have been unlikely to be accepted as king by the Scots, and he chose the sons of his
other daughter, Bethóc, who was married to Crínán, lay abbot of Dunkeld, and perhaps Mormaer of Atholl. It
may be no more than coincidence, but in 1027 the Irish annals had reported the burning of Dunkeld, although
no mention is made of the circumstances.[26] Malcolm's chosen heir, and the first tánaise ríg certainly known in
Scotland, was Duncan.
19th-century engraving of "King
Malcolm's grave stone" (Glamis no.
2) at Glamis
It is possible that a third daughter of Malcolm married Findláech mac Ruaidrí and that Mac Bethad was thus his
grandson, but this rests on relatively weak evidence.[27]
Death and posterity
Malcolm died in 1034, Marianus Scotus giving the date as 25
November 1034. The king lists say that he died at Glamis, variously
describing him as a "most glorious" or "most victorious" king. The
Annals of Tigernach report that "Malcolm mac Cináeda, king of
Scotland, the honour of all the west of Europe, died." The Prophecy of
Berchán, perhaps the inspiration for John of Fordun and Andrew of
Wyntoun's accounts where Malcolm is killed fighting bandits, says that
he died by violence, fighting "the parricides", suggested to be the sons
of Máel Brigte of Moray.[28]
Perhaps the most notable feature of Malcolm's death is the account of
Marianus, matched by the silence of the Irish annals, which tells us that
Duncan I became king and ruled for five years and nine months. Given
that his death in 1040 is described as being "at an immature age" in the
Annals of Tigernach, he must have been a young man in 1034. The
absence of any opposition suggests that Malcolm had dealt thoroughly
with any likely opposition in his own lifetime.[29]
Tradition, dating from Fordun's time if not earlier, knew the Pictish
stone now called "Glamis 2" as "King Malcolm's grave stone". The stone is a Class II stone, apparently formed
by re-using a Bronze Age standing stone. Its dating is uncertain, with dates from the 8th century onwards
having been proposed. While an earlier date is favoured, an association with accounts of Malcolm's has been
proposed on the basis of the iconography of the carvings.[30]
On the question of Malcolm's putative pilgrimage, pilgrimages to Rome, or other long-distance journeys, were
far from unusual. Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Cnut and Mac Bethad have already been mentioned. Rognvald Kali
Kolsson is known to have gone crusading in the Mediterranean in the 12th century. Nearer in time, Dyfnwal of
Strathclyde died on pilgrimage to Rome in 975 as did Máel Ruanaid uá Máele Doraid, King of the Cenél
Conaill, in 1025.
Not a great deal is known of Malcolm's activities beyond the wars and killings. The Book of Deer records that
Malcolm "gave a king's dues in Biffie and in Pett Meic-Gobraig, and two davochs" to the monastery of Old
Deer.[31] He was also probably not the founder of the Bishopric of Mortlach-Aberdeen. John of Fordun has a
peculiar tale to tell, related to the supposed "Laws of Malcolm MacKenneth", saying that Malcolm gave away
all of Scotland, except for the Moot Hill at Scone, which is unlikely to have any basis in fact.[32]
Notes
1. Skene, Chronicles, pp. 99–100.
2. Malcolm's birth date is not known, but must have been around 980 if thFel ateyjarbók is right in dating the marriage of
his daughter and Sigurd Hlodvisson to the lifetime of Olaf Tryggvason; Early Sources, p. 528, quoting Olaf
Tryggvason's Saga.
3. Early Sources, pp. 574–575.
4. Higham, pp. 226–227, notes that the kings of the English had neither lands nor mints north of thTee es.
5. Early Sources, pp. 517–518. John of Fordun has Malcolm as the killer; Duncan, p. 46, creditKs enneth MacDuff with
the death of Constantine.
6. Chronicon Scotorum, s.a. 1005; Early Sources, pp. 521–524; Fordun, IV, xxxviii. Berchán places Cináed's death by the
Earn.
7. Early Sources, p. 525, note 1; Fordun, IV, xxxix–xl.
References
For primary sources see also External links below.
Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul
Watkins, Stamford, 1990. ISBN 1-871615-03-8
Anon., Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkne,y tr. Hermann Pálsson and Paul Edwards. Penguin, London,
1978. ISBN 0-14-044383-5
8. 1. BETHOC [Beatrix Beatrice Betoch] "Genealogy of King William the Lyon" dated 1175 names "Betoch filii
Malcolmi" as parent of "Malcolmi filii Dunecani". The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated1 717 names "Cran
Abbatis de Dunkelden et Bethok filia Malcolm mac Kynnet" as parents of King Duncan. source Beatrice who married
Crynyne Abthane of Dul and Steward of the Isles 2. DONADA [Dovada Duada Doada Donalda] R alph Holinshed's
1577 Chronicle of Scotland names "Doada" as second daughter of Malcolm II King of Scotland and adds that she
married "Sinell the thane of Glammis, by whom she had issue one Makbeth". 3. OLITH [Alice Olith Anlite] Orkneyinga
Saga records that "Earl Sigurd" married "the daughter of Malcolm King of Scots". Snorre records the marriage of
"Sigurd the Thick" and "a daughter of the Scottish king Malcolm". Ulster journal of archaeolo,g Vyolume 6 By Ulster
Archaeological Society names her as (Alice) wife of Sygurt and daughter of Malcolm II. The American historical
magazine, Volume 2 By Publishing Society of New York, Americana Society pg 529 names her Olith or Alice.
9. Duncan, pp. 27–28; Smyth, pp. 236–237; Annals of Ulste, rs.a. 1006.
10. Duncan, pp. 28–29 suggests that Earl Uchtred may not have died until 1018. Fletcher accepts that he died in Spring
1016 and the Eadwulf Cudel was Earl of Bernicia when Carham was fought in 1018; Higham, pp. 225–230, agrees.
Smyth, pp. 236–237 reserves judgement as to the date of the battle, 1016 or 1018, and whether Uchtred was still living
when it was fought. See also Stenton, pp. 418–419.
11. Early Sources, p. 544, note 6; Higham, pp. 226–227.
12. ASC, Ms D, E and F; Duncan, pp. 29–30.
13. Early Sources, pp. 545–546.
14. Ralph was writing in 1030 or 1031; Duncan, p. 31.
15. Duncan, pp. 31–32; the alternative, he notes, that Cnut was concerned about support foOrl af Haraldsson, "is no better
evidenced."
16. Duncan, pp. 29–30. St. Olaf's Saga, c. 131 says "two kings came south from Fife in Scotland" to meet Cnut, suggesting
only Malcolm and Mac Bethad, and that Cnut returned their lands and gave them gifts. That Echmarcach was king of
Galloway is perhaps doubtful; the Annals of Ulster record the death oSf uibne mac Cináeda, rí Gall-Gáedel ("King of
Galloway") by Tigernach, in 1034.
17. ASC, Ms. D, s.a. 1031.
18. Early Sources, p. 528; Orkneyinga Saga, c. 12.
19. Orkneyinga Saga, cc. 13–20 & 32; St. Olaf's Saga, c. 96.
20. Duncan, p.42; reconciling the various dates of Thorfinn's life appears impossible on the face of it. Either he was born
well before 1009 and must have died long before 1065, or the accounts in thOe rkneyinga Saga are deeply flawed.
21. Annals of Tigernach, s.a. 1020; Annals of Ulste,r s.a. 1020, but the killers are not named. The Annals of Ulstern ad the
Book of Leinster call Findláech "king of Scotland".
22. Annals of Ulster and Annals of Tigernach, s.a. 1029. Malcolm's death is not said to have been by violence and he too is
called king rather than mormaer.
23. Duncan, pp. 29–30, 32–33 and compare HudsonP, rophecy of Berchán, pp. 222–223. Early Sources, p.571; Annals of
Ulster, s.a. 1032 & 1033; Annals of Loch Cé, s.a. 1029 & 1033. The identity of theM . m. Boite killed in 1033 is
uncertain, being reading as "the son of the son of Boite" or as "M. son of Boite", Gruoch's brother or nephew
respectively.
24. Duncan, pp. 29 and 37–41; Oram,D avid I, pp. 19–21.
25. Early Sources, p. 546; Duncan, pp. 30–31, understands Rodulfus Glaber as meaning that Duke Richard was godfather to
a son of Cnut and Emma.
26. Annals of Ulster and Annals of Loch Cé, s.a. 1027.
27. Hudson, pp. 224–225 discusses the question and the reliability oAf ndrew of Wyntoun's chronicle, on which this rests.
28. Early Sources, pp. 572–575; Duncan, pp. 33–34.
29. Duncan, pp. 32–33.
30. Laing, Lloyd (2001), "The date and context of the Glamis, Angus, carved Pictish stones ("http://webarchive.nationalarch
ives.gov.uk/20090809004407/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_311/131_223_239.pdf) (PDF),
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Edinburgh, 131: 223–239, archived from the original (http://ads.a
hds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_131/131_223_239.pd f()PDF) on 2009-08-09
31. Gaelic Notes in the Book of Deer.
32. Fordun, IV, xliii and Skene's notes; Duncan, p. 150; Barrow, Kingdom of the Scots, p. 39.
Barrow, G.W.S., The Kingdom of the Scots. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2003. ISBN 0-7486-1803-1
Clarkson, Tim, Strathclyde and the Anglo-Saxons in the Viking Age, Birlinn, Edinburgh, 2014, ISBN 9781906566784
Duncan, A.A.M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independenc eE.dinburgh University Press,
Edinburgh, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8
Fletcher, Richard, Bloodfeud: Murder and Revenge in Anglo-Saxon England. Penguin, London, 2002. ISBN 0-14-
028692-6
John of Fordun, Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, ed. William Forbes Skene, tr. Felix J.H. Skene, 2 vols. Reprinted,
Llanerch Press, Lampeter, 1993. ISBN 1-897853-05-X
Higham, N.J., The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–100. Sutton, Stroud, 1993. ISBN 0-86299-730-5
Hudson, Benjamin T., The Prophecy of Berchán: Irish and Scottish High-Kings of the Early Middle Age sG. reenwood,
London, 1996.
Smyth, Alfred P. Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–100. Reprinted, Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1998. ISBN 0-
7486-0100-7
Stenton, Sir Frank, Anglo-Saxon England .3rd edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1971IS BN 0-19-280139-2
Sturluson, Snorri, Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway, tr. Lee M. Hollander. Reprinted University of Texas
Press, Austin, 1992. ISBN 0-292-73061-6
External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork includes the Annals of Ulster, Tigernach,
the Four Masters and Innisfallen, the Chronicon Scotorum, the Lebor Bretnach (which includes the Duan
Albanach), Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in
progress.
Heimskringla at World Wide School
"icelandic sagas" at Northvegr
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle an XML edition by Tony Jebson (translation at OMACL)
Malcolm II, King of Alba 1005 – 1034. Scotland's History. BBC.
Malcolm II of Scotland
House of Alpin
Born: c. 980 Died: 25 November 1034
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Kenneth III
King of Scots
1005–1034
Succeeded by
Duncan I
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_II_of_Scotland&oldid=787161720"
Categories: 1034 deaths House of Alpin 11th-century Scottish monarchs Burials at Iona Abbey
954 births
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